Maternal nutrient intake and birth-weight

The relation between diet towards the end of the first trimester of gestation and subsequent birth-weights was examined in 419 singleton pregnancies. The mothers of babies of low birth-weight were found to be consuming a diet significantly lower in energy and in some essential nutrients than the mothers of larger babies. Associations were also found between nutrient intakes, length of gestation and pre-pregnancy maternal weight.     

Estimated nutrient intake of urban Indigenous participants enrolled in a lifestyle intervention program

Aim:  The present study evaluates the reported nutrient intake of adult urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who participated in a medically based lifestyle intervention program.
Methods:  The analysis was based on dietary records from all Indigenous participants (n = 100) enrolled in a 2003–2005 prospective lifestyle intervention study that followed a cohort of overweight (body mass index > 25) participants served by the Townsville Aboriginal and Islanders Health Service, Queensland, Australia. Standardised multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recalls were collected at baseline and 12-month program completion. Changes in pre- and post-program reported intake were evaluated using a paired-sample t -test. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare baseline intake with an age and gender-matched sample created from 1995 National Nutrition Survey data.
Results:  The cohort was 88% female with a mean age of 44.4 ± 1.3 standard error of the mean. Dietary intake improved between baseline and program completion. At baseline, there was a high prevalence of reported intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin C, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc. Compared with the median Australian intake, the Indigenous intake was significantly higher in protein and cholesterol; however, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, potassium, magnesium, iron and fibre were lower.
Conclusions:  The present study found the intake in a cohort of Indigenous people was significantly different than the previously measured Australian nutrient intake. The nutrient patterns observed in the present study may be associated with the excess chronic disease burden experienced by Australian Indigenous populations.     

2020年长沙市岳麓区居民膳食结构和营养素摄入状况分析

目的 了解长沙市岳麓区居民膳食结构和营养素摄入现况,为针对性开展营养健康教育提供参考依据。方法 调查长沙市岳麓区3岁及以上居民2020年食物消费状况,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验分析各年龄组居民平均每标准人日膳食和营养素摄入量差异,并与2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康状况、中国居民膳食指南和膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较。结果 共计392人纳入数据分析,其中男性192人、女性200人,平均年龄(37.39±19.93)岁。2020年岳麓区居民平均每标准人日谷类(341.9 g)、大豆(33.6 g)、蛋类(39.9 g)和鱼虾蟹贝类(47.3 g)摄入量基本达到膳食宝塔推荐量;但薯类(19.5 g)、水果(34.9 g)、乳及乳制品(58.9 g)的摄入严重不足,畜禽肉类(159.7 g)、食用油(44.5 g)和盐(6.4 g)的摄入量超标。平均每标准人日营养素摄入量中,蛋白质、B族维生素、维生素E、钠、磷、铁的摄入量达到了推荐摄入量(RNI)要求,碳水化合物和脂肪供能比分别为41.3%和45.0%,比2012年全国平均水平下降了13.7%和上升12.1%。不同年龄组...     

Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of skipping breakfast on diet quality and metabolic disease risk factors in healthy Korean adults. Subjects included 415 employees (118 men, 297 women; 30-50 years old) of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances. Data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary intake, blood pressure, and blood analyses. The subjects were classified into three groups based on the number of days they skipped breakfast: ''Regular breakfast eater'', ''Often breakfast eater'', or ''Rare breakfast eater''. Participants in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed less rice, potatoes, kimchi, vegetables, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, and sweets than did participants in the other two groups (P for trend < 0.05) and ate more cookies, cakes, and meat for dinner (P for trend < 0.05). Participants in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed less daily energy, fat, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium than did participants in the other groups (P for trend < 0.05). The percent energy from carbohydrates was lower and fat intake was higher in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group than in the other groups (P for trend < 0.01). When diets were compared using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Koreans, 59.1% of subjects in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed more energy from fat compared with the other two groups (P < 0.005). According to the Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, intake of selected nutrients was lower in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The risk of elevated serum triglycerides was decreased in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group (OR, 0.3 [0.1-1.0], P for trend = 0.0232). We conclude that eating breakfast regularly enhances diet quality, but may increase the risk of elevated serum triglycerides.     

Comparison of estimated nutrient intake by two methods: validation of a food frequency questionnaire

The validity of a quantitative self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was tested by comparison with 7-d weighed food records (7DWR). Subjects for the study were 24 females between 20 and 43 years of age (mean = 24 years). The main aim of the FFQ was to classify subjects according to their total fat intake.
The mean nutrient intakes estimated by the FFQ were consistently and significantly higher than the estimates by the 7DWR. Rank correlations showed that the FFQ was able to rank subjects similarly for total energy intake, fat, alcohol and fibre intake as well as for the percentage contribution of macronutrients to energy intake. Intra-class correlations showed that the two methods did not agree at the individual level for energy and macronutrient intake except alcohol. These results suggest that the FFQ was suitable for ranking the subjects according to their total fat intake but was not suitable for estimating the individual nutrient intake or average nutrient intake of this relatively small group.     

Dietary fatty acids intake and mortality in patients with heart failure

ObjectiveDietary strategies in heart failure (HF) are focused on sodium and fluid restriction to minimize the risk for acute volume overload episodes. However, the importance of dietary factors beyond sodium intake in the prognosis of the disease is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of macro- and micronutrients intake on 1-y mortality in patients with HF.MethodsA secondary analysis of 203 patients with chronic HF enrolled in a randomized trial of sodium reduction was completed. Patients with a complete 3-d food record at baseline were included in this analysis (N = 118); both control and intervention arms were combined. Three-d mean dietary intake was estimated. Cox multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and 1-y mortality.ResultsAmong the 118 included patients, 54% were men, median (25th–75th percentiles) age 66 y (52–75 y), median ejection fraction 45% (30%–60%), and ischemic etiology present in 49% of patients. The association with 1-y mortality was significant for both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]. 0.51–0.86 for intake as percentage of daily energy) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.30 for intake as percentage of daily energy). Median of intake as percentage of daily energy was 5.3% for PUFAs and 8.2% for SFAs.ConclusionsIntake of PUFAs and SFAs was independently associated with 1-y all-cause mortality in patients with chronic HF. Limiting dietary SFA and increasing PUFA intake may be advisable in this population.     

Dietary evaluation of a low-iodine diet in Korean thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine therapy in an iodine-rich region

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Despite the importance of a low-iodine diet (LID) for thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, few studies have evaluated dietary intake during LID. This study evaluated the amount of dietary iodine intake and its major food sources during a typical diet and during LID periods for thyroid cancer patients preparing for RAI therapy, and examined how the type of nutrition education of LID affects iodine intake.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A total of 92 differentiated thyroid cancer patients with total thyroidectomy were enrolled from Seoul National University Hospital. All subjects completed three days of dietary records during usual and low-iodine diets before ¹³¹I administration.

RESULTS

The median iodine intake was 290 µg/day on the usual diet and 63.2 µg/day on the LID. The major food groups during the usual diet were seaweed, salted vegetables, fish, milk, and dairy products and the consumption of these foods decreased significantly during LID. The mean energy intake on the LID was 1,325 kcal, which was 446 kcal lower than on the usual diet (1,771 kcal). By avoiding iodine, the intake of most other nutrients, including sodium, was significantly reduced during LID (P < 0.005). Regarding nutritional education, intensive education was more effective than a simple education at reducing iodine intake.

CONCLUSION

Iodine intake for thyroid cancer patients was significantly reduced during LID and was within the recommended amount. However, the intake of most other nutrients and calories was also reduced. Future studies are needed to develop a practical dietary protocol for a LID in Korean patients.     

Diet quality of Italian yogurt consumers: an application of the probability of adequate nutrient intake score (PANDiet)

The diet quality in yogurt consumers and non-consumers was evaluated by applying the probability of adequate nutrient intake (PANDiet) index to a sample of adults and elderly from the Italian food consumption survey INRAN SCAI 2005–06. Overall, yogurt consumers had a significantly higher mean intake of energy, calcium and percentage of energy from total sugars whereas the mean percentage of energy from total fat, saturated fatty acid and total carbohydrate were significantly (p?p?相似文献   

膳食碘摄入量的研究进展

碘是人体必须的微量元素,对多数人来说,膳食是人们暴露于碘的主要途径。所以,评估膳食碘摄入水平显得尤为重要。本文对近年来有关膳食碘摄入量的研究进行综述,归纳了这些研究所使用的方法——单个食物的选择性研究、双份饭法和总膳食研究,并比较了3种方法在研究膳食碘摄入量方面的优缺点。     

Number of food items as an indicator of nutrient intake

Total food duplicates for 24 hours were collected from farmers in Japan, once in 1977–1981 (109 subjects) and then in 1991–1992 (72 subjects). Nutrients (including energy, protein, fat, some minerals, and several vitamins) in each food item in the food duplicate were estimated taking advantage of the values given in the Standard Tables of Food Compositions in Japan. The number of the food items in each food duplicate was counted excluding duplication. Analyses demonstrated that the daily nutrient intake (especially that of energy, protein and vitamin B₁) has a significant association with the number of items of food taken a day, that the daily intake of most nutrients is sufficient when 30 food items were taken a day, but that the sufficient supply of calcium and iron needs an intake of more than 30 food items.     

Beverages have an appreciable contribution to the intake of soluble dietary fibre: a study in the Spanish diet

Beverages are generally not taken into account to determine the intakes of dietary fibre (DF) in diets. Soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content was determined in common alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages – ranging from 0.18 g/l in white wine to 9.01 g/l in instant coffee – and their contribution to the DF intake in the Spanish Mediterranean diet was estimated as 2.13 g/person/day. It is concluded that beverages provide an appreciable amount of SDF in the diet, and the omission of its contribution may lead to underestimate DF intakes.     

Dietary variety increases as a function of time and influences diet quality in children

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in dietary variety over time in children and to determine the relationship between dietary variety and diet quality. DESIGN: Dietary data were collected from fourth and fifth grade students for 14 consecutive days by a registered dietitian. SETTING: Colerain School District of Cincinnati, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS: There were 33 children involved in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two cumulative dietary variety scores were estimated. The first was based on the Food Guide Pyramid groups: grain, fruit, vegetable, dairy, and meat (GFVDM). The second was based on the groups highlighted by the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for variety: grain, fruit, and vegetable (GFV). Diets were analyzed for energy and nutrient content. ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Dietary variety increased over time up to 14 days. A significant difference (P <.0001) was found for the cumulative GFVDM and GFV variety scores on days 3, 7, and 14. Positive correlations were found between the GFVDM and GFV variety scores and vitamin C and fiber. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that a 2-week period is necessary to capture food variety in children. Some associations were found between dietary variety and diet quality. New tools are needed to measure dietary variety in children.     

An analysis of potato consumption habits and diet quality among adults and children in the UK

Many people are confused about the nutritional role of potatoes in a healthy, balanced diet. Starchy foods are often under‐regarded by the public and maligned by proponents of low carbohydrate diets, yet carbohydrate should supply around 50% of dietary energy, preferably from sources such as potatoes, pulses and wholegrains. Potatoes provide significant quantities of shortfall micronutrients, yet they do not count as vegetables in 5 A DAY targets. To provide balanced advice, research is needed on potato consumption and its possible nutritional consequences. Therefore we analysed individual dietary records from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2012 to investigate potato consumption patterns and associations with nutrient intakes. We hypothesised that high consumption of potatoes would be associated with higher total intakes of potassium, B vitamins and fibre. Across the whole population, potatoes provided 7% of energy, 15% of potassium, 13% of dietary fibre (non‐starch polysaccharide) and vitamin C, 14% of vitamin B₆, 10% of folate, 8% of magnesium and 6% of iron. Both very low and very high consumption of potatoes (Q1 and Q5) was associated with lower energy and nutrient intakes, compared with average consumers. Lower micronutrient intakes were most pronounced in Q5 (mean 14.8% energy from potatoes), although Q1 had lowest intakes of potassium, vitamin B₆ and thiamin. Food intakes suggest a less healthy, varied dietary pattern among high potato consumers. Conversely, low consumers of potatoes had lower intakes of potassium, thiamin and vitamin B₆ (all found in potatoes) despite an apparently health‐conscious dietary pattern that included higher consumption of fruit, vegetables and fish. Our study suggests that based on current habits, a broad range of potato consumption is compatible with good nutrition, while high reliance on potatoes may be associated with an unbalanced diet. To help raise intakes of shortfall nutrients such as potassium and fibre, consumption of potatoes could be encouraged alongside existing healthy eating messages relating to vegetables, fruit and wholegrain foods.     

北京地区居民丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量的研究

目的应用24小时回顾询问法,估计北京地区居民丙烯酰胺摄入量。方法采用GC-MS方法检测北京市场上购买的24类食物,并应用检测结果计算2460份食谱(820人×3天)的丙烯酰胺含量。结果北京地区居民的丙烯酰胺的平均摄入量为(μg/d):男性18·6,女性16·6;97·5分位数为(μg/d):男性59·0,女性50·4。应用每kg体重计算均值[μg/(kgbw·d)]:男性0·282,女性0·284;97·5百分位数[μg/(kgbw·d)]:男性0·898,女性1·007。各餐丙烯酰胺摄入比例为:早餐20·48%,午餐38·99%,晚餐39·42%,零食1·17%。结论午餐和晚餐食品是北京地区居民丙烯酰胺的主要来源,改变北京地区居民的正餐的烹调方式和控制北京传统早餐食品中的丙烯酰胺含量是减低北京地区居民丙烯酰胺暴露量的主要措施。     

Dietary fibre intake of irritable bowel patients prescribed a high fibre diet

Seventy-three patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups: dietary advice with follow up (DAF) had repeated dietary advice from an experienced senior-dietitian, dietary advice (DA) a single interview with the dietitian and no dietary advice (NDA) a diet-sheet alone without explanation. An age, sex-matched control group was recruited from staff at an institute for higher education. Fibre was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire at the beginning and end of the 6-month study, and by a 7-day weighed food inventory at the end of the study.
There was no difference between the fibre intake of the patients and controls at the beginning of the study. After 6 months there was a mean increase of 7 g fibre/day by the patients (P<0.001) but no increase by the controls. There was no difference in the intake of the three dietary-treatment groups either at the beginning or end of the study, whether assessed by questionnaire or weighed inventory. Only 14 patients achieved a daily intake of 30 g fibre during the week they weighed their food.
This study suggests that although simple diet-sheets given to patients without further explanation have their limitations, currently employed methods of dietetic counselling appear to offer little additional advantage.     

Dietary sources of nutrient consumption in a rural Japanese population

We determined the sources of nutrient intake of 59 men and 60 women in two rural towns in the Miyagi Prefecture, a northeastern part of Japan. Four 3-day food records were collected in four seasons within a year. The total dishes and recipes were classified into 197 items. Their percent contributions to the total population consumption of energy and 14 nutrients were calculated as the sum of the nutrient intake contributed by a given dish or recipe divided by the total nutrient intake from all the items. Rice was the largest contributor for energy (29.8%), protein (13.0%) and carbohydrates (45.3%). Miso soup, as a dish, was a leading contributor (7.1%) for fat. The largest contributor for sodium, calcium, carotene, vitamin C were miso soup (17.1%), milk (16.6%), spinach (23.6%), green tea (13.6%), respectively. The result suggests that the examination of nutrient sources based on dishes and recipes, rather than on food materials, may be useful in characterizing the dietary patterns of populations.     

Patterns of food and nutrient intake in a suburb of Dublin with chronically high unemployment

The diet-history (7 typical recent days) method was used to determine patterns of food and nutrient intake in 50 families, randomly selected from the electoral register of a socially disadvantaged Dublin suburb. Some 66% of income was from unearned social security or other payments. Financial assistance was sought from money lenders by 11 of the 50 families. There was little evidence to suggest that nutrient intakes among males or among children were inadequate. Women, because of a low energy intake and a below average intake of meat, had low intakes of iron (8.1 ±2.3 mg/d). Women also had low intakes of fibre and vitamin C (14 ± 5 and 45 ± 18 mg/d, respectively). These low intakes of fibre and vitamin C among women relative to the RDAs were characterized by low intakes of fruits, vegetables, cereals and pulses. Single mothers (n –10) had the lowest intakes of iron, vitamin C or fibre although their incomes and food expenditures were average. The children of single-parent families had identical intakes of nutrients to all other children. The estimated cost of the average energy intake of adolescent children (e.g. boys 11–18 years, IRE15-10/week) well exceeded their social security payments.     

A quantitative analysis of energy intake reported by young men

Aim:  To quantitatively analyse energy intake reported by young men and the accuracy of the Goldberg cut-off method for identifying misreporters.
Methods:  This was a cross-sectional study in which: food intake was assessed by a four-day food record; resting metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry; percentage body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and energy expenditure was assessed by physical activity record completed simultaneously with food intake measurements. Energy intake was analysed by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure and by the Goldberg cut-off. Subjects: 34 healthy men aged 18–25 years. Setting: Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Main outcome measures: percentage of misreporters in a group of young men using different methods. Statistical analyses: data are presented as means and standard deviations. The analyses were conducted using Statistic for Windows 5.5 software.
Results:  Seven underreporters were identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure. The Goldberg cut-off found six out of the seven underreporters identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure, but wrongly identified two acceptable reporters as underreporters. The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut-off method were 0.86 and 0.93, respectively.
Conclusions:  Seven out of 34 participants underreported their energy intake. In the absence of physical activity measurements, the Goldberg cut-off method identified underreporters in this group of young men with assessed resting metabolic rate.