Healthy People 2030: Roadmap for Public Health for the Next Decade

Pharmacists play key roles in public health activities. The Healthy People initiative is a future-oriented approach to promote health and prevent disease, and serves as a framework for priority areas of intervention. The latest iteration, Healthy People 2030, was released in August 2020. Healthy People 2030 contains 355 specific objectives and raises awareness about gaps between actual and optimal health status. Pharmacists and student pharmacists can directly impact the majority of the objectives to improve the nation’s health. Pharmacy educators should utilize resources including the Clinical Prevention and Population Health Curriculum Framework to ensure they are adequately preparing their students to affect clinical prevention and population health.     

Conceptualizing Social Ecological Model in Pharmacy to Address Racism as a Social Determinant of Health

Racism has been declared a public health crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted inequities in the US health care system and presents unique opportunities for the pharmacy Academy to evaluate the training of student pharmacists to address social determinants of health among racial and ethnic minorities. The social ecological model, consisting of five levels of intervention (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy) has been effectively utilized in public health practice to influence behavior change that positively impacts health outcomes. This paper adapted the social ecological model and proposed a framework with five intervention levels for integrating racism as a social determinant of health into pharmacy curricula. The proposed corresponding levels of intervention for pharmacy education are the curricular, interprofessional, institutional, community, and accreditation levels. Other health professions such as dentistry, medicine, and nursing can easily adopt this framework for teaching racism and social determinants of health within their respective curricula.     

社区健康教育实践与思考

社区健康教育是以健康为中心、以社区为范围、以全体居民为对象的健康教育活动。但是,随着人们对健康的重视及健康知识的迫切需求,对社区健康教育人员的综合能力提出了更高要求,为促进健康教育事业长远发展,建议一要加强社区医务人员的交流沟通技巧和健康教育传播技能培训,二要在个性化健康教育中注重了解服务对象的健康影响因素,三要结合家庭医生制度试点工作,在签约居民中培育一批志愿者,提高社区健康教育效率。     

加强社区医疗卫生服务的几点思考

在党和国家深化医疗卫生体制改革和一系列社区医疗卫生方针政策的指导下,我国社区医疗卫生服务工作出现了蓬勃发展的崭新局面。为了配合国家深化医疗卫生体制改革,本文从我国社区医疗卫生现状与趋势、问题与原因、对策与措施,在措施中着重从在医科院校中设立社区医学院培养新型的、适用其需要的复合型人才,开展近、远程继续医学教育,提高现职人员医护的全科服务技能;动员社会力量办社区医疗卫生事业,建立发展和完善各类社保医疗卫生体系;创建社区医疗卫生信息化系统,有效整合、合理配置和利用社区医疗卫生资源等思考,望能对加强社区医疗卫生服务起到积极作用。     

An Elective Course on Pharmacy-Based Health Screenings

Objective. To provide an elective course for pharmacy students focused on the knowledge and skills necessary to implement health screenings in a pharmacy environment.Design. Course lectures focused on expert recommendations for health screenings as well as regulatory requirements and procedures integral to the implementation of screening services. Workshops provided hands-on experience with blood glucose, body composition, bone density, and cholesterol testing devices.Assessment. Attainment of knowledge and skills was assessed by patient case assignments, screening device demonstrations, group projects, and a final quiz. Annual course evaluations revealed consistently favorable student feedback regarding the course design and content. Students reported a high level of preparedness and interest in participating in health screening services in future practice.Conclusion. An elective course focused on the delivery of health screenings in pharmacy settings was well received by student participants and exposed students to a unique opportunity in patient care.     

提高父母口腔健康意识对儿童口腔健康行为的影响

目的:探究提高父母口腔健康意识对儿童口腔健康行为的影响。方法:择取2014年1月~2018年6月社区内180名儿童进行研究,开展口腔健康行为教育活动,比较活动前后父母口腔健康意识对儿童口腔健康行为影响。结果:实施口腔健康行为教育活动之后,父母口腔健康意识明显提升,儿童口腔健康行为也得到改善,龋齿充填率提升,6龄齿窝沟封闭率也明显提升。结论:父母口腔健康意识直接影响儿童口腔健康行为。     

The Impact of Student Pharmacists at Health Fair Events

Objectives. To evaluate student pharmacists’ impact on health fair participant knowledge of selected disease states and to evaluate the intent of health fair participants with abnormal screening results to seek follow-up care within 1 month of screening.Methods. Health fair participants were assessed for changes in their knowledge of specific diseases before and after screenings. Participants’ intent to seek health care was assessed through a survey instrument developed using Rosenstock’s Health Belief Model.Results. Increases in participant knowledge of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and body mass index were significant, and 78% of participants with abnormal results intended to contact a provider.Conclusions. Student pharmacists’ had a positive impact on health fair participants’ disease knowledge and intent to follow up with a provider.     

健康教育对糖尿病患者遵医行为的影响研究

目的:通过护士在患者整个住院过程中的一系列教育工作,使患者了解有关自己所患疾病的相关知识和康复保健知识,从而能很好地遵从医疗、护理工作.方法:将314例2型糖尿病(DM)患者随机分为2组,试验组采用积极、主动的健康教育,对照组采用单纯药物治疗和被动健康指导.对2组患者进行疗效对比观察.结果:试验组能很好遵从医疗和护理(...     

影响公众就医的医疗卫生服务因素分析

目的了解影响公众就医的医疗卫生服务因素,为提高医疗机构利用率、改善服务质量提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对2012年东莞市6个镇街群众进行现场调查,共调查2760例。结果 84.35%的群众患病后就诊首选社区卫生服务站、乡镇卫生院等基层医疗机构;社区卫生服务站的利用率为39.38%,影响公众就医的医疗卫生服务因素包括就医环境（t=18.530,P=0.034〈0.05）、技术水平（t=29.511,P=0.022〈0.05）、服务态度（t=26.602,P=0.024〈0.05）、医疗支付方式（t=52.990,P=0.012〈0.05）、距离社区卫生服务站的远近（t=48.181,P=0.013〈0.05）。结论社区卫生服务的利用率较低,社区卫生服务机构的就医环境、技术水平、服务态度、支付方式、距离社区卫生服务站的远近等是影响卫生服务利用的重要因素。     

社区卫生服务机构药学服务模式研究

目的对社区卫生服务机构药学服务模式进行研究,为我国社区药学服务的发展提出参考建议,使药学服务更好地发挥在城市医疗卫生体系中的作用。方法对社区卫生服务中心实行随机抽样问卷调查,具体对象为社区卫生服务中心的药学人员和社区居民,将收集到的相关信息录入Excel2003软件,经核对无误后转入SPSS13．0进行统计分析。结果在社区居民的意识里,还没有形成正式的药学服务概念,医师对药学服务的理解不够深入,药学服务在社区卫生机构中没有形成科学的模式。结论应通过加强政策支持和相应的培训,转变服务模式,建立适宜的考核评价体系等措施,积极发展社区药学服务工作。     

社区健康教育对高血压患者服药依从性的影响

目的探讨社区健康教育对高血压患者服药依从性的影响。方法选择2013年第四季度10¹2月我社区诊治的200例高血压患者进行服药依从性研究,比较分析社区健康教育前后的服药依从性差异。结果 200例高血压患者,经社区健康教育后服药依从性良好率为88.0%,血压控制率为79.0%,明显高于健康教育前,经比较,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论社区健康教育可以明显提高高血压患者的服药依从性,值得临床推广应用。     

A Health Education Program for Underserved Community Youth Led by Health Professions Students

Objectives

To develop and implement a health fair and educational sessions for elementary school children led by health professions students.

Design

The structure and process were developed with elementary school administration to determine the health topics to be covered. Students and faculty members created a “hands-on,” youth-oriented health fair and interactive health educational sessions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected on learning outcomes from the underserved child population and health professions students.

Assessment

The health fair and educational sessions increased awareness of underserved youth in the areas of critical health behaviors, purposeful education on health issues facing their community, and exposure to careers in various health professions. The activities provided meaningful learning experiences for the health professions students.

Conclusion

The health education program model is an excellent way to teach health education, communication and critical thinking skills, and service learning to health professions students.     

My First Patient Program to Introduce First-Year Pharmacy Students to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Objectives

To implement and assess the effectiveness of a program to teach pharmacy students the importance of taking personal responsibility for their health.

Design

The My First Patient Program was created and lectures were incorporated into an existing first-year course to introduce the concepts of health beliefs, behavior modification, stress management, substance abuse, and nutrition. Each student received a comprehensive health screening and health risk assessment which they used to develop a personal health portfolio and identify strategies to attain and/or maintain their personal health goals.

Assessment

Student learning was assessed through written assignments and student reflections, follow-up surveys, and course evaluations. Students'' attainment of health goals and their ability to identify their personal health status illustrated the positive impact of the program.

Conclusion

This program serves as a model for colleges and schools of pharmacy and for other health professions in the instruction of health promotion, disease prevention, and behavior modification.     

Health Promotion Integrated Into a Thai PharmD Curriculum to Improve Pharmacy Practice Skills

Objective

To implement and evaluate 5 integrated teaching modules in the fifth-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum to increase students'' ability to promote patients'' health as part of their pharmacy practice.

Design

Activity-based learning was added to each module: (1) a practice experience in which students provided health information and counseling to the public; (2) academic debates on current issues in pharmacy (3) journal clubs on articles from the pharmacy literature; and (4) research projects relating to ongoing faculty research on diabetes. Students on 12-week practice experiences had visits to patients in inpatient wards, outpatient clinics, and either primary care units or community pharmacies.

Assessment

Practice examinations at the end of the first semester, the average student score was above 80% as determined by preceptors in experience sites and from faculty members. Group interviews found that students were positive about the benefits of integrated teaching.

Conclusion

The integration of the teaching between modules in the same semester is possible and greatly benefits student learning.     

社区卫生服务机构门诊抗菌药物应用情况分析

目的回顾性分析2010年我市社区卫生服务机构门诊处方抗菌药物应用情况,为合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法随机抽取我市5个社区卫生服务机构2010年1~10月6000张使用抗菌药物的处方。分析抗菌药物使用情况。结果被调查的社区卫生服务机构门诊患者抗菌药物使用不合格率为48.5%。结论应加强干预和管理,促进安全合理使用抗菌药物。     

社区卫生服务体系药品不良反应病例报告分析

目的阐述抚顺市社区卫生服务体系药品不良反应病例报告分析情况，探索在我国社区卫生服务体系中药品不良反应监测规律。方法收集2006年全市社区卫生服务体系上报的药品不良反应病例报告，从性别和年龄分布、用药情况等进行分析。结果40岁以上的中老年人药品不良反应构成比较高，占60％；抗微生物药物和中药制刹药品不良反应构成比较高；新的、严重的不良反应占30%.结论通过对社区卫生服务体系上报的药品不良反应病例报告进行有益的探讨，可为社毒区卫生服务系统开展药品不良反应监测提供借鉴，也为基层社区医务人员的合理用药提供指导。     

社区健康教育在高血压患者中的应用（附122例报告）

目的探讨社区健康教育对高血压患者血压的影响。方法对122例高血压病患者采用社区健康教育加常规治疗,半年后观察血压的变化及健康教育干预效果。结果通过多种形式的健康教育,高血压患者的血压控制较为理想。结论社区健康教育是一种有效控制高血压病患者血压的措施。     

A Global Health Elective Course in a PharmD Curriculum

Objective. To describe the design, development, and the first 4 implementations of a Global Health elective course intended to prepare pharmacy students pursue global health careers and to evaluate student perceptions of the instructional techniques used and of skills developed during the course.Design. Following the blended curriculum model used at Touro College of Pharmacy, the Global Health course combined team-based learning (TBL) sessions in class, out-of-class team projects, and online self-directed learning with classroom teaching and discussion sessions.Assessment. Student performance was assessed with TBL sessions, team projects, and class presentations, online quizzes, and final examinations. A precourse and postcourse survey showed improvement in global health knowledge and attitudes, and in the perception of pharmacists’ role and career opportunities in global health. Significant improvement in skills applicable to global health work was reported and students rated highly the instructional techniques, value, and relevance of the course.Conclusion. The Global Health elective course is on track to achieve its intended goal of equipping pharmacy students with the requisite knowledge and applicable skills to pursue global health careers and opportunities. After taking this course, students have gone on to pursue global field experiences.     

A Required Online Course with a Public Health Focus for Third Professional Year Pharmacy Students

Objective. To design, deliver, and evaluate the impact of a required course on student knowledge acquisition and ability to evaluate contemporary public health issues.Design. A 2-credit course was implemented using asynchronous, online delivery. Learning activities included literature retrieval and assessment, analytic writing, quizzes, and creation of a group wiki evaluating a current public health issue. Course topics included health care reform, social determinants of health, health disparities, evidence-based medicine, end-of-life care, patient safety, and research ethics.Assessment. Strong student performance on assessments indicated an ability to use higher-order cognitive domains. Online delivery provided students with the flexibility to complete assignments at their convenience, allowed participation by all students, and encouraged self-directed learning.Conclusion. Completion of a required, online, asynchronous course with a public health focus allowed pharmacy students to increase their knowledge of and ability to evaluate contemporary ethical, social, cultural, and governmental issues affecting pharmacy practice.