Synonymous and non-synonymous polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene among complicated measles cases at a tertiary care hospital,Peshawar, Pakistan

Objectives:To detect single nucleotide polymorphism in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene in complicated cases of measles, in order to understand the genetic basis of complex human immune responses against measles complications.Methods:A total of 100 children consisted of 50 measles complicated cases while rest were gender matched disease-free individuals who served as controls for this study. Patient demographic data and clinical information were recorded on a separate pre-designed model form. All exonic regions of TLR2 gene of the patients and control samples were amplified through polymerase chain reaction. Various in-silico mutation verification tools like protein variation effect analyzer, MUPRO, sorting intolerant from tolerant, functional analysis through hidden Markov models, and polymorphism phenotyping v2 to study the effect of novel non-synonymous polymorphism on structure and function of TLR2 protein.Results:Synonymous and novel non-synonymous polymorphisms were identified in measles complicated cases. Among these, rs1816702 was marked to 5 untranslated region section of TLR2 gene, while rs3804099 and rs3804100 were identified in the coding region. Novel non-synonymous polymorphisms were shown in the coding region of TLR2 gene. No significant association was established between the observed genetic polymorphisms and measles complications. However, rs3804100 increased the risk of lower respiratory tract infection.Conclusion:The overall impact of novel non-synonymous polymorphism of TLR2 protein structure and functions was neutral and tolerated.     

某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌流行趋势分析

目的研究某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌变化趋势,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及医院感染的防控提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015-2017年该医院分离的病原菌及耐药情况,数据处理采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件。结果该医院肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的构成比呈现上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;医院常见多重耐药菌包括产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌（CREO）、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌（CRPA）;2015-2017年常见多重耐药菌构中,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、CRAB、产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌构成比呈下降趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,而CRKP、MRSA、CRPA构成比呈上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性呈增长趋势（P < 0.01）。结论该院常见病原菌耐药情况严重,其中肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药性快速增长,医院应加强多重耐药菌的监管,遏制其感染和传播。     

Clinical profile and outcomes of adult patients with hyperglycemic emergencies managed at a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria

Background:

To document the clinical profile and treatment outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) managed in a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:

This was a retrospective review of hospital records of patients with DKA and HHS admitted to a tertiary care hospital over a 24-month period. Data on demographics, precipitating factors, clinical features, serum electrolytes, duration of hospital admission, and mortality were extracted.

Results:

Eighty-four patients were included in the study. Fifty (59.5%) were females. Ten (11.9%) persons had type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 74 (88.1%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There were 35 cases of DKA and 49 cases of HHS. Nine patients with T1DM presented in DKA and one in HHS. Forty-eight (55.2%) subjects were previously not diagnosed of diabetes mellitus (DM). The mean±SEM age, casual blood glucose, calculated serum osmolality, and duration of hospital stay of the study subjects were 50.59±1.63 years, 517.98±11.69 mg/dL, 313.59±1.62 mOsmol/L, and 18.85±1.78 days, respectively. Patients with T2DM were significantly older than those with T1DM (54.32±1.34 vs. 23.40±1.38 years, P<0.001).The precipitating factors were poor drug compliance 23 (27.4%), malaria 12 (14.3), urinary tract infection 10 (11.9%), lobar pneumonia 4 (4.8%), and unidentifiable in 29 (34.5%). Common electrolyte derangements were hyponatremia, 31 (36.9%) and hypokalemia 21 (25%). Mortality rate was 3.6%.

Conclusion:

DKA is common in patients with T2DM.Over 50% of the patients presenting with DKA or HHS have no previous diagnosis of DM. Non-compliance, malaria, and infections are important precipitants. Mortality rate is low.     

深圳市耐多药结核病治疗转归分析

目的掌握深圳市耐多药结核病(multi-drug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)治疗转归情况,分析治疗未成功的主要原因,为进一步完善深圳市耐多药结核病防控措施提供科学依据。方法以2006年10月—2013年10月期间确诊的MDR-TB患者为研究对象,患者治疗前经专家组评估后,实施个体化治疗和全程督导服药管理。患者治疗转归由专家组根据判定标准讨论确定。对患者治疗转归情况和治疗未成功的原因进行描述性分析和单因素分析。结果纳入项目治疗的MDR-TB患者165例,治愈99例(60.0%),完成治疗10例(6.1%),治疗未成功56例(33.9%),治疗成功率为66.1%。治疗未成功的主要原因是因药物不良反应和患者主观因素(丢失、拒治、拒绝复查、迁出、自杀死亡)导致的停止继续治疗,分别占到25.0%(14/56)和62.5%(35/56)。结论药物不良反应和患者主观因素是导致深圳市MDR-TB患者治疗未成功的主要原因,应针对性制定和实施相应的防治措施,可取得更好的治疗效果。     

耐多药肺结核患者社区管理的影响因素

目的 了解耐多药肺结核患者在社区的治疗和管理方式,分析其对治疗转归的影响。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年12月期间在江苏省徐州市、南通市和镇江市完成治疗的耐多药肺结核患者,共158例。以病案调查为主、电话访谈方式为辅获取患者的治疗和管理相关资料。使用卡方检验进行单因素分析,Logistic回归分析进行多因素分析。P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 158例患者治疗成功率（治愈和完成治疗）为58.2%。患者居住地距离定点医院≤90 km的患者治疗成功率为63.6%,高于距离＞90 km的患者（P=0.020）;社区治疗期间随访检查≥10次患者的治疗成功率为74.8%,高于＜10次的患者（P=0.000）;社区治疗后继续接受注射剂治疗患者的治疗成功率为61.7%,高于未接受注射治疗的患者（P=0.011）;全疗程注射剂使用时间≥6个月患者的治疗成功率为66.7%,高于使用时间＜6个月的患者（P=0.002）;治疗期间无中断治疗患者的治疗成功率为76.3%,高于有中断治疗的患者（P=0.000）;社区治疗期间有督导员管理的患者治疗成功率为66.1%,高于无管理的患者（P=0.000）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示患者居住地与定点医院的距离（P=0.039,OR=2.626,CI：1.049~6.572）、随访检查次数（P=0.000,OR=10.523,CI：3.712~29.836）、中断治疗（P=0.001,OR=0.248,CI：0.105~0.585）、督导员督导管理（P=0.044,OR=2.734,CI：1.027~7.283）等因素与患者的治疗转归相关。结论 加强对耐多药肺结核患者出院后的社区督导服药管理,督促患者定期随访检查对耐多药肺结核患者的治疗转归有重要意义。     

335例耐多药结核病患者药物不良反应临床分析

目的了解在武汉市结核病防治所耐多药病区接受治疗的335例MDR-TB患者药物不良反应情况,为临床医师处理MDR-TB治疗过程中的不良反应提供数据参考。方法回顾性分析2011年1月—2014年1月3年武汉市结核病防治所耐多药病区接受治疗的335例MDR-TB患者的病史资料,根据年龄将患者分为中青年组(年龄60岁)264例及老年组(年龄≥60岁)71例。统计治疗过程中不良反应发生率、不良反应类型、不同年龄组发生药物不良反应的差异及发生或未发生不良反应患者的转归等情况。结果本组患者药物不良反应的发生率为68.4%(229/335),不良反应发生率居前3位的分别为:胃肠道反应46.0%、高尿酸血症和关节痛42.1%、肝功能异常35.0%;中青年组和老年组药物不良反应发生率分别为64.39%(170/264)和83.0%(59/71),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。发生不良反应的患者中69.0%(158/229)治疗成功,未发生不良反应的患者中64.1%(68/106)治疗成功,差异无统计学意义(P=0.379)。结论MDR-TB患者接受抗痨治疗过程中药物不良反应发生率高,但积极、正确的处理药物不良反应可不影响治疗疗效。     

莫西沙星治疗难治?复治?耐多药肺结核的Meta分析

目的:系统评价莫西沙星治疗难治?复治?耐多药肺结核的疗效和安全性?方法:纳入所有莫西沙星临床治疗难治?复治?耐多药肺结核的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 4.2进行数据分析?结果:共纳入9个RCT,Meta分析结果显示,莫西沙星治疗组与对照组相比,病灶吸收情况[OR=1.68,95%CI(1.14~2.49)]?痰菌转阴情况[OR=2.47,95%CI(1.61~3.79)]的差异均有显著性意义?不良反应主要有胃部不适?恶心?反酸?食欲下降等胃肠道反应及轻度的肝功能损害,经对症处理后恢复?结论:目前的有限证据表明,莫西沙星治疗难治?复治?耐多药肺结核,有助于病灶吸收及痰菌转阴,有一定的疗效?     

氧氟沙星联合卷曲霉素治疗耐多药肺结核观察

目的:探讨氧氟沙星联合卷曲霉素治疗方案治疗耐多药肺结核的效果。方法:回顾性分析162例耐多药肺结核病例资料,与同期氧氟沙星和其他抗结核药联用病例对照分析。结果:两组病例疗程结束时,观察组痰菌阴转率明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组空洞转阴率高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组病灶明显吸收率高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组复发率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的药物不良反应率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氧氟沙星与卷曲霉素的配合治疗能明显提高耐多药肺结核的治疗效果,复发率低,值得临床推广。     

加替沙星联合治疗方案治疗耐多药肺结核疗效分析

目的评价加替沙星(Gatifloxacin)联合其他抗结核药物治疗耐多药结核的疗效。方法回顾性分析荆门市第二人民医院神经内科、消化感染科2011年7月—2017年1月收治的250例耐多药结核患者治疗情况,并随机分为治疗组与对照组,比较两组根据治疗方法治疗3月末、8月末、疗程结束时痰菌阴转率,疗程结束时肺部CT空洞吸收,不良反应事件及疗程结束Gfx、Lfx耐药等情况。结果治疗组及对照组治疗方案对耐多药结核均有效。治疗3月末两组痰菌阴转率分别为44%,40%、8月末分别为80%,64%、疗程结束时分别为88%,72%;疗程结束肺部CT病灶吸收率分别为84.8%,64.4%。两组同一时期同一项目数据间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组除了血糖紊乱差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其余不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);疗程结束Gfx再耐药率远低于Lfx。结论 Gfx联合其他抗结核药物治疗耐多药结核疗效显著,再耐药率低,不良反应发生率(除可能致血糖紊乱)低,值得临床备选使用。     

莫西沙星对多重耐药肺结核病疗效观察

目的评价新一代氟喹诺酮类药物莫西沙星对耐多药肺结核病（MDR—PTB）的治疗作用。方法将132例耐多药肺结核（MDR—PTB）患者随机分为治疗组66例和对照组66例;治疗组化疗方案以莫西沙星（0．2g,2次／d）,联合利福喷汀、帕司烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、阿米卡星;对照组用左氧氟沙星（0．2g,2次／d）,联合用药同治疗组;所有病例疗程均为21个月。结果共有126例患者完成疗程,治疗组63例,痰菌阴转率92．1％,对照组63例,痰菌阴转率57．1％,痰茵阴转率治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;治疗组病灶显吸率49．2％,空洞闭合率60．0％,明显高于对照组的28．6％和31．1％（P〈0．011。结论以莫西沙星组成方案对MDR—PTB安全、有效,值得推广应用。     

90例耐多药结核病患者对Ofx及Am的耐药性

目的观察耐多药结核患者对氧氟沙星(Ofx)、丁胺卡那霉素(Am)二线抗结核药物的敏感性,为临床治疗和防治提供理论依据。方法选取2014年3月—2015年9月兰州市肺科医院接诊的90例耐多药结核病患者进行研究。采用硝基苯甲酸法进行菌株鉴定,应用比例法进行药敏试验,分析耐药情况。结果 90例耐多药患者中,对Ofx和Am的耐药率分别为27.78%和12.22%,Ofx的耐药率明显高于Am,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同时耐Ofx和Am的患者3例,占3.33%。不同类型、不同性别以及不同年龄组的耐多药结核患者对Ofx和Am的耐药率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但初治和复治患者、男性、中年组患者对Ofx和Am耐药率相对较高。结论临床实践中应规范使用Ofx和Am,避免结核病患者产生广泛耐药。     

住院患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌医院感染危险因素的探讨

目的探讨神经内科住院患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDRPA)感染现状及医院内感染的危险因素。方法选取2006年至2011年在神经内科住院且分离出多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌的患者为研究对象,应用Microscan Walk away 96SI全自动微生物鉴定仪检测药物敏感性,应用病例对照方法把多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染病例和同期检测出的敏感型铜绿假单胞菌作比较,.应用单因素分析(t检验与χ2检验)和多因素Logistic回归方法进行统计分析。结果共选取神经内科感染铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)60株,其中,多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌20株,总分离率为33.33%;标本大多取自呼吸道,约占77.49%;应用单因素分析显示,既往曾在重症监护室治疗、存在基础疾病、住院天数、曾行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗、应用机械通气的时间、分离出MDRPA前小于14 d给予碳青霉烯类抗生素和MDRP感染均有关联;进行多因素Logistic回归统计分析明确了3种独立的危险因素:既往曾在重症监护室治疗、进行过机械通气治疗、分离出MDRP前小于14 d曾给予碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗。结论既往曾经在重症监护室治疗、给予机械通气治疗和应用碳青霉烯类抗生素为神经内科住院患者感染多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌3种危险因素;加强无菌操作观念,掌握机械性通气的应用指征,改善病房条件是防范住院患者感染MDRPA的一项重要方法。     

Emergence of multidrug resistant enterococci at a tertiary care centre

Background

Enterococci have assumed great clinical importance because of their increasing resistance to various antimicrobial agents. Thus, knowledge about the antibiogram of these multidrug resistant isolates is of utmost importance in formulating an effective antibiotic policy to treat these infections and reducing the morbidity and mortality. Aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of enterococci and determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance among them.

Methods

This cross sectional study was carried out from August 2011 to February 2014, in which 200 non-repetitive clinical isolates of enterococci were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, streptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid was determined by E-test method.

Results

The prevalence of multidrug resistance among enterococcal isolates was found to be 63%. Varying levels of resistance was seen to various antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin (95%), ampicillin (95%) and cotrimoxazole (90%). High level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) and glycopeptide resistance was seen in 39% and 14% isolates respectively. Only 4 isolates (2%) were found to be resistant to linezolid.

Conclusion

The prevalence of multidrug resistance among enterococci was found to be 63%, the resistance being more common in Enterococcus faecium as compared to Enterococcus faecalis. The study highlights the emergence and increased prevalence of multidrug resistant enterococci which pose a serious therapeutic challenge.     

Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy: Outcomes at a tertiary care hospital

Background

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is a formidable surgery and was associated with high morbidity and mortality. Though the mortality rates have steadily improved, morbidity continues to be high. There is lack of published data on outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy in Armed Forces hospitals. The aim of this study was to analyze the short term outcomes at our center and to compare it with the published literature.

Methods

A retrospective review of prospectively maintained data base was done. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data was analyzed with emphasis on the morbidity and mortality rates. Follow up data was analyzed to look at disease recurrence.

Results

Between Jan 2008 and March 2014, 69 patients underwent Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy with a median age of 64 years. All had a malignant etiology with periampullary carcinoma being the commonest (42%). Overall, intra-abdominal complications occurred in 46% of patients which included postoperative pancreatic fistula (20%) and delayed gastric emptying (24%). The mortality rate for the whole was 11% which reduced to 8% in the second half of the study.

Conclusion

The short term outcomes at our center were comparable to those in published literature. The mortality rates showed a decreasing trend with time.     

Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy: Outcomes at a tertiary care hospital

Background

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is a formidable surgery and was associated with high morbidity and mortality. Though the mortality rates have steadily improved, morbidity continues to be high. There is lack of published data on outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy in Armed Forces hospitals. The aim of this study was to analyze the short term outcomes at our center and to compare it with the published literature.

Methods

A retrospective review of prospectively maintained data base was done. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data was analyzed with emphasis on the morbidity and mortality rates. Follow up data was analyzed to look at disease recurrence.

Results

Between Jan 2008 and March 2014, 69 patients underwent Whipple''s pancreaticoduodenectomy with a median age of 64 years. All had a malignant etiology with periampullary carcinoma being the commonest (42%). Overall, intra-abdominal complications occurred in 46% of patients which included postoperative pancreatic fistula (20%) and delayed gastric emptying (24%). The mortality rate for the whole was 11% which reduced to 8% in the second half of the study.

Conclusion

The short term outcomes at our center were comparable to those in published literature. The mortality rates showed a decreasing trend with time.     

Endothelial corneal transplants: indications,clinical profile and surgical outcomes in a tertiary care hospital

BackgroundEndothelial keratoplasties have become the surgical procedure of choice over full thickness penetrating keratoplasty for corneal decompensation because of endothelial dysfunction.MethodsA retrospective data review was performed from February 2016 to April 2017 for all the patients who underwent endothelial keratoplasty in a tertiary care center for Indian Armed Forces.ResultsA total of 161 corneal transplants were performed; endothelial keratoplasties accounted for 34 (21.1%) transplants. Most common indication was pseudophakic/aphakic bullous keratopathy followed by Ahmed glaucoma valve–related corneal decompensation and Fuchs' corneal dystrophy, respectively. Mean preoperative corneal thickness was 845.96 ± 106.9 microns. Mean lenticule thickness was 131.55 ± 42.47 microns with microkeratome for descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and 174 ± 70.4 microns manually for descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.65 LogMAR (Snellen equivalent in meters 2/60 approx) which significantly improved to 0.82 LogMAR (Snellen equivalent in meters 6/36 approx) after surgery. In the DSAEK group, BCVA improved from 1.61 to 0.7 LogMAR, whereas in the DSEK group, the visual acuity improved from 1.7 to 0.94 LogMAR at one-month postoperative period. Postoperatively, two patients had graft detachment and had to undergo repeat DSAEK.ConclusionStudy results suggest the similar trends in our tertiary care hospital as in other most advanced ophthalmic centers around the world for adoption of newer techniques of lamellar corneal transplants and their outcomes.     

湖南湘潭县农村居民耐多药结核病危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨湘潭县农村居民耐多药结核病患病的危险因素,为农村耐多药结核病防治提供依据。方法采用1∶1配对病例对照研究方法,在湘潭县"结核病信息管理系统"中抽取耐多药结核病与非耐多药结核病(泛耐药患者除外)的农村居民患者各76名进行入户问卷调查,采用条件logistic回归分析耐多药结核病患病的危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,患者家庭总收入低、低体重(BMI18.5)、文化水平低、结核病接触史、既往不规则结核病治疗史、复治等方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,家庭总收入低、结核病接触史、既往不规则结核病治疗史是结核病患者产生耐多药的主要危险因素OR及95%CI分别为1.667(1.105~2.391)、3.471(2.230~5.314)、4.836(3.119~7.538)。结论需采取针对性的措施提高结核病患者治疗依从性,并对家庭困难的结核病患者提供更多的政策支持。     

胸腺肽联合抗结核药物治疗耐多药肺结核临床疗效

目的研究免疫调节剂胸腺肽联合抗结核药物治疗耐多药肺结核(MDB-TB)的临床效果。方法 120例MDB-TB患者分为观察组62例和对照组58例。2组患者强化期3个月,给予对氨基水杨酸钠异烟肼片、丙硫异烟胺、左氧氟沙星、硫酸阿米卡星及乙胺丁醇治疗;巩固期18个月,给予对氨基水杨酸钠异烟肼片、丙硫异烟胺、左氧氟沙星及乙胺丁醇治疗(3Pa Th VAE/18Pa Th VE)。观察组患者在抗结核治疗基础上联合胸腺肽治疗,对照组患者仅给予抗结核治疗。比较2组患者临床症状消失率、双肺阴影吸收情况、痰结核菌阴转率、肺部病灶治疗有效率、空洞治疗有效率及不良反应发生情况。另选择同期体检健康者50例为健康对照组。检测并比较3组受试者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)。结果观察组患者的临床症状消失率、痰结核菌阴转率、肺部病灶治疗有效率及肺部空洞治疗有效率分别为90.3%、87.1%、91.9%和91.9%,对照组患者分别为63.8%、62.1%、63.8%和65.5%,观察组患者的临床症状消失率、痰结核菌阴转率、肺部病灶治疗有效率及肺部空洞治疗有效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与健康对照组比较,2组患者CD3+、CD4+细胞百分比及CD4+/CD8+均显著降低,而CD8+细胞百分比显著升高(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗后外周血CD3+、CD4+细胞百分比以及CD4+/CD8+均较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05),而CD8+细胞较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05)。对照组患者治疗前后CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞及CD4+/CD8+比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后观察组患者外周血CD3+、CD4+细胞及CD4+/CD8+与对照组比较显著升高,而CD8+细胞较对照组显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胸腺肽联合抗结核药物治疗MDB-TB疗效佳,且无明显不良反应。