Carcinoma of supernumerary breast of vulva with bilateral mammary cancer.

Primary mammary cancer often develops at multiple sites in either one or both breasts, evidently the result of a common carcinogen acting in multicentric loci. The occurrence of carcinoma in accessory breast tissue has been recorded, including carcinoma in supernumerary breast tissue within the labium, although the latter is rare. A 62-year-old woman developed carcinoma of the right breast which was followed nearly five and one half years later by the occurrence of adenocarcinoma in supernumerary breast tissue within the left labium majus. Concomitantly, carcinoma was detected in the left breast. The three cancers exhibited histologic features compatible with primary rather than metastatic lesions. The development of primary carcinoma in both breasts as well as within ectopic mammary tissue in the labium appears to be the first recorded instance of such an event.     

Tissue protein-bound fucose in carcinoma of the female breast (tumor fucose in breast carcinoma)

A positive relationship between serum protein-bound fucose levels and carcinoma of the female breast has been demonstrated in previous reports. In this study, breast tissue fucose levels were determined and the value of a ratio between malignant tumor and control tissue levels was found to correlate directly with serum fucose levels. This evidence is presented as further confirmation of a relationship between the sugar l-fucose and breast carcinoma.     

YAP、p73在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨YAP、p73在乳腺癌组织中的表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测60例乳腺癌组织、26例癌旁正常乳腺组织YAP和p73的表达情况,分析两者表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系。结果YAP在癌旁正常乳腺组织中呈现较高的表达率,而在乳腺癌组织中不表达或弱表达,YAP基因蛋白缺失可能参与乳腺癌的形成;p73在癌旁正常乳腺组织中呈现弱表达或不表达,而在乳腺癌中的表达升高,提示乳腺癌组织p73蛋白的过表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展关系密切。结论YAP和p73可作为乳腺癌早期诊断、预后判断及肿瘤分期监测的有价值的指标,联合检测YAP和p73对预测乳腺癌的发生、发展及评估乳腺癌病人的预后有重要意义。YAP和p73可能作为乳腺癌检测的肿瘤标志物和治疗的分子靶点。     

Serum sFas and Tumor Tissue FasL Negatively Correlated with Survival in Egyptian Patients Suffering from Breast Ductal Carcinoma

Fas (CD95-APO-1), a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor super-family, exists in two forms, transmembrane and soluble (sFas). It had been suggested that circulating sFas levels and/or tissue FasL may reflect the severity of invasive breast ductal carcinoma. Few studies showed that neither DNA-index nor ploidy is an independent prognostic indicator, and there is no correlation with clinical outcome. The S-phase fraction (SPF) has been shown to be useful prognostic factor in both node-negative and node-positive tumors. The present work was done to find a correlation between sFas, tissue FasL, ploidy and SPF with prognostic factors and survival of breast ductal carcinoma patients. The present study included two groups; a patients group comprised 30 patients with breast ductal carcinoma and a control group that comprised 15 patients with benign breast swellings. Serum sFas was measured using commercially available ELISA kit and tissue FasL expression was studied using avidin–biotine immunohistochemical staining technique. Cell cycle studies were performed using flow cytometry. Serum sFas was significantly higher in breast ductal carcinoma group than in the benign breast swelling control group. A significant negative correlation between serum sFas and overall survival was found. Tissue FasL expression was directly correlated with distant metastasis and poor overall survival. A significant direct correlation was found between moderate and high SPF with worse pathologic parameters. Serum sFas level, tissue FasL immuno-expression and S-phase fraction are independent prognostic factors in breast ductal carcinoma cases.     

Ductal Carcinoma Arising from Ectopic Breast Tissue Following Microcalcification Observed on Screening Mammography: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Ectopic breast tissue can occur anywhere along the incompletely regressed mammary ridge. Among the various types of breast choristoma, ectopic breast tissue, which has only glandular tissue without a nipple or areola, is most commonly detected in axillary areas. However, ectopic breast cancer is often not detected until significant clinical symptoms have been revealed, or diagnosis is delayed. Furthermore, an examination of ectopic breast tissue tends to be omitted from a screening mammography. Especially, the microcalcifications of ectopic breast tissue are difficult to delineate on mammography. Herein, the authors report a case of ectopic breast carcinoma that showed clustered microcalcifications on screening mammography, and discuss the interpretation and implications of microcalcification in ectopic breast tissue.     

Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma.

This study was undertaken to determine tissue and serum ferritin levels in different stages of breast carcinoma. Eighty-nine cases have been evaluated, the groups investigated being breast carcinoma, benign breast disease and healthy controls. Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins were assayed by Lowry's procedure and the ferritin concentrations given in ng ferritin/mg cytosol protein. No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ferritins were found to be 91.6 +/- 50.9, 565.0 +/- 48.3, 142.7 +/- 93.3, 683.3 +/- 212.9 and 655.5 +/- 100.4 ng/mg cytosol protein for the benign, malign (global), malign (stage I), malign (stage II) and malign (stage III) groups, respectively. The differences between the malign groups and the benign group were found to be highly significant (P < 0.001) except for the stage I subgroup, which was fairly significant (P < 0.05). A sensitivity of 90% was evaluated for tissue cytosol ferritin in breast carcinoma, the 'intra-patient' sensitivity being 100%. In conclusion, we state that tissue ferritin is more valuable than serum ferritin as a tumour marker of diagnosis for breast carcinoma.     

Intratumoral estrogen production in breast carcinoma: significance of aromatase

It is well known that estrogens are closely involved in the growth of human breast carcinoma, and that the great majority of breast carcinomas express estrogen receptor. Recent studies have demonstrated that estrogens are locally produced in breast carcinoma by several enzymes. Among these, aromatase is generally considered the most important enzyme, and aromatase inhibitors are currently used in the treatment of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women as an estrogen deprivation therapy. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the results of recent studies on aromatase in breast carcinoma, and we discuss its biological and/or clinical significance. Aromatase was expressed in various cell types in breast carcinoma, such as carcinoma cells, intratumoral stromal cells and adipocytes adjacent to the carcinoma, and the aromatase expression was regulated by various factors, including carcinoma cell–stromal cell interactions, cytokines and nuclear receptors, depending on the cell types. Aromatase was involved not only in local estrogen production but also the inhibition of intratumoral androgen synthesis in breast carcinoma. Finally, tissue concentrations of sex steroids were significantly higher in noninvasive breast carcinoma, regarded as a precursor lesion to invasive carcinoma, than in non-neoplastic breast tissue, and various sex steroid-producing enzymes (including aromatase) were abundantly expressed in noninvasive breast carcinoma tissue. Therefore, sex steroids are locally produced in noninvasive breast carcinoma as well as invasive carcinoma, and endocrine therapies may be clinically effective in a select group of noninvasive breast carcinoma patients.     

核基质蛋白LaminA/C在正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织中的差异表达*

目的:采用比较蛋白质组学方法研究正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织中的差异表达核基质蛋白（nuclear matrix protein ,NMP）,并在蛋白质水平对差异蛋白LaminA/C进一步地确证。方法:分别提取4 例正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织的核基质蛋白,进行双向凝胶电泳。分离出的差异表达蛋白质点进行基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）分析,获得肽质量指纹图谱（Peptide Mass Fingerprinting,PMF ）,应用Mascot 搜索引擎在NCBInr数据库中进行检索鉴定。最后用免疫组化和Western blotting方法验证差异蛋白LaminA/C在正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织的相对表达量。结果:经双向凝胶电泳和质谱鉴定,正常乳腺组含有（904 ± 58）个蛋白质点,乳腺癌组检测出含有（944 ± 70）个蛋白质点,共发现27个差异表达蛋白,成功鉴定出12种蛋白,其中包括LaminA/C。用免疫组化方法分析LaminA/C在正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织各20例中的表达,结果显示LaminA/C在正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织中的阳性率分别为15%（3/20）和40%（8/20）,P<0.05。用Western blot方法观察LaminA/C在正常乳腺和乳腺癌组织各10例中的表达,结果显示乳腺癌组中LaminA/C/β-actin 灰度值比值为0.40± 0.13,是正常乳腺组LaminA/C/β-actin 灰度值比值（0.21± 0.13）的1.91倍（P<0.05）。结论:LaminA/C在乳腺癌组织中表达明显增高,LaminA/C蛋白在乳腺癌的发生和发展中可能起一定的作用。      

Survivin和Cox-2在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中Survivin和Cox-2蛋白的表达情况及与临床病理指标的关系,并探讨两种蛋白间的关系.方法：应用免疫组化SP法检测79例乳腺癌组织、30例癌旁组织中Survivin和Cox-2的表达,并分析各蛋白的表达与临床病理学指标间的关系.结果：79例乳腺癌组织中Survivin和Cox-2的表达率分别为64.56％ （51/79）和58.22％ （46/79）,与癌旁组织相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Survivin和Cox-2的表达与乳腺癌的组织学分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移有关（P＜0.05）,而与患者年龄大小、肿瘤大小无关（P＞0.05）.在乳腺癌中Survivin和Cox-2表达水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论：Survivin和Cox-2高表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展及浸润转移有关,可作为判断乳腺癌生物学行为和预后的重要指标.     

The immunohistochemical localization of CA 15-3 in human breasts and their tumors

The tissue distribution of CA 15-3, a breast carcinoma associated antigenic determinant, has been investigated by an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique in the human breasts and in their tumors. In cases of scirrhous carcinoma, positive stainings for CA 15-3 were observed in almost all carcinoma cells. In cases of solid-tubular carcinomas and papillotubular carcinomas, the reaction was various and there was no correlation between the distribution of CA 15-3 and the clinical stage. Apical staining was recognized in both solid-tubular and papillotubular carcinomas, in benign breast tumors, and in normal breast tissues. CA 15-3 appears to be related to the degree of differentiation of the breast tissue.     

RhoE/Rnd3蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨RhoE/Rnd3蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达情况及意义。方法：采用免疫组化方法检测60例乳腺浸润性导管癌、30例正常乳腺组织中RhoE/Rnd3蛋白的表达情况。结果：RhoE/Rnd3蛋白在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌中的表达率分别为73.3%和40.0%,二者的表达差异具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）RhoE/Rnd3蛋白在乳腺癌中表达与恶性程度呈负相关（P〈0.05）。RhoE/Rnd3的表达与与患者年龄和淋巴结转移呈负相关,与生育史呈正相关。结论：RhoE/Rnd3在乳腺癌的发生中呈负调控作用,RhoE/Rnd3可能通过抑制Cy-clinB1来抑制乳腺癌的发生;RhoE/Rnd3过表达与乳腺癌预后较好有关。     

Poor prognosis of lowr quadrant breast carcinoma

Althoguh some lymphatic plexuses exist in lower audrants of the breast, there have been no investigations of whether or not carcinoma located in this region is a prognostic factor for breast cancer. Of 914 patients with carcinoma of the breast who underwent curative resection following chemo-endocrine therapy between 1982 and 1985, 149 patients had disease of the lower quadrants. The recurrence-free survival rate was lower in patients with the lower quadrants carcinoma than in those with carcinoma of other breast regions. MUltivariate analysis showed that a lower quadrant tumor location was a significant prognostic factor for recurrence, especially soft tissue and visceral recurrence. The worse prognosis of patients with lower quadrant carcinoma of the breast suggests the possible existence of residual or occult tumor cells after surgical resection. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

乳腺癌组织中高危型HPV16、18检测的临床意义

目的:探讨高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)16、18型感染与乳腺癌的关系。方法:通过原位杂交方法检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒HPV16、HPV18在乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织中的感染情况。结果:HPV16、HPV18在乳腺癌组织中的表达均高于癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织,乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织中HPV16的感染率分别为53.3%(32/60)、26.7%(16/60)和25.0%(5/20),在乳腺癌组织中HPV16的感染率与其它两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;HPV18的感染率分别为51.7%(31/60)、30.0%(18/60)和20.0%(4/20),在乳腺癌组织中HPV18感染率与其它两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织中HPV16和18的共感染率分别为38.3%(23/60)、10.0%(6/60)和10.0%(2/20),乳腺癌组织中HPV16和18的共感染率与癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:乳腺癌组织中高危型人乳头状瘤病毒HPV16、HPV18感染率明显高于癌旁乳腺组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织,HPV16、HPV18感染与乳腺癌的发生、发展可能有一定的关系。     

Carcinoma originating from aberrant breast tissue. A case report and review of the literature

Carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue, either supernumerary breast or aberrant breast tissue, is extremely rare. Carcinoma occurs more frequently in the ectopic breast tissue of the axilla than in extra-axillary ectopic breast tissue. Here we report a case of an invasive lobular carcinoma arising from extra-axillary ectopic breast tissue and presenting as a subcutaneous nodule.     

胸腺素β4和β10及β15在乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的研究β族胸腺素在乳腺癌及癌旁组织中的表达。方法采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测β族胸腺素在乳腺癌组织中的表达。结果Tβ4、Tβ10、Tβ15蛋白在乳腺癌的癌细胞质中呈弥漫表达,三者在乳腺癌组织中的表达与癌旁乳腺组织的表达差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。三者在乳腺癌中的蛋白表达差异无显著性,在有淋巴结转移及无淋巴结转移的乳腺癌中的蛋白表达差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论Tβ4、Tβ10、Tβ15蛋白表达与乳腺癌的淋巴结转移呈正相关,与乳腺癌的年龄、乳腺癌的组织分型无相关性。     

Bmi-1与乳腺癌发生、发展及预后的相关性研究

目的 研究Bmi-1在乳腺癌发生、发展中的作用及其预后价值.方法 采用免疫组化En Vision法检测38例正常和普通增生乳腺组织、41例不典型增生乳腺组织、33例乳腺原位癌及129例乳腺癌组织中Bmi-1的表达情况,对Bmi-1与乳腺癌的临床分期、腋窝淋巴结转移、激素受体、HER-2、月经、病理类型、无病生存时间以及...     

SMAD4 is a potential prognostic marker in human breast carcinomas

SMAD4 is a downstream mediator of transforming growth factor beta. While its tumor suppressor function has been investigated as a prognostic biomarker in several human malignancies, its role as a prognostic marker in breast carcinoma is still undefined. We investigated SMAD4 expression in breast carcinoma samples of different histologic grades to evaluate the association between SMAD4 and outcome in breast cancer. We also investigated the role of SMAD4 expression status in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells in responding to TGF-β stimulation. SMAD4 expression was assessed in 53 breast ductal carcinoma samples and in the surrounding normal tissue from 50 of the samples using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR. TGF-β-SMAD and non-SMAD signaling was assessed by Western blot in MDA-MB-468 cells with and without SMAD4 restoration. SMAD4 expression was reduced in ductal breast carcinoma as compared to surrounding uninvolved ductal breast epithelia (p?<?0.05). SMAD4 expression levels decreased from Grade 1 to Grade 3 ductal breast carcinoma as assessed by immunohistochemistry (p?<?0.05). Results were recapitulated by tissue array. In addition, immunohistochemistry results were further confirmed at the protein and mRNA level. We then found that non-SMAD MEK/MAPK signaling was significantly different between SMAD4 expressing MDA-MB-468 cells and SMAD4-null MDA-MB-468 cells. This is the first study indicating that SMAD4 plays a key role in shifting MAPK signaling. Further, we have demonstrated that SMAD4 has a potential role in the development of breast carcinoma and SMAD4 was a potential prognostic marker of breast carcinoma. Our findings further support the role of SMAD4 in breast carcinoma development. In addition, we observed an inverse relationship between SMAD4 levels and breast carcinoma histological grade. Our finding indicated that SMAD4 expression level in breast cancer cells played a role in responding non-SMAD signaling but not the canonic SMAD signaling. Further mechanistic studies are necessary to establish the role of SMAD4 in breast carcinoma prognosis and potential specific targeting.     

Monoclonal antibody 323/A3: a marker for the presence of breast carcinoma

The monoclonal antibody 323/A3 has been suggested as a marker of cancer risk in benign breast disease. Patients who have had both a benign biopsy and a later biopsy for breast carcinoma were studied. The staining patterns in the biopsies were analysed using a semi-quantitative recording system adapted from Mariani-Costantini et al. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was carried out on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections. In apocrine metaplasia the cytoplasm of benign tissue did not stain with 323/A3 whereas in the biopsies with associated breast cancer 5 of 7 biopsies stained, a statistically significant difference. A positive predictive value of 100% was noted for strong cytoplasmic staining to indicate the presence of carcinoma and this phenomenon may be useful as a means of demonstrating patients who have malignant breast disease in which a biopsy has inadequately sampled the breast tissue.