椎管内外沟通瘤的手术治疗（附98例分析）

目的 探讨椎管内外沟通瘤的临床特征和手术方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年4月至2018年4月手术治疗的98例椎管内外沟通瘤的临床资料。采取单纯后正中入路92例、颈外侧入路4例和前后联合入路2例;术中同期行脊椎固定术35例,其中椎板成形术25例,颈段侧块螺钉内固定术或胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定术10例。结果 肿瘤全切除85例,部分切除13例;经单纯后正中入路手术肿瘤全切除率为78.3%（72/92）,经颈外侧入路4例和前后联合入路2例肿瘤均全切除。术后病理证实神经鞘瘤77例,神经纤维瘤7例,脊膜瘤6例,节细胞神经瘤5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,孤立性纤维瘤1例,脂肪瘤1例。所有病人术后随访6~84个月,平均47.6个月。临床症状改善89例,肿瘤复发4例,发生并发症7例。未行任何维持脊柱稳定措施的病人脊柱畸形发生率（17.46%）明显高于颈段侧块或胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定术（0%,P<0.05）以及椎板成形术（4.00%,P<0.05）。结论 椎管内外沟通瘤可经不同手术入路手术全切肿瘤,其中骨质破坏严重者可通过椎板成形术或椎弓根及椎体内螺钉内固定植入术重建脊柱稳定性,可减少术后脊柱畸形发生率。     

椎管内外沟通肿瘤手术中脊柱稳定性的重建

目的 探讨椎管内外沟通肿瘤术中脊柱稳定性的保留及重建.方法 回顾性分析26例椎管内外沟通肿瘤患者的临床资料,16例术前骨质受肿瘤严重侵蚀,10例骨质受肿瘤侵蚀轻微或未侵蚀,但术中需要打开椎间孔切除肿瘤.20例采取半椎板+受累椎间孔后壁切除,6例采取全椎板+受累椎间孔后壁切除.23例采取单纯后正中入路,3例采取前后联合入路.除C3～7行侧块螺钉植入,其余椎体行椎弓根螺钉植入固定.结果 所有患者术后3周内戴外固定支具下地活动,术后3个月～1年复查,未见内固定物脱落及断裂现象,无脊柱滑脱、后凸及侧弯畸形.结论 椎管内外沟通肿瘤手术过程中,不管术前已经影响到脊柱的稳定性,还是术中由于打开椎间孔影响到脊柱稳定性,均需要行内固定.     

后正中入路Dynesys置入对腰椎全椎板减压术后生理性稳定性的作用

目的：探讨经后正中入路切除腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤同时行腰椎动态稳定重建系统（ Dynesys ）置入对重建脊柱生理性稳定的作用。方法对采用后正中入路全椎板切除上腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤的6例患者,术后应用腰椎Dynesys进行脊柱稳定性重建。结果神经鞘瘤均完整切除。术后1周、3个月、6个月时X线片复查示腰椎过伸、过屈位各椎体活动度良好,椎间隙等宽;内置物位置良好,无临近节段退变、脊柱失稳、椎体滑脱现象。结论对腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤采用全椎板切除后置入Dynesys能够充分暴露肿瘤所在区域的视野,完整切除神经鞘瘤,有效避免损伤脊髓神经。 Dynesys既能达到传统强直融合的脊柱稳定性,还能够有效重建生理性稳定,防止临近节段脊椎发生退变。     

脊柱内固定技术在切除多节段椎管内肿瘤中的应用（附12例报道）

目的 探讨脊柱内固定技术在切除多节段（3个或3个节段以上）椎管内肿瘤中的作用。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年1月采用脊柱内固定技术结合显微神经外科手术治疗12例多节段椎管内肿瘤的临床资料。在显微镜下手术,应用体感诱发电位监测脊髓神经功能,在切除肿瘤的同时行椎弓根或侧块（颈段）钉棒内固定技术重建脊柱后柱。结果 5例室管膜瘤、2例脊膜瘤和2例硬膜外血管畸形均全切除,2例脂肪瘤大部切除,1例星形胶质细胞瘤部分切除;内固定时无神经、脊髓、血管损伤。术后无感染。9例术前有下肢肌力下降,术后2周明显好转;2例脂肪瘤术后出现下肢疼痛和麻木,但未出现肌力下降加重。术后X线检查示,内固定置入物基本符合要求。术后随访无固定装置断裂、移位病例。结论 脊柱内固定联合显微神经外科技术是在切除多节段椎管内肿瘤的同时、维护脊柱稳定性并巩固手术治疗效果的重要措施。     

椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤的手术治疗（附16例分析）

目的探讨椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤的手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析16例椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的手术治疗经验。3例为已行全椎板切除手术的复发性肿瘤,其他病人均采用半椎板切除或开窗手术。对肿瘤侵犯椎体和受累超过2个节段以上的病例,在切除肿瘤的同时。行相应节段椎体固定融合手术。结果显微镜下均全切除,行椎体固定融合手术3例。术后神经功能症状均明显改善。随访0．5～3．5年,平均2．2年,未见肿瘤复发和术后脊柱畸形。结论椎管内外沟通性肿瘤在颈段较为多见,胸、腰段次之。一次手术全切除较困难．肿瘤全切除后疗效好。对肿瘤侵犯椎体和受累超过2个节段以上的病例应行椎体固定融合术,以维持脊柱稳定。     

经椎旁肌间隙入路治疗胸腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤

目的 探讨经椎旁肌间隙入路切除胸腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤的手术方法和效果。方法2003年1月至2009年6月共收集胸腰段哑铃形肿瘤患者32例：神经鞘瘤23例,神经纤维瘤6例,神经纤维瘤病3例。手术采用胸腰椎后路经椎旁肌间隙入路,术中分离多裂肌和最长肌间隙,切除关节突关节后,暴露椎间孔内外的肿瘤,完整切除肿瘤。必要时可经椎弓根螺钉内固定和脊柱植骨融合术重建脊柱稳定性。所有患者获得随访。结果 所有肿瘤均全切除,其中23例行内固定重建脊柱稳定性。神经功能均有改善。术后随访8个月至6年,平均32个月。无内固定松动、断裂,无脊柱后凸、侧凸等畸形。结论 以椎间孔及椎间孔外部分为主的腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤,可采用经椎旁肌间隙入路椎间孔切开切除,必要时用椎弓根螺钉固定、椎间植骨融合,重建脊柱稳定性。此方法具有肿瘤暴露好、术中出血少、术后可早期下床活动、兼顾脊柱稳定性等优点。     

单侧部分半椎板入路显微手术治疗脊柱脊髓肿瘤

目的探讨采用单侧部分半椎板入路显微手术切除脊髓肿瘤。方法回顾性分析45例单侧部分半椎板入路显微手术切除脊髓肿瘤病人的临床资料,术中均行运动和体感诱发电位监测。结果 45例肿瘤均达全切除,术后病理:神经鞘瘤15例,脊膜瘤17例,神经纤维瘤9例,肠源性囊肿3例,海绵状血管瘤1例。术后随访6～24个月,无肿瘤复发,无脊柱失稳病例。结论偏向一侧的椎板节段间脊髓肿瘤及部分椎管内外沟通性肿瘤可选用单侧部分半椎板入路手术,该术式能够充分显露肿瘤,且保留椎板后弓的完整性,对脊柱稳定性影响较小。     

长节段椎板-棘突复合体回植进行椎管重建在长节段椎管内肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨长节段（≥4个节段）椎板-棘突复合体回植进行椎管重建在长节段椎管内肿瘤手术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2020年12月显微手术治疗的6例长节段椎管内肿瘤的临床资料。术中采取长节段椎板-棘突复合体回植复位+钛板钛钉固定的方法进行椎管重建。结果 肿瘤位于颈胸段3例，胸腰段1例，腰段1例，腰骶段1例。肿瘤全切除5例，大部分切除1例。术后病理检查显示室管膜瘤3例，神经鞘瘤1例，脂肪瘤1例，畸胎瘤1例。术后随访2～7年，未见肿瘤复发，未见椎管狭窄，未见脊柱不稳及滑脱，部分椎板已骨性愈合。结论 对长节段椎管内肿瘤，采用长节段椎板-棘突复合体回植方法进行椎管重建，手术疗效肯定，术后并发症少，脊柱稳定性影响小。     

椎弓根螺钉对胸腰段椎管内肿瘤术后脊柱稳定性的作用

目的探讨经后正中入路切除胸腰段椎管内肿瘤,同时行椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合后,对提高脊柱稳定性的临床疗效.方法采用后正中入路显微手术切除椎管内肿瘤后,应用椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合技术进行椎管重建12例,其中肿瘤位于胸段7例,腰段5例.结果肿瘤全切除10例,近全切除2例.术后出现固定区憋胀疼痛3例,经X-线或CT复查证实共5枚螺钉位置欠佳.随访9个月～5年,X-线检查显示手术区植骨全部骨性融合,脊柱稳定.结论采用后正中入路显微手术切除胸腰段椎管内肿瘤后,应用椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合技术,能够维持手术后脊柱的稳定性,防止远期后凸畸形的发生.     

劈开式椎板切开复位技术在多节段椎管内肿瘤手术的应用

目的探讨劈开式椎板切开复位技术在多节段椎管内肿瘤切除术中的有效性与可行性。方法回顾性分析3例累及多节段的椎管内肿瘤病例,男性2例,女性1例,MRI检查均为腰椎椎管内占位,分别累及2~4个节段。治疗方法采取劈开式椎板切开复位技术进行椎管内肿瘤切除。结果肿瘤均全切除,病理诊断:神经鞘瘤2例,转移性腺瘤1例。术后病人临床症状明显改善,无手术相关并发症发生。术后影像学检查显示:椎板骨质损失少,无椎板、椎弓根及椎体骨折发生。结论劈开式椎板切开复位技术具有微创、费用低等优点,在多节段椎管内肿瘤切除手术具有良好应用前景。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。