肝移植受者他克莫司治疗窗浓度的初步确定

目的寻求适合国人肝移植受者他克莫司理想治疗窗浓度范围.方法应用微粒子酶免分析法测定69例肝移植患者口服他克莫司后12 h的血药谷浓度,并观察排斥反应的发生及药物的不良反应.结果他克莫司的血药浓度,术后第1个月为(13.1±2.0)μg*L-1,第2,3个月为(9.2±1.7)μg*L-1,3个月后为(6.3±1.2)μg*L-1,比较各时期全血他克莫司谷浓度,差异均有极显著性(P＜0.01).术后发生排斥反应64例次,不良反应73例次.结论他克莫司治疗窗浓度范围术后第1个月为10～15 μg*L-1,第2、3个月为7.0～11 μg*L-1,3个月后为5.0～8.0 μg*L-1维持,此浓度范围既能达到满意的免疫抑制效果,又能减少他克莫司的不良反应.     

肝移植受者他克莫司治疗窗浓度的初步探讨

目的探讨肝移植受者他克莫司治疗窗浓度参考范围。方法采用化学发光微粒子免疫法(CMIA)监测他克莫司全血谷浓度(C0),结合受者的临床表现及生化指标,对74例肝移植受者的305例次监测结果进行分析。结果肝移植术后前3个月他克莫司C0为(7.0±3.6)ng/ml,3个月后为(5.5±2.3)ng/ml。术后发生急性排斥反应4例次,肝、肾毒性54例次。结论建议将实验室他克莫司治疗窗范围进行调整:肝移植术后前3个月为7～15ng/ml,3个月后为5～10ng/ml,以保证免疫抑制效果,减少排斥反应和肝、肾毒性。     

ELISA法监测肝移植患者他克莫司全血浓度

目的通过监测肝移植患者他克莫司全血浓度,观察并建立他克莫司在三联免疫抑制用药方案中的理想治疗窗,为临床合理应用提供参考。方法用ELISA法测定他克莫司全血浓度,对138例患者的1190例次监测结果进行比较分析。结果他克莫司全血浓度随移植后时间延长而逐渐下降。肝移植后1个月内、第2~3个月、第4~6个月和>6个月时,用ELISA法监测他克莫司全血谷浓度的推荐治疗窗范围应分别为8~15、6~12、5~10、3~8μg·L-1,较为适宜。结论常规监测他克莫司全血浓度,参考推荐治疗窗范围调整给药方案,可获得满意的免疫抑制治疗效果。     

肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度监测结果分析

目的：探讨肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度的治疗窗及对血常规和肝肾功能的影响。方法：MEIA法监测全血他克莫司谷浓度。对近4年来390例次肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度，及他克莫司对血常规和肝肾功能的影响进行分析。结果：390例次全血他克莫司浓度中377例次（80．8％）在3～15μg·L^-1的范围内。移植后6个月内，全血他克莫司浓度差异较大。随着移植时间延长，全血他克莫司浓度逐步降低。在治疗剂量内，他克莫司对肾移植受者的血常规和肝肾功能无明显影响。结论：全血他克莫司谷浓度的治疗窗：术后1～3月为5～15·L^-1，第4～6月为5～10·L^-1，〉6个月为3～10·L^-1。他克莫司对肾移植受者的血常规和肝肾功能无明显影响。     

微粒子酶免疫法监测肝移植术后他克莫司血药浓度

目的:为了避免他克莫司的不良反应,对使用他克莫司的肝移植患者实施治疗药物监测。方法:用微粒子酶免疫法测定全血他克莫司谷浓度,并对他克莫司谷浓度的监测结果进行回顾性分析。结果:当肝移植患者被给予他克莫司、泼尼松和硫唑嘌呤时,他克莫司谷浓度与剂量之间存在正相相关。为了得到理想的效果和最小的毒性,他克莫司的全血药物浓度在肝移植后的90d内应维持在10～20μg·L~(-1),90d后在5～15μg·L~(-1)。结论:对于肝移植患者,他克莫司的全血药物浓度监测是很必要的,而且对于减少毒性和排斥反应的危险性是很有帮助的。     

地尔硫（艹卓）提高肝移植受者他克莫司血药浓度的临床研究

目的评价地尔硫（艹卓）提高肝移植受者他克莫司血药浓度的疗效。方法选择116例肝移植术后长期口服他克莫司的受者,他克莫司和地尔硫（艹卓）同时口服的受者为试验组（58例）,单纯口服他克莫司的受者为对照组（58例）;检测两组全血他克莫司浓度,他克莫司用量及肝、。肾功能,进行分析。结果试验组服药后他克莫司血药浓度比服药前增加了（4．5±0．5）μg／L,增幅达45．9％,用药前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;与对照组比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。试验组他克莫司用量明显减少,肝、肾功能无明显不良影响,无明显不良反应。结论地尔硫（艹卓）能明显提高肝移植受者他克莫司血药浓度,未发现明显不良反应。     

胆道闭锁儿童肝移植术后发生EB病毒感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后 EB 病毒（EBV）感染的发生情况及危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析因胆道闭锁致肝硬化接受肝脏移植的 65 例患儿的临床资料, 据 EBV 感染情况分成感染组 30 例与非感染组 35 例, 对所有患儿的肝移植术前、术中及术后等资料进行单因素分析, 并将组间比较 P＜ 0.1 的变量纳入多因素 Logistic 回归分析中, 筛选胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后 EBV 感染的危险因素。 结果 在 65 例肝移植受者中, 共有 30 例（46.15%）出现 EBV 感染, 其中 23 例（76.67%）发生于术后 3 个月内。 单因素分析显示, 2 组间手术时年龄＜ 1 岁、供者 EBV 血清学阳性而受者 EBV 血清学阴性、术后发生排斥反应、术后联合应用骁悉抗排异的比例以及术后他克莫司药物谷值浓度超过目标浓度的次数差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）; 将上述变量及采用亲体供肝（P=0.060）、术中红细胞输入量 （P=0.063）同时纳入多因素 Logistic 回归分析, 结果显示, 供者 EBV 血清学阳性而受者 EBV 血清学阴性、术后发生急性排斥反应、术后他克莫司药物浓度超过目标浓度次数多是胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后发生 EBV 感染的危险因素。结论 供者 EBV 血清学阳性而受者 EBV 血清学阴性、术后发生急性排斥反应及术后他克莫司药物谷值浓度多次超过目标浓度与胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后发生 EBV 感染密切相关, 对此类患儿应给予适当的抗病毒药物预防 EBV感染。     

五酯胶囊对肝移植受者他克莫司浓度的影响

目的评价五酯胶囊对肝移植受者术后服用他克莫司血药浓度的影响。方法选取60例肝移植受者,随机分成2组,试验组32例,口服他克莫司的同时,加服五酯胶囊;对照组28例,服用他克莫司,未服五酯胶囊,连续服药6个月,比较2组他克莫司的用量、血药浓度及肝肾功能生化指标。结果服用五酯胶囊后,试验组他克莫司血药浓度升高,相应减少服用量,试验组每日服用他克莫司剂量比对照组显著降低(P<0.01);但术后1,2,3,4,6月复查,2组他克莫司血药浓度及肾功能(Cr)无明显差异(P>0.05);试验组与对照组比较,肝功能(ALT)有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论五酯胶囊能明显提高肝移植受者他克莫司全血浓度,同时减少他克莫司服用量,降低患者医疗费用。     

肾移植患者他克莫司血药浓度影响因素的研究进展

他克莫司作为一种强效免疫抑制剂,被广泛应用于肾移植术后的抗排斥治疗。但其治疗窗窄,血药浓度个体差异大,且移植术后各时间段的目标浓度范围不同,需密切监测血药浓度,以期保证疗效,减少不良反应的发生。笔者全面探讨肾移植术后患者他克莫司血药浓度的影响因素,为他克莫司的治疗药物监测和剂量调整提供参考。     

ELISA法监测肾移植患者他克莫司全血浓度448例次结果分析

为探讨肾移植后患者他克莫司的治疗窗，为临床应用提供参考依据，用ELISA法测定448例次他克莫司全血浓度。结果表明，肾移植后用三联免疫抑制给药方案时，他克莫司全血谷浓度的治疗窗范围以术后1个月内8—15μg&;#183;L^-1、第2—3个月6—12μg&;#183;L^-1、第4—6个月5-10μg&;#183;L^-1、＞6个月3—8μg&;#183;L^-1较为适宜。结论：根据监测结果调整他克莫司给药方案，可获得满意的免疫抑制治疗效果。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.