阳离子脂质体增加bcl—2反义寡脱氧核苷酸G3139在HL—60细胞中的摄取及活性

目的:探讨阳离于脂质体DOSPER对bcl-2反义寡脱氧核苷酸G3139在HL-60细胞中的摄取和活性的影响。方法:流式细胞仪测定细胞结合的平均荧光强度和Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞的百分数;荧光显微镜观察细胞内FTTC荧光素标记G3139的分布;RT-RCR测定bcl-2 mRNA的表达。结果:①DOSPER增加细胞对G3139的摄取,当DOSPER/G3139(μg:μg)为2:1时,细胞对G3139的摄取在2h左右达到高峰,为G3139直接作用时的20倍,细胞核和细胞浆中的G3139为明亮的点状聚集;而G3139直接作用时,G3139则弥漫分布于细胞浆中;②细胞内的G3139可向胞外转运。DOSPER介导转染G3139 4h后,细胞内的G3139符合方程C(t)=68.2e~(-0.60t) 31.8e~(-0.02t)(初值为100％),t_(1/2)约为1.1h,而G3139直接作用后,细胞内的G3139符合方程C(t)=64.8e~(-2.27t) 35.2e~(-0.04t),t_(1/2)约为18min;③在DOSPER介导转染下,G3139在浓度1μmol·L~(-1)时,特异性减少bcl-2 mRNA的表达,同时使Bcl-2蛋白阳性率从97％±4％下降到70.6％±2.1％。结论:DOSPER增加细胞对G3139的摄取和改变G3139在细胞内的分布可能是其增强G3139活性的重要机制。     

脂质体Geneshuttle20对STAT6反义核酸转染小鼠脾淋巴细胞影响的研究

目的探讨阳离子脂质体Geneshuttle20对STAT6反义核酸在小鼠脾淋巴细胞摄入、分布的影响作用。方法采用阳离子脂质体介导STAT6反义核酸转染小鼠脾淋巴细胞,应用流式细胞仪、荧光显微镜分别观察反义核酸的细胞摄入和胞内分布。结果反义核苷酸与脂质体(W/W)为2∶4时,细胞摄入率可以达到67.7%,较单独加入反义核酸提高转染效率6倍,细胞内平均荧光强度最强,细胞核染色较深。结论Geneshuttle20提高了细胞对反义寡核苷酸的摄取,促使其进入细胞核内发挥作用。     

脂质体介导C-erbB-2反义寡核苷酸转染小鼠乳腺癌TM40D细胞的效率及毒性

目的 探讨阳离子脂质体为载体的反义寡核苷酸（ODNs）转染小鼠乳腺癌TM40D细胞的最佳转染效率及对细胞的毒性作用。方法 分别将有／无脂质体介导的反义ODNs转染小鼠乳腺癌TM40D细胞,应用流式细胞仪观察不同时间的反义ODNs的转染效率,荧光显微镜观察反义ODNs在细胞内的分布,全自动生化分析仪检测转染培养上清液的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）浓度。结果 无脂质体介导的反义ODNs转染细胞效率随着时间的延长增加,6h达到63．00％。脂质体介导的反义ODNs转染细胞4h时转染效率达到高峰为72．23％。细胞内荧光强度与细胞转染效率相关。无脂质体介导的FAM标记的反义ODNs分布在细胞浆,脂质体介导的反义ODNs在细胞浆及细胞核内均有分布。各组LDH浓度无统计学差异。结论 脂质体介导组反义ODNs转染效率高于无脂质体组,同时转染高峰提前出现。脂质体促进反义ODNs进入细胞核内。短时间内阳离子脂质体及反义ODNS对细胞的毒性不明显。     

脂质体转染bcl—2反义寡核苷酸G3139在HL—60细胞中的动力？…

目的 应用阳离子脂质体介导或直接转染时,建立ＨＬ－６０细胞摄入由５′－ＦＩＴＣ标记的ｂｃｌ－２反义寡核苷酸Ｇ３１３９的动力学模式及观察Ｇ３１３９在细胞内的分布。方法 流式细胞仪测定细胞内的相对平均荧光强度,荧光显微镜观察细胞内的荧光分布。结果 ①脂质体介导转染法显著提高ＨＬ－６０细胞对Ｇ３１３９的摄入,当ＤＯＳＰＥＲ／Ｇ３１３９（ｕｇ／ｕｇ）为２．２／１时,细胞内相对平均荧光强度可达Ｇ３１３９直接     

bcl-2反义肽核酸诱导HL-60 K562细胞凋亡

目的　探讨不同结构的反义药物对HL 60、K562细胞系生物学活性的影响。方法　应用细胞计数、细胞形态观察和流式细胞术观察并比较反义肽核酸和反义寡核苷酸对白血病细胞HL 60、K562生物学活性的影响。结果　 1 0 μmol/L靶向bcl 2mRNA蛋白编码区的反义肽核酸能有效地抑制HL 60、K562细胞的生长、下调bcl 2蛋白的水平及诱导细胞凋亡。 1 0 μmol/L针对bcl 2mRNA同样靶点的反义肽核酸和寡核苷酸作用HL 60和K562细胞 72h ,反义肽核酸仍表现出较强的促细胞凋亡的作用 ,而反义寡核苷酸诱导细胞凋亡的作用则有所下降。结论　反义bcl 2肽核酸能诱导HL 60、K562细胞的凋亡 ,比反义寡核苷酸有更好的反义作用。     

阳离子膜融合脂质体介导反义寡核苷酸在Hela细胞中的转染实验研究

目的研究阳离子膜融合脂质体(CFL)介导反义寡核苷酸(ASON)的细胞转染效率及影响因素。方法 逆相蒸发法制备3种不同阳离子含量的脂质体(CL),在CL上引入仙台病毒形成CFL,将制得的阳离子膜融合脂质体与反义寡核苷酸混合得到复合物,考察形态学及载药量,用MTT法考察该载体的细胞毒性,流式细胞仪测定阳性细胞百分率和平均荧光强度。结果制得的CFL形态均匀,粒径为(168±65) nm。载药量随着磷脂/ASON(+/-)电荷比增加而增加。CFL细胞毒性明显低于相同电荷比的CL,细胞转染效率是随阳离子含量、磷脂/ASON(+/-)电荷比增加而增加,血清和低温均对CFL的细胞转染有影响。结论阳离子膜融合脂质体作为载体在低电荷比条件下可降低细胞毒性并可提高细胞转染效率,可作为该ASON的给药系统而进一步研究。     

寡核苷酸的摄取与血液肿瘤细胞种类和增殖活性的关系

目的探讨血液肿瘤细胞摄取寡核苷酸与其种类和活性的关系。方法流式细胞仪测定细胞内的平均荧光强度。结果经过0.60 μmol·L^-1 荧光素FITC标记的G3139作用4 h后，血液系统肿瘤患者外周血及骨髓单个核细胞对G3139的摄取能力明显高于正常人；不同来源的血液肿瘤细胞株摄取G3139的能力不同，单核细胞、B淋巴细胞和髓系粒细胞来源的白血病细胞的摄取能力明显高于T淋巴细胞来源的白血病细胞；经过全反式维甲酸作用的HL60细胞的增殖活性明显受到抑制，同时细胞摄取G3139的能力明显下降。结论血液肿瘤细胞具有摄取寡核苷酸的能力，这种摄取能力与其细胞种类和细胞增殖活性有关。     

中性胞苷脂材包载部分磷硫代反义核酸的生物活性评价及作用机制初探

目的反义核酸是一段与靶基因互补的单链寡核苷酸序列,通过与细胞内核酸杂交成双链结构抑制靶基因转录和翻译过程,从而调控基因表达。然而,无载体递送反义核酸跨膜能力较差且寡核苷酸磷酸二酯键易被核酶水解。为提高反义核酸入胞效率,并对活性作用的发挥进行进一步优化,本课题主要从寻求高效低毒的载体系统及优化修饰策略入手对其进行研究。方法本研究利用中性胞苷脂材(DNCA)混合阳离子脂质体(CLD)对反义核酸G3139包载递送,结合部分位点磷硫代(PS)修饰方式,考察不同修饰位点的序列活性与作用机制。结果与结论采用混合脂材包载能显著提高反义核酸G3139的抗MCF7/ADR细胞增殖能力,并发现9～16位(5′-端计算)区域内多位点(≥4)修饰物抗肿瘤活性较高。此外,G3139部分位点PS修饰物有效激活RNase H降解靶mRNA,并降低杂交双链Tm(DNA的熔解温度)值。结合转录组学与蛋白组学研究,确证减少PS修饰位点数可以降低反义核酸与非特异性靶标结合,从而降低毒副作用。     

谷甾醇葡萄糖苷和卞泽双重修饰肝实质细胞靶向阳性脂质体介导的基因转染和抗乙肝病毒作用

目的研究载乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)反义寡核苷酸的双重表面修饰肝实质细胞靶向阳性脂质体的基因转染，抗乙肝病毒作用和其介导基因转染的机制。方法以3β-［N-(N′,N′-二甲氨基乙基)-氨甲酰基］胆固醇(DC-Chol)和二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)为脂材，分别以谷甾醇葡萄糖苷(sito-G)和卞泽(Brij 35)为膜表面修饰成分，制备载HBV反义寡核苷酸的阳性脂质体。采用大鼠原代肝实质细胞和人肝癌细胞HepG 2.2.15，通过流式细胞分析、荧光显微镜观察和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)，考察脂质体对基因转染的促进作用及其病毒抑制作用；通过评价渥曼青霉素、尼日利亚菌素以及无涎胎球蛋白对其病毒抑制作用的影响，探讨其转染机制。结果以sito-G和Brij 35对脂质体进行双重表面修饰，显著提高了脂质体的转染率和病毒抑制作用；荧光显微镜下观察到较强转染，反义寡核苷酸的胞内分布以在细胞核中为主；渥曼青霉素、尼日利亚菌素和无涎胎球蛋白均不同程度地降低了载反义寡核苷酸脂质体的病毒抑制作用。结论Brij 35和sito-G双重修饰阳性脂质体显示出较高的基因转染效率和显著的病毒抑制作用，其基因转染过程以内吞和膜融合为主，并表现出肝实质细胞表面去唾液酸糖蛋白受体 (ASGPR)的靶向选择性。     

反义寡核苷酸脂质体复合物性质对细胞摄入行为的影响

目的研究影响反义寡核苷酸脂质体复合物的性质和细胞摄取的因素。方法逆相蒸发法制备3种不同的空白脂质体,与反义寡核苷酸混合得到复合物,显微镜观察其形态,琼脂糖电泳分析载药量,流式细胞仪测定阳性细胞百分率和平均荧光强度。结果高电荷密度的脂质体和低离子强度介质可使复合物发生凝聚,载药量和细胞摄入量依赖于空白脂质体和药物的比例以及脂质体膜表面的电荷密度。结论阳离子脂质体可以提高载药量和细胞的摄入,其程度与复合物比例、脂质体膜表面电荷密度等有关。     

Plasma protein binding,lipoprotein distribution and uptake of free and lipid-associated BCL-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (G3139) in human melanoma cells

The objectives of this study were to determine the protein binding and lipoprotein distribution of G3139 and G3139 lipoplexes following incubation in human plasma, assess complement activation of, and the effect of pre-incubation of G3139 and G3139 lipoplexes in human plasma on in vitro cellular uptake of G3139. Effect of concentration and time on incorporation of free and lipid associated (lipoplexes) [3H]Bcl-2 AO (25-600 ng/ml) into normolipidemic human plasma lipoproteins was determined by density gradient ultracentrifugation after incubation at 37 degrees C for 5, 30, 60 and 120 min. Protein binding in the lipoprotein deficient fractions (LPDP) was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Complement interaction was determined by ELISA after exposure of human plasma to AO+/- liposomes prepared in serial dilution. In vitro uptake of G3139 and G3139 lipoplexes into human melanoma cells was assessed qualitatively by fluorescence microscopy after 4-h exposure to G3139 (free or as lipoplexes) with or without pre-incubation of G3139 in normal human plasma. Analysis of Bcl-2 AO-lipoprotein interaction over time and concentration indicated no significant movement of the compound within the different lipoprotein and LPDP fractions. Majority of drug was recovered within LPDP fraction, and more than 85% of drug recovered within LPDP fraction was protein bound. No significant activation of complement was noted for either free AO or lipoplexes. Pre-incubation of free AO or AO-lipoplexes in human plasma resulted in a greater cellular uptake of AO-lipoplexes compared with plasma free controls. These findings suggest that the majority of [3H]Bcl-2 AO is plasma protein bound with little lipoprotein association and no significant movement between different lipoprotein and LPDP fractions. Plasma protein binding other than lipoprotein binding may be responsible for the difference in cellular uptake of free AO vs. cationic lipoplexes.     

Cationic lipids enhance cellular uptake and activity of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides.

We have investigated the use of a cationic lipid preparation to enhance antisense oligonucleotide activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. A liposomal preparation containing the cationic lipid N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) was found to increase by at least 1000-fold the potency of an antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 1570) that hybridizes to the AUG translation initiation codon of human intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In the presence of 8 microM DOTMA, 6-15-fold more 35S-ISIS 1570 associated with cells, at oligonucleotide concentrations from 0.01 to 5 microM, than did in the absence of DOTMA. Both 35S-ISIS 1570 association with cells and antisense activity were increased as a function of DOTMA concentration and with increasing time of incubation with the cationic lipid. Fluorescein-labeled ISIS 1570 was used to assess the intracellular distribution of the oligonucleotide in the presence and absence of DOTMA. In the absence of DOTMA, the oligonucleotide localized to discrete structures in the cytoplasm of the cell, resulting in a punctate fluorescence pattern. In the presence of DOTMA, cellular fluorescence markedly increased and the oligonucleotide localized within the nucleus, as well as to discrete structures in the cytoplasm. Accumulation of the oligonucleotide in the nucleus in the presence of DOTMA was time and temperature dependent. Nuclear accumulation was inhibited by preincubation of the cells with monensin but not chloroquine, NH4Cl, nocodazole, colcemid, or brefeldin A. These data demonstrate that cationic lipids increase antisense activity by increasing the amount of oligonucleotide associated with cells and altering intracellular distribution of the oligonucleotide.     

Effect of cationic liposomes on intracellular trafficking and efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides in mouse peritoneal macrophages

We have investigated the intracellular fate and antisense effect of oligonucleotide/cationic liposome complexes using phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-Oligo) targeted to inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Confocal laser microscopic analysis revealed that, after application of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled S-Oligo alone, the intracellular localization of fluorescence exhibited a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the oligonucleotides were mainly confined to the endosomal and/or lysosomal compartments. In the case of complexation with Lipofectin and DMRIE-C liposomes, cellular uptake of FITC-S-Oligo was not greatly enhanced and the fluorescence localization in the cells was similar to that of FITC-S-Oligo alone. LipofectAMINE slightly enhanced cellular uptake of FITC-S-Oligo; however, the intracellular localization profile of FITC-S-Oligo remained largely unchanged. The antisense effect was slightly enhanced by LipofectAMINE under only very limited experimental conditions. It was concluded that cationic liposomes are not a potential carrier for S-Oligo in peritoneal macrophages because of their inability to promote the release of S-Oligo from the endosomal compartments to the cytosol over a non-toxic concentration range.     

阿霉素在人白血病敏感细胞株HL-60和多药耐药细胞株HL-60/ADR的分布和积聚变化

目的了解化疗药物阿霉素(ADR)在人白血病敏感细胞株HL-60和多药耐药细胞株HL-60/ADR细胞内的分布和积聚变化及其与耐药的关系。方法应用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜和流式细胞术研究ADR在细胞内的分布和积聚,以及维拉帕米、BSO、布雷菲尔得菌素、氯喹对细胞内ADR异常分布的影响。以3种特异染色线粒体、高尔基体和溶酶体的荧光物质Rhodamine123、NBD-ceramide和中性红作为探针,鉴定分隔储留ADR的细胞器。结果与ADR在HL-60细胞核、胞质均匀分布不同,在HL-60/ADR,ADR呈点棘状分布于细胞质,核内ADR荧光很少。这种分布方式与NBD-ceramide荧光在该细胞的分布极其相似。BSO和布雷菲尔得菌素可逆转ADR在HL-60/ADR的异常分布和积聚,而维拉帕米和氯喹无此作用。结论ADR在耐药细胞的异常分布和积聚与肿瘤细胞耐药的形成有关。     

Studies on uptake, sub-cellular trafficking and efflux of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in glioma cells using self-assembling cationic lipoplexes as delivery systems

The cellular uptake of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) may be enhanced by the use of carriers such as cationic liposomes or lipoplexes, but little is known about the intracellular fate and subcellular trafficking of these systems in target cells. In this study, we report on the cellular uptake and biodistribution of ODNs in the presence and absence of optimised self-assembled cationic lipoplexes using the C6 glioma cell line as an in vitro model. Biotin or radiolabelled 15-mer phosphorothioate (PS) ODNs were synthesised and their cellular uptake and subcellular biodistribution characterised in the presence and absence of an optimised cationic lipoplex delivery system using studies ranging from cellular association, cellular efflux and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ultrastructural studies clearly showed PS ODNs in the absence of liposomal delivery to be sequestered within endosomal and lysosomal vesicular bodies indicative of endocytic uptake. ODNs were also visible, to a lesser extent, in the nucleus and cytoplasm. By employing DOSPA (2'-(1",2"-dioleoyloxypropyldimethyl-ammonium bromide)-N-ethyl-6-amidospermine tetra trifluoroacetic acid) and DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine) complex in a 3 : 1 ratio, as a delivery system for ODNs at a optimal lipid/DNA charge ratio of 1 : 1, the level of ODN cellular association was significantly increased by approximately 10-12 fold with a concomitant change in subcellular distribution of PS ODN. TEM studies indicated enhanced penetration of ODN within the cytosol and the cell nucleus with reduced presence in vesicular compartments. Efflux studies confirmed that cationic lipoplexes promoted entry of ODNs into 'deeper' cellular compartments, consistent with endosomal release. Optimised cationic lipoplexes improved cellular delivery of ODNs by enhancing cell association, uptake and by favourably modulating the intracellular trafficking and distribution of ODNs into non-vesicular compartments including the cytosol and nucleus.     

Bcl-2 antisense in the treatment of human malignancies: a delusion in targeted therapy

Regulation of cell death (apoptosis) is frequently affected in the development of malignant diseases, and all molecular steps from extracellular signalling receptors through intracellular pathways, cell death rheostats and cell death executioners may be involved. Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic member of a family of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins that is upregulated in a variety of cancers and specifically overexpressed through chromosomal translocation in some non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Experimental attenuation of Bcl-2 lowers the threshold for undergoing chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of Bcl-2 appears as an attractive approach currently intensely explored using mRNA degradation strategies and small inhibitory molecules. One phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide antisense against Bcl-2 mRNA, oblimersen (Genasense, G3139), has been used in a substantial number of clinical trials. In this review we will discuss the current developments of G3139, and scrutinize its proposed mechanism of action. Several studies indicate that G3139 involves various intracellular mechanisms and modulation of the immune system. To this date G3139 has not been justified in cancer therapy due to modest or absent effects. But, surprisingly, some of its off-target effects may represent useful therapeutic principles. Therefore, antisense uptake improvements and new design of the oligonucleotide may provide us with useful therapeutics, including both the targeted gene and new anticancer mechanisms. This may be another example of how targeted therapy molecules evolve into multimodality drugs when moved from laboratory bench to bedside use, and illustrate our limited ability for target prediction and scant understanding of biological systems when designing therapeutic strategies.     

Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with an Antisense Oligonucleotide Gapmer Against Bcl-2 for Treatment of Lung Cancer

Purpose

Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic gene that is frequently overexpressed in human cancers. G3139 is an antisense oligonucleotide against bcl-2 that has shown limited efficacy in clinical trials. Here, we report the synthesis of a new antisense oligonucleotide containing additional chemical modifications and its delivery using nanoparticles.

Methods

An oligonucleotide G3139-GAP was synthesized, which has 2’-O-methyl nucleotides at the 5’ and 3’ ends based on a “gapmer” design. Furthermore, G3139-GAP was incorporated into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) composed of DOTAP/egg PC/cholesterol/Tween 80. The LNP-loaded G3139-GAP was evaluated in A549 lung cancer cells both in vitro and in a murine xenograft model for biological activity and therapeutic efficacy.

Results

The LNPs showed excellent colloidal and serum stability, and high encapsulation efficiency for G3139-GAP. They have a mean particle diameter and zeta potential of 134 nm and 9.59 mV, respectively. G3139-GAP-LNPs efficiently downregulated bcl-2 expression in A549 cells, as shown by 40% and 83% reduction in mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Furthermore, G3139-GAP-LNPs were shown to inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival, and downregulate tumor bcl-2 expression in an A549 murine xenograft tumor model. These data indicate that G3139-GAP-LNPs have excellent anti-tumor efficacy and warrant further evaluation.