新生儿早期细菌感染与围产期高危因素的相关性研究

目的探讨新生儿早期细菌感染与围产期高危因素的相关性。方法随机选择本院新生儿监护室中符合纳入标准的,日龄≤72h的具有围产期高危因素的新生儿120例。按患儿临床表现及实验室辅助检查分为确定感染组、临床感染组及非感染组,以统计学方法分析7项围产因素与新生儿早期细菌感染之间的关系。结果(1)与新生儿早期细菌感染显著相关的围产期高危因素依次为:母亲妊娠期感染;不明原因窒息;不明原因早产;羊水粪污染(P<0.05),且两感染组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)母亲分娩时发热(体温≥38℃);胎膜早破≥18h;糖尿病母亲婴儿这3项围产期高危因素未发现与新生儿早期细菌感染显著相关(P>0.05)。结论新生儿早期细菌感染的发生与几项围产期高危因素密切相关,其中母亲妊娠期感染是最高危的因素,其在两感染组的OR值分别为83.333和66.666。     

胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的应用

目的探讨胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的临床价值。方法随机选择2005年9～12月昆明医学院第一附属医院母婴医学中心NICU中日龄≤72h且有围生期感染高危因素的新生儿120例。均在出生1h内开奶前行胃液涂片镜检、胃液细菌培养检查。按患儿临床表现及实验室检查分为确定感染组、临床感染组及非感染组。以统计学方法分析胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的价值。结果胃液涂片镜检、胃液细菌培养2个感染组与非感染组相比，有显著统计学差异（Pa〈0．01），2个感染组间比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。胃液培养结果显示大肠埃希菌为新生儿早期感染的最常见致病菌，占46．875％。其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的耐药菌株所占比例高达40．0％。结论胃液涂片镜检及胃液细菌培养检查阳性率高，在新生儿早期细菌感染的诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

新生儿细菌感染早期临床表现与围产期高危因素的关系

目的 探讨新生儿细菌感染早期临床表现、血象变化及与围产期高危因素的关系.方法 本院新生儿病房2004年1月至2009年8月诊断为新生儿感染的患儿为感染组,同期入院的非感染性患儿为对照组,每组不同发病日龄随机选出至少25例进行病例对照研究.分析新生儿细菌感染早期的临床表现、血象变化及与围产期高危因素间的关系.结果 感染组患儿母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎、胎心率＞160次/min或＜120次/min、晚期减速、母亲产程中CRP＞8 mg/L的发生率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎对感染的影响最大;感染组患儿体温＞37.9℃的发生率高于对照组(P＜0.05),其他症状、体征和对照组相比差异无统计学意义;出生后前3天发病的感染组患儿外周血WBC均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),感染组患儿L/T比值平均为5.4%,明显高于对照组的2.4%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎、胎心率＞160次/min或＜120次/min、晚期减速、母亲产程中CRP＞8 mg/L是新生儿感染的高危因素;新生儿细菌感染早期无特异症状和体征;出生后前3天新生儿细菌感染早期的外周血白细胞总数有参考意义.     

高危新生儿血清心肌肌钙蛋白I浓度变化的研究

目的探讨高危新生儿血清心肌肌钙蛋白I（cWnI）浓度变化趋势。方法选择2009年4～12月本院产科出生、具有高危因素的新生儿,分为缺氧组、感染组及早产组,选择足月健康新生儿20例为对照组。分别测定脐血,生后1天及4天血清cTnI水平,并作对比分析。结果（1）缺氧、感染及早产组脐血、生后1天cTnI值均高于对照组（P〈0．05）;缺氧组及感染组生后4天血eTnI值高于对照组（P〈0．05）,早产组与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）各组脐血、生后1天及4天血cTnI值均呈逐渐增高趋势;对照组、缺氧组和感染组各时间点血cTnI值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,感染组和早产组生后1天血cTnI值与脐血差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,生后4天血cTnI值高于脐血,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）感染组血cTnI恢复正常时间23天至5个月;缺氧组恢复正常时间4天至3．5个月;早产组恢复正常时间15天至1．5个月。结论缺氧、感染、早产等高危因素对新生儿血eTnI值的影响不同,动态监测所有高危儿血cTnI值十分必要。     

剖宫产与新生儿高胆红素血症病例对照研究

目的探讨剖宫产分娩与新生儿高胆红素血症（简称，高胆）的关系。方法对我院2003年1月至2004年12月期间在产科出生的新生儿进行病例对照研究，通过监测经皮胆红素、血清胆红素，比较剖宫产与非剖宫产娩出新生儿发生高胆的情况。结果多因素分析结果显示影响新生儿高胆红素血症的因素包括：剖宫产、母乳缺乏、生后头3天体重下降明显、高龄初产、胎龄、宫内窘迫等，剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为36．9％，非剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为21．8％，两者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。剖宫产组中母亲有妊高征者新生儿高胆发生率略高于母亲无妊高征者，两者间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；两组患儿合并窒息、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、吸入综合征、感染等疾病对高胆的影响差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产可能是引起新生儿高胆的原因之一。     

新生儿败血症外周血核因子-kB表达的研究

目的探讨核因子-kB（nuclear factor—kB，NF—kB）在新生儿败血症中的表达及意义。方法分别于患儿入院时、入院后24、48h采用流式细胞仪检测外周血白细胞中NF—kB表达的百分数；根据血培养结果将患儿分为败血症组（26例）和非败血症组（31例），对照组为正常新生儿（20例）。结果败血症组外周血中NF-kB的表达明显高于非败血症组和对照组（P〈0．0001），而非败血症组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；败血症组NF—5B的表达水平在入院时明显高于入院后24h和48h（P均〈0．0001），入院后24h与48h比较，NF—kB表达水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；非败血症组在入院时、入院后24、48hNF—kB的表达水平差异无显著性。结论NF—kB在新生儿败血症早期表达明显增加，NF—kB的活化可能是败血症炎症发生的分子机制之一。     

拉萨地区新生儿肺炎临床与电解质变化特点

目的了解拉萨地区藏族新生儿感染肺炎的临床特征，探讨藏族新生儿肺炎患儿血电解质变化对肺炎的价值。方法对资料完整的60例藏族新生儿肺炎（治疗组）进行分析。并与20例健康新生儿（对照组）对照。结果治疗前治疗组与对照组比较K＋、Na＋、Clˉ、TC2：差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；Clˉ、Mg＋差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。治疗后与对照组比较K＋、Clˉ差异有显著性（P〈0．05），余均P〉0．05，治疗前电解质紊乱极为明显。治疗前与治疗后对比Ca2＋、TCO2差异有显著性（P〈0．05），余P〉0．05，治疗前电解质紊乱极为明显，血电解质含量与肺炎程度呈正相关。结论电解质变化特征对于指导新生儿肺炎诊断治疗有一定的临床意义。     

脐血胆红素预测新生儿黄疸的意义

目的研究脐带血胆红素水平预测足月健康新生儿后续黄疸程度的价值。方法523例足月健康新生儿,测定脐血胆红素、白蛋白水平,监测每日经皮胆红素值（TCB）。对时龄0—24hTCB≥18;-48hTCB≥21;-72hTCB≥25;〉72h≥25者,送检静脉血血清胆红素值（TSB）,考虑是否需要光疗。将新生儿按脐血胆红素水平分为〈30μmol／L;≥30μmoL／L;≥36μmol／L;≥42μmoL／L,共4组。比较4组新生儿TCB≥25、TSB〉205μmol／L、TSB〉257μmoL／L及需要光疗的发生率。对脐血胆红素水平预告新生儿黄疸进行分析。比较黄疸组新生儿和非黄疸组新生儿临床特征。结果脐血胆红素水平升高,各组新生儿TCB≥25、TSB〉205μmol／L、TSB〉257μmoL／L和需要光疗的发生率增加。脐血胆红素水平用于预测新生儿黄疸发生有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。黄疸组新生儿脐血胆红素值显著高于非黄疸组（t=10．96,P〈0．001）。而脐血清白蛋白值（t=2．38,P〉0．05）、妊娠周数（t=-0．90,P〉0．05）、出生体重（t=0．10,P〉0．05）比较,两组均无统计学差异。结论脐血胆红素水平用于预测足月健康新生儿后续黄疸的程度是一种有效的方法。     

多普勒组织成像法评价窒息新生儿左心收缩功能

目的 探讨多普勒组织成像法（DTI）评价窒息新生儿左心收缩功能。方法 足月窒息新生儿根据出生时Apgar评分分成重度窒息组（Apgar评分≤3分）共31例，轻度窒息组（Apgar评分4-7分）共31例，在出生后24、48、72h内分别通过超声心动图检测左室射血分数（LVEF），然后转入DTI模式测定二尖瓣前叶收缩期运动速度（s），并与正常新生儿组30例相对照，同时检测心肌肌钙蛋白（cTnI）。结果 重度组LVEF在24h明显低于48h和72h（P〈0．001），亦明显低于轻度组和对照组（P〈0．01），除此之外，3组之间及3组各时段之间LVEF差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DTI重度组、轻度组的s在3个时段均明显低于对照组（P〈0．001），且重度组s在24h亦明显低于48h和72h（P〈0．001），除此之外3组之间及3组各时段之间（s），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。重度组cTnI在3个时段明显高于轻度组及对照组（P〈0．01），而轻度组与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 新生儿窒息时左心收缩功能降低，DTIs较LVEF更能反映窒息新生儿左心收缩功能的变化。     

肺保护性通气策略对呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿肺氧合功能的影响

目的探讨肺保护性通气策略在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）机械通气治疗中对肺氧合功能的影响及其临床应用评价。方法将需进行机械通气治疗的40例NRDS患儿随机分成两组，即保护通气组（PV组）和传统通气组（CV组），每组20例。对两组呼吸机参数、血气分析结果、肺氧合功能指标、并发症及其他临床资料进行比较分析。结果（1）PV组呼吸机参数吸气峰压、平均气道压和氧浓度显著低于CV组（P均〈0．05）；呼气末正压高于CV组（P〈0．01）；两组通气频率（RR）差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。（2）Pv组PaCCh高于CV组（P〈0．01）；pH低于CV组（P〈0．01）；两组Pa02差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。（3）Pv组上机后48h与72h氧合指数明显低于CV组（P〈0．01），动脉血氧分压与肺泡氧分压的比率在机械通气后72h也高于CV组（P〈0．01），PaO2／FiO2在各监测时间段差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。（4）Pv组呼吸机相关性肺损伤的发病率低于CV组（P〈0．05）。（5）两组脑室内出血及动脉导管开放的发病率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；PV组上机时间均短于CV组（P〈0．01），两组病死率比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论实施肺保护性通气策略可改善肺部气体氧合，维持适当血氧分压，减少并发症，缩短上机时间，降低病死率，提高患儿的生存质量，不增加脑室内出血、动脉导管开放的发病率。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.