抗纤软肝颗粒对肝纤维化大鼠肝脏基质转换及肝窦毛细血管化的影响

目的:观察抗纤软肝颗粒对实验性肝纤维化时肝脏基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)以及肝窦毛细血管化的影响,探讨其防治肝纤维化的作用。方法:250ml/L CCl_4经大鼠皮下注射制备肝纤维化模型并同时给予秋水仙碱、小和大剂量抗纤软肝颗粒治疗,用光镜和电镜观察肝组织病理变化;免疫组织化学法检测肝组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胶原、层粘蛋白(LM)原住杂交的方法检测MMP-1 mRNA、TIMP-1 mRNA。结果:抗纤软肝颗粒能促进MMP-1的表达(P<0.05),抑制TIMP-1的表达(P<0.01),促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解(P<0.01);有效抑制Ⅳ型胶原、LM的生成和沉积(P<0.01),改善肝纤维化大鼠肝组织病理变化(P<0.01)。减轻肝窦毛细血管化程度。结论:抗纤软肝颗粒能促进MMP-1的表达,抑制TIMP-1的表达,促进胶原的降解,抑制肝窦毛细血管化的形成,从而产生抗肝纤维化的作用。     

秋水仙碱对肝纤维化大鼠肝脏基质金属蛋白酶-1及其抑制因子-1表达的影响

目的 观察秋水仙碱对纤维化肝脏基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)表达的影响,从胶原降解的角度探讨秋水仙碱对肝纤维化有无逆转作用及可能存在的机制.方法 制备免疫性大鼠肝纤维化模型,并给予秋水仙碱治疗;通过RT-PCR检测MMP-1、TIMP-1的表达,并作Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的免疫组化以及Masson胶原染色.结果 发现秋水仙碱对肝纤维化大鼠MMP-1的表达无明显影响(P>0.05),但可以抑制TIMP-1的表达(P<0.05),促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解(P<0.05);然而在病理形态学的观察中,未发现秋水仙碱治疗组与肝纤维化模型组之间存在的显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 秋水仙碱可以抑制纤维化肝脏TIMP-1的表达,从而增强间质胶原酶的活性,促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解,产生抗肝纤维化的作用,但其作用有限.     

软肝缩脾丸对肝纤维化大鼠TIMP-1、2及工、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的观察软肝缩脾丸对纤维化大鼠肝脏基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1、2(TIMP-1、TIMP-2)及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA及蛋白表达的影响,从胶原降解的角度探索中药抗肝纤维化的可能机理.方法制备大鼠肝纤维化模型,并给予软肝缩脾丸治疗;用原位杂交和免疫组化的方法分别测定TIMP-1、TIMP-2及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的mRNA和蛋白表达.结果CC14模型组TIMP1、TIMP-2,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA及蛋白水平明显高于治疗组.正常组大鼠肝组织无一例阳性.结论TIMP-1、TIMP-2与肝纤维化形成密切相关,软肝缩脾丸可以抑制纤维化肝脏TIMP-1、TIMP-2的表达,从而增强间质胶原酶的活性,促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解,产生抗肝纤维化作用.     

活血化瘀类中药对实验性血吸虫肝纤维化兔肝组织金属蛋白酶—1及其抑制因子—1mRNA表达的影响

目的观察活血化瘀类中药对肝组织金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)及其抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)mRNA表达的影响,以及对金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)蛋白质表达的影响,从胶原降解的角度探讨中药抗纤维化的机理.方法用血吸虫尾蚴120±1条经皮感染新西兰白兔,3个月后经病理证实已形成典型血吸虫肝纤维化,实验动物分4组,每组8只,一组灌服中药,一组灌服秋水仙碱,病理对照组和正常对照组灌服生理盐水.3个月后处死动物,取肝组织切片,采取原位杂交法检测MMP-1和TIMP-1mRNA的表达,用免疫组化法检测MMP-2蛋白的表达,并作Ⅰ、Ⅳ型胶原的免疫组化以及天狼红胶原染色.结果与病理对照组相比,活血化瘀类中药和秋水仙碱治疗组,肝组织胶原蛋白总合量,Ⅰ、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白含量均显著减少.活血化瘀类中药组,MMP-1mRNA表达明显增加,TIMP-1mRNA的表达明显减少,MMP-2蛋白表达无显著差异.秋水仙碱组,TIMP-1mRNA的表达明显减少,MMP-1、MMP-2的表达无明显差异.结论活血化瘀类中药抗纤维化的作用机理除了减少胶原蛋白的合成外,还与其降低MMP组织抑制因子的表达,增加金属蛋白酶的活性,促进问质胶原蛋白的分解有关.     

抗纤合剂对血吸虫病肝纤维化的防治作用研究

目的 :观察抗纤合剂的抗肝纤维化作用。方法 :用日本血吸虫尾蚴感染新西兰兔 ,制成肝纤维化模型 ,病兔均以吡喹酮顿服杀虫治疗 ,继之中药组开始服用抗纤合剂治疗肝纤维化 ,并与秋水仙碱组及 0 .9%Na Cl组比较。RIA法检测血清 型前胶原 (PC )、透明质酸 (HA) ,苏木精 -伊红、天狼红染色观察胶原沉积 ,通过原位杂交检测基质金属蛋白酶 - 1(MMP- 1)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂 - 1(TIMP- 1)的表达 ,并作 、 型胶原和转化生长因子 β1 (TGF- β1 )免疫组化染色。结果 :中药组 PC 、HA水平降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,图像分析显示肝组织 、 型胶原和TGF- β1 表达减弱 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝组织 MMP- 1m RNA的表达增强 ,TIMP- 1m RNA表达减弱 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝纤维化程度减轻。结论 :抗纤合剂具有抗实验性血吸虫病兔肝纤维化的作用。     

奥曲肽对肝星状细胞胶原合成及TIMP-1、MMP-2表达的影响

目的研究奥曲肽(OCT)对体外培养的大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC)胶原分泌及TIMP-1mRNA、MMP-2mRNA表达的影响。方法体外培养大鼠HSC,HSC随机分为4组,分别加入不同浓度的OCT,用ELISA法检测细胞上清液中的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的含量,半定量RT-PCR法检测OCT对HSC中MMP-2、TIMP-1 mRNA表达的影响。结果应用OCT干预后,HSC合成Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原减少,TIMP-1 mRNA的表达较少,而MMP-2 mRNA表达明显增加,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论OCT可以抑制HSC的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的合成,增强MMP-2mRNA的表达,抑制TIMP-1mRNA的表达,这可能是OCT发挥抗肝纤维化作用的途径之一。     

MMP-1、TIMP-1及其在肝纤维化中的作用

基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)是细胞外基质(ECM)合成和降解调节中的两个重要的因素。其中MMP-1主要降解细胞外基质的主要成分Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原,TIMP-1可抑制MMP-1的活性。肝纤维化时MMP-1活性下降,而TIMP-1活性不断升高。研究显示,二者活性失衡是导致肝纤维化进展的重要因素。它们的来源结构、活性的调节及功能成为目前的研究热点。     

TIMP-2、MMP-2和MT1-MMP在活化肝星状细胞中的表达及对细胞外基质合成分泌的影响

目的 研究金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1(MT1-MMP)在活化肝星状细胞(HSCs)中的表达,观察其对细胞外基质(ECM)合成分泌的影响.方法 原代分离培养大鼠HSCs活化后,分别给予40～160 pmol化学合成经修饰抗TIMP-2 siRNA进行干预,检测培养细胞上清液透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)的含量,采用荧光实时定量PCR法检测TIMP-2、MMP-2、MT1-MMP、MMP-13、COL Ⅰ和COL Ⅲ mRNA的表达,western印迹检测TIMP-2、MT1-MMP和MMP-13蛋白表达及明胶酶谱法检测MMP-2蛋白表达.结果 应用化学合成经修饰抗TIMP-2 siRNA后,TIMP-2、MMP-2、MT1-MMP、COL Ⅰ和COL Ⅲ的表达明显降低,而MMP-13的表达则明显增加,培养细胞上清液中HA、PCⅢ和Hyp的含量也明显减少.结论 TIMP-2通过MT1-MMP介导MMP-2的活化,抑制TIMP-2的表达,MT1-MMP和MMP-2的表达随之降低,而HSCs合成分泌ECM也相应减少.     

抑制金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2在肝组织中的表达对大鼠肝纤维化发展的影响

我们前期应用反义寡核苷酸技术，以金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子（TIMP）-1基因为靶基因，研究发现抑制TIMP-1的表达可阻止大鼠肝纤维化的发展。肝纤维化时，肝内增生的胶原蛋白主要为Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原，Ⅳ型胶原的增生沉积并不占主要地位，但Ⅳ型胶原过度沉积可使肝血窦毛细血管化，肝血流和结构改变，从而加剧肝脏病变。TIMP-2是肝组织内Ⅳ型胶原酶，即基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）的主要抑制因子，     

MMP-1、TIMP-1与实验性肝纤维化形成过程中基质转换的关系及抗纤软肝颗粒的干预作用

目的：动态观察肝纤维化形成过程中肝组织MMP-1、TIMP-1 mRNA及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达，以探讨MMP-1、TIMP-1与基质转换的关系，以及抗纤软肝颗粒对它们的影响。方法：将大鼠随机分为正常对照组、CCl4模型组与治疗组。采用250ml／L CCl4在大鼠皮下注射制备肝纤维化模型，并同时给与抗纤软肝颗粒治疗，各组分别于第3、5、7、9、11周分批处死大鼠，取肝脏标本。采用免疫组织化学法检测肝组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原，原位杂交的方法检测MMP-1 mRNA、TIMP-1 mRNA。结果：在肝纤维化形成过程中：①胶原持续增高，治疗组较同期模型组比较有不同程度的降低。②MMP-1 mRNA的表达先逐渐增强，后期有所下降；治疗组较同期模型组比较有不同程度的增强。③TIMP-1 mRNA的表达持续增强，治疗组较同期模型组比较有不同程度的减弱。TIMP-1 mRNA与Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：在肝纤维化过程中TIMP-1通过对MMP-1活性的抑制，导致ECM在肝脏内的过度沉积；抗纤软肝颗粒能促进MMP-1的表达，抑制TIMP-1的表达。促进肢原降解而产生抗肝纤维化作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.