HTK液与UW液对供肠生化指标影响的实验研究

目的对比HTK液与UW液对大鼠小肠的低温保存效果。方法根据保存液的不同将SD大鼠随机分为三组，HTK液、UW液组和对照组。从大鼠腹主动脉置管进行原位灌注，至小肠组织变白。每只大鼠各取两段空肠，长约6cm，用0．5％甲硝唑液冲洗肠管，根据分组分别置人HTK液、UW液和生理盐水中。于0、4、8、16h取保存液测定乳酸含量。于8、16h取小肠组织测定能量物质含量。结果HTK液组4h时乳酸含量低于UW液组（P〈0．05），0h和8h时无明显统计学差异，HTK液组于16h时乳酸含量高于UW液组（P〈0．05）。8h时HTK液组ATP含量高于UW液组（P〈0．05），16h时两组之间无明显统计学差异。两组所有生化指标均较NS保存组好。结论HTK液用于小肠的保存是有效的，在8h以内HTK液保存小肠效果优于UW液，但长时间保存UW液组优于HTK液组。     

Nutritional and physiologic significance of alpha-lactalbumin in infants

α-Lactalbumin is the major protein in breast milk (20 -25% of total protein) and has been described to have several physiologic functions in the neonatal period. In the mammary gland, it participates in lactose synthesis, thereby creating an osmotic "drag" to facilitate milk production and secretion. α-Lactalbumin binds divalent cations (Ca, Zn) and may facilitate the absorption of essential minerals, and it provides a well-balanced supply of essential amino acids to the growing infant. During its digestion, peptides appear to be transiently formed that have antibacterial and immunostimulatory properties, thereby possibly aiding in the protection against infection. A novel folding variant ("molten globule state") of multimeric α-lactalbumin has recently been discovered that has anti-infective activity and enhances apoptosis, thus possibly affecting mucosal cell turnover and proliferation. Cow milk also contains α-lactalbumin, albeit less than human milk (2-5% of total protein in bovine milk), and protein fractions enriched with α-lactalbumin may now be added to infant formula to provide some of the benefits of human α-lactalbumin.     

胰岛素对子宫内生长迟缓新生仔猪小肠生长发育的影响

目的:研究胰岛素是否能促进子宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)新生儿肠道的生长发育. 方法:以IUGR新生仔猪为模型,比较了饲喂配方奶粉(P组)和配方奶粉中补加胰岛素(I组)3天后仔猪小肠的重量和长度,组织形态学结构,黏膜DNA、RNA含量和浓度及小肠黏膜麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶、氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性. 结果:I组与P组相比,小肠的重量、长度、组织形态学结构及小肠黏膜氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).但I组的仔猪小肠黏膜DNA、RNA含量及麦芽糖酶和乳糖酶的活性均较P组有明显的提高(P<0.05). 结论:口饲胰岛素能刺激小肠黏膜上皮细胞的增生和小肠黏膜麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶总活性的升高.     

Regulation of an antioxidant blend on intestinal redox status and major microbiota in early weaned piglets

ObjectiveAccording to the “antioxidants network” theory, the present study was conducted to evaluate the regulation of an antioxidant blend on intestinal redox status and major microbiota of early-weaned piglets.MethodsPiglets from 15 litters were randomly allocated by litter to the control group (suckling normally, fed the basal diet, n = 5), the weaning group (weaned at age 21 d, fed the basal diet, n = 5), and the repair group (weaned at age 21 d, fed the basal diet supplemented with an antioxidant blend, n = 5). The redox status and major microbiota in jejunum and colon tracts of 24-d-old piglets were detected, respectively.ResultsEarly weaning resulted in significant decreases in jejunum and colon antioxidant capacities, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts, and significant increases in levels of jejunum malondialdehyde, colon hydroxyl radicals, jejunum and colon H₂O_2, and Escherichia coli counts in piglets. The observed imbalance of the intestinal redox status and microbiota was significantly restored by the antioxidant blend. Interestingly, intestinal selected antioxidative items presented a positive correlation with potential beneficial bacteria and a negative correlation with E. coli. Nevertheless, selected oxidative items and the bacteria presented an inverse relationship in piglets.ConclusionSupplementation of the antioxidant blend effectively restored intestinal redox status and microbiota balance in the porcine intestine in response to early weaning stress, enhancing intestinal health and function of piglets.     

基层医院腹部闭合性损伤中小肠破裂40例诊治体会

目的：探讨基层医院腹部闭合性损伤合并有小肠破裂的诊断及处理方法。方法：总结分析笔者所在医院2008年1月-2012年8月收治的腹部闭合伤中合并有小肠破裂40例的临床资料。结果：本组患者40例均手术,其中36例治愈,2例死亡,2例术后转入上级医院随访治愈。结论：密切观察腹痛变化,早期诊断、及时手术是减少并发症发生和救治成功的关键。     

Effects of maternal over- and undernutrition on intestinal morphology,enzyme activity,and gene expression of nutrient transporters in newborn and weaned pigs

ObjectivesIt has been suggested that maternal nutrition during gestation is involved in the offspring's intestinal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal nutrition on digestive and absorptive function of offspring at both birth and weaning with pig as model.MethodsEighteen primiparous Landrace × Yorkshire gilts (ages 253 ± 9 d; body weight 148.6 ± 6.9 kg) were allocated to a normal nutrition (control) group as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC; 1998), an undernutrition (UN) group (75% of NRC recommendations), and an overnutrition (ON) group (150% of NRC recommendations); the nutritional treatments were introduced from day 1 of gestation to farrowing.ResultsBy comparison, the small intestine weight (+33%; P < 0.01) and the ratio of small intestine weight to length (+25%; P < 0.05) for the ON group were higher than those for the control group. Meanwhile, the maternal ON treatment had significant effect on the activity of brush border lactase in the jejunum (+125%; P < 0.05) at birth. Expression of mRNA for SGLT1, GLUT2, PEPT1, and GLP2R were significantly increased (+1.7∼9.6-fold; P < 0.05) in jejunum of newborn or weaned piglets from the ON group; whereas maternal UN significantly affected small intestine weight (–28%; P < 0.01), length, and the ratio of weight to length (–11% and –19%; P < 0.05, respectively), and villus height (–29% and –22%; P < 0.05, respectively) in jejunum and ileum. Furthermore, maternal UN enhanced the activity of brush border lactase in the jejunum of newborn piglets (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMaternal ON enhanced intestinal function via up-regulating digestive enzyme activities and gene expression of transporters in both newborn and weaning piglets. Maternal UN impaired fetal intestinal development that could be partially compensated during the neonatal period.     

不同剂量γ射线对人外周血miRNA的表达影响

目的 利用高通量miRNA测序和生物信息学技术,筛选人外周血中辐射敏感的miRNA分子,为辐射损伤提供早期诊断指标。方法 采集健康成年男性的外周血,给予0.2 Gy和2.0 Gy γ射线照射,于照射后6 h提取总RNA,应用高通量miRNA测序手段获得差异的miRNA,qRT-PCR方法验证部分差异的miRNA,通过mirdbV6和Target Scan7.1数据库预测共同差异miRNA的靶基因,并进行KEGG生物信息学分析。结果 人外周血经不同剂量 γ 射线照射后6 h,0.2 Gy组差异miRNA有10个,2 个表达上调,8 个表达下调;2.0 Gy作用后共鉴定出9 个表达上调、12 个表达下调miRNA分子,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。其中有5个miRNA在2个剂量组均发生显著变化。RT-PCR实验结果表明有4个miRNA,miR-23c、miR-1287-5p、miR-219a-3p、miR-320d与测序结果一致。生物信息学结果表明,在2个剂量组均差异表达的miRNA可能通过参与调控MARK、RAS、P53、RIG-I等信号通路影响细胞增殖、凋亡、DNA损伤修复及免疫调控。结论 miR-23c、miR-1287-5p、miR-219a-3p、miR-320d分子有望成为辐射损伤新的血液标志物。     

多胺的生殖生物学作用及其研究进展

多胺是一类聚阳离子化合物,包括精胺、亚精胺和腐胺等。哺乳动物体内多胺来源于氨基酸合成或从饮食中摄取,多胺能够清除细胞内过多的活性氧簇（ROS）,调节其氧化应激水平。多胺在雄性和雌性的生殖过程和胚胎/胎儿发育中起重要作用。研究发现,多胺参与调节细胞生长和基因表达,且与有丝分裂、减数分裂有关。在雄性,多胺与精子生成相关,并调节精子活性;在雌性,多胺与卵泡发育及排卵有关,且参与调节类固醇激素生成。在体外成熟（IVM）中外源性添加多胺,可有效地减少卵母细胞非整倍体率并且改善其胚胎发育。此外,多胺缺乏会导致胚胎发育停滞。多胺参与胎盘发育以及在胎儿发育过程中母婴的物质交换。综述多胺生物学功能及其对配子发生及胎盘发育的作用。     

Evaluation of immune response,microbiota, and blood markers after probiotic bacteria administration in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet

ObjectiveObesity is associated with alterations in intestinal microbiota and immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 administration on intestinal and humoral immune response, clinical parameters, and gut microbiota was evaluated using a high-fat diet to induce obesity in a mouse model.MethodsAdult mice received a conventional balanced diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with milk, milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (FM), L. casei as suspension, or water over 60 d. Histology of liver and small intestine (SI), immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI, phagocytic activity of spleen and peritoneal macrophages, and humoral immune response to ovalbumin were studied. Clinical parameters in serum and gut microbiota were also analyzed.ResultsFM was the most effective supplement for decreasing body weight and clinical parameters in serum. The histology of liver and SI was also improved in obese mice given FM. These animals had increased numbers of immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI. The gut microbiota showed that obese mice given probiotics had increased Bacteroides and bifidobacteria. Administration of FM or L. casei as suspension enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The anti-ovalbumin specific immune response was not increased by any supplement assayed.ConclusionAdministration of probiotics to obese hosts improved the gut microbiota and the mucosal immunity altered by obesity, down-regulated some biochemical parameters in blood associated with metabolic syndrome, and decreased liver steatosis. These results demonstrate the potential use of probiotics in obese individuals to decrease the body weight and to improve the biochemical and immunologic parameters altered by obesity.     

Human milk banking I. Effects of container upon immunologic factors in mature milk

The effects of the type of storage container and the duration of storage upon the concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA (SIgA), total IgA, and SIgA antibodies to E.coli somatic antigens and upon the numbers and functions of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in mature human milk were examined. Milk samples collected during the fourth week of lactation from women aged 20–35 years were kept in pyrex and polypropylene or polyethylene containers at 4°C for 4 and 24 hours. The concentrations of lactoferrin and lysozyme fell by 30% and 40%, respectively, after storage for 24 hours in pyrex and polypropylene containers. The concentration of SIgA antibodies to E.coli O antigens did not change with time in samples stored in pyrex or polypropylene containers but fell by 60% in samples stored in polyethylene. The numbers of macrophages and neutrophils were similar in all containers after 4 hours of storage but increased after 24 hours, particularly after storage in pyrex containers. A similar pattern was found in respect to the number of lymphocytes. The uptake of ³H-thymidine by phytohemagglutinin stimulated milk lymphocytes decreased significantly after 24 hours of storage. These findings indicate that the storage of mature milk at 4°C for comparatively brief periods induces significant changes in the concentrations and/or functions of key immunological components.     

Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on the body composition and protein status of early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Glutamine, one of the most abundant amino acids found in maternal milk, favors protein anabolism. Early-weaned babies are deprived of this source of glutamine, in a period during which endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress, mainly during infections. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on the body composition and visceral protein status of early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mice were weaned early on their 14th day of life and seperated into two groups, one of which was fed a glutamine-free diet (n = 16) and the other a glutamine-supplemented diet (40 g/kg diet) (n = 16). At 21 days of age, some mice were intraperitoneally injected with BCG. Euthanasia was performed at the 28th day of age. BCG inoculation significantly reduced body weight (P < 0.001), lean mass (P = 0.002), water (P = 0.006), protein (P = 0.007) and lipid content (P = 0.001) in the carcass. Dietary glutamine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in serum IGF-1 (P = 0.019) and albumin (P = 0.025) concentration, muscle protein concentration (P = 0.035) and lipid content (P = 0.002) in the carcass. In conclusion, dietary glutamine supplementation had a positive influence on visceral protein status but did not affect body composition in early-weaned mice inoculated with BCG.     

缺血预适应对大鼠肠系膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的观察缺血预适应(IPC)对小肠缺血再灌注(I/R)的影响,探讨IPC对I/R的保护作用。方法 90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(n=30),I/R损伤组(n=30)和重组人IPC+l/R损伤组(n=30)。构建大鼠肠系膜I/R损伤模型和肠系膜IPC模型。采用硫代巴比妥酸反应方法来测定大鼠血清丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用比色法测定大鼠肠组织匀浆髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性。采用Park/Chiu对肠组织损伤程度进行组织病理学评分。结果 IPC+l/R损伤组大鼠肠黏膜损伤较轻,显微镜下没有观察到绒毛剥脱,固有层崩解,溃疡,出血,大片上皮下间隙等表现。IR损伤组大鼠血清MDA、MPO水平及Chiu评分显著高于假手术组,相比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.912,24.376,19.553,P﹤0.05);经IPC处理后,IPC+l/R损伤组大鼠血清MDA、MPO水平及Chiu评分显著降低,与IR损伤组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.293,6.010,4.302,P﹤0.05)。结论缺血预适应可以减轻大鼠肠系膜缺血再灌注诱导的氧化应激损伤,减轻肠组织中性粒细胞积聚,对小肠缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用。     

MSCT及重建技术在小肠疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）小肠重建技术及其在小肠疾病诊疗中的临床应用价值.方法对22例怀疑小肠疾病患者口服中性对比剂后进行西门子64层螺旋CT全腹部增强扫描,在独立的工作站上进行图像重组,包括多平面重组（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VR）等,与临床、病理结果对照分析.结果所有病例经临床或病理证实与CT诊断一致,其中正常7例,良性病变6例,恶性病变9例.结论口服中性对比剂后进行MSCT多种成像对临床诊断可提出有价值的倾向性意见,其中MPR像和MIP像意义最大,可完整、直观地显示病变的部位、范围以及性质等,对小肠疾病的诊断有较高的临床应用价值.     

DDT Residues in samples of human milk,and in mothers' and cord blood serum,in a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia)*

Summary Concentrations of p,p'-DDE, p,p-DDD, and p,p-DDT were determined in 34 samples of human milk obtained 3–5 days after delivery and in 37 samples obtained at later times of lactation (up to 55 weeks). All samples contained p,p-DDE, but only several contained p,p-DDD and p,p-DDT. The concentrations of p,p-DDE were 31 g/l in the beginning of lactation and 53 g/l at later time intervals. The concentration ranges in both groups overlap almost completely and the difference in the mean values is not significant.Serum samples from 35 mothers and cord blood were also analyzed. All samples contained p,p-DDE, the concentrations being 18 g/l and 6.8 g/l in the mothers' and cord blood serum, respectively. Serum samples of 24 nonpregnant women contained the same amount of p,p-DDE (20 pg/1) as mothers' sera.All samples were collected in a continental town of Croatia (Yugoslavia) between 1977 and 1979. The concentrations of DDT residues were determined by gas chromatography, and two methods for extraction from milk were used and compared.This work was supported in part by the Environmental Protection Agency (USA) and the World Health Organization (Geneva)     

Effects of dietary supplementation with an expressed fusion peptide bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin on performance, immune function and intestinal mucosal morphology in piglets weaned at age 21 d

Lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity associated with peptide fragments lactoferricin (LFC) and lactoferrampin (LFA) released on digestion. These two fragments have been expressed in Photorhabdus luminescens as a fusion peptide linked to protein cipB. The construct cipB-LFC-LFA was tested as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Sixty piglets with an average live body weight of 5.42 (sem 0.59) kg were challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed a maize-soyabean meal diet containing either no addition (C), cipB at 100 mg/kg (C+B), cipB-LFC-LFA at 100 mg/kg (C+L) or colistin sulfate at 100 mg/kg (C+CS) for 3 weeks. Compared with C, dietary supplementation with C+L for 3 weeks increased daily weight gain by 21 %, increased recovery from diarrhoea, enhanced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD) and total antioxidant content (T-AOC), liver GPx, POD, superoxide dismutase and T-AOC, Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, IgA, IgG and IgM levels (P < 0.05), decreased the concentration of E. coli in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), increased the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0.05), and promoted development of the villus-crypt architecture of the small intestine. Growth performance was similar between C+L- and C+CS-supplemented pigs. The present results indicate that LFC-LFA is an effective alternative to the feed antibiotic CS for enhancing growth performance in piglets weaned at age 21 d.     

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽改善猪自体移植小肠的吸收功能

目的：观察甘氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽对猪自体移植小肠吸收功能的作用。方法：杂种猪１０只,行自体小肠移植,术后随机分为两组,标准ＴＰＮ组（ＳＴＰＮ组,ｎ＝５）,接受标准ＴＰＮ支持８天;Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ二肽组（ＧＴＰＮ组,ｎ＝５）,接受含Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ的ＴＰＮ支持８天,术后１天（ＰＯＤ１）及术后２８天（ＰＯＤ２８）行木糖吸收实验,测定肠粘膜酶活性。结果：术后２８天,ＧＴＰＮ组：木糖吸收曲线下面积,５ｈ尿液木糖排     

γ线照射后小鼠小肠组织基因表达谱的改变

目的探讨γ线照射对肠道辐射损伤的分子机制。方法用γ线照射小鼠腹部,照射剂量为11.5Gy,照后采用cDNA微阵列观察受照小鼠小肠组织基因表达谱的改变。结果照射组与正常组相比有48条基因表达发生了明显改变,其中25个为下调基因,有Amy2、SCD-1、Elastase2、Sprr2A、NF-κB p65等与物质代谢、细胞增殖、信号转导相关基因表达下调;23个为上调基因,有Catalase1、RGS16、GST1、rpS17、TSA-1等与代谢酶类、信号转导、DNA损伤、细胞周期相关基因表达上调。在表达异常的基因中,有21条基因是已知功能或部分功能的基因,其余27条则为未知功能的基因。结论γ线照射可导致小鼠肠组织基因表达谱异常,且下调基因数较多。     

复方益气补肾药对顺铂所致大鼠贫血的影响

目的：观察不同剂量中药对顺铂（DDP）所致大鼠贫血的影响。方法：经尾静脉注射DDP（8mg/kg)诱发大鼠贫血，同时给大鼠灌服不同剂量益气补肾中药，采用胎肝细胞氘标记胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷（3H-TdR)渗入法检测大鼠血清促红细胞生成素（EPO）的含量，并同时观察了大鼠肾组织形态的改变。结果：中剂量益气补肾中药能明显升高大鼠全血红蛋白（Hb)，血清EPO的水平，并使血清尿素氮（BUN）含量明显降低，病理切片也证实中药对大鼠肾脏有保护作用。结论：适当剂量的益气补肾中药能有效拮抗DDP所致肾损伤，减轻DDP对EPO产生的抑制，从而起到抑制DDP所致大鼠贫血的作用。