伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛56例量效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效,判定治疗剂量与其疗效的关系.方法用伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛56例,选择靶点为三叉神经根近端,选用4mm准直器,靶点中心剂量为70～90Gy,并对不同治疗剂量组之间疗效行统计学处理.结果56例随访3～54个月(平均31.2个月),疼痛完全消失30例(53.6%),疼痛基本消失14例(25%),疼痛缓解＞50%者7例(12.5%),无效5例(8.9%),总有效率91%.中心剂量＜80Gy和≥80%Gy两组在显效率方面存在显著差异(P＜0.05).结论伽玛刀是治疗原发性三叉神经经一种安全和有效的方法.最佳治疗中心剂量一般考虑为75～90Gy,产生最佳放射生物学效应的剂量点可能为80Gy.     

原发性三叉神经痛的LEKSELL-C伽玛刀治疗

目的 探讨伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的方法和效果.方法 对28例原发性三叉神经痛采用LEKSELL-C型伽玛刀治疗,均沿三叉神经走行在三叉神经根近桥脑处选择双靶点治疗.中心剂量75～85Gy,50%等剂量线限定靶点.结果 随访3～11个月,疼痛消失时间平均在术后3.5个月.按疼痛缓解评分,在随访时点,总有效率为96%.结论 LEKSELL-C型伽玛刀是治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全和有效的方法之一.     

伽玛刀双靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床研究

目的 评价使用伽玛刀双靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效和安全性.方法 对32例原发性三叉神经痛病人采用双靶点治疗,以三叉神经根近桥脑处和近半月节处为照射靶点,中心剂量84～90 Gy,周边剂量42～45 Gy,桥脑临界剂量＜20 Gy.结果 本组32例获随访,均有疼痛缓解,按BNI评分,有效率为96.9%.起效时间平均4.2个月(1 d～26个月).8例(25%)复发,8例(25%)出现并发症.结论 双靶点治疗能有效缓解三叉神经痛,提高患者生活质量.     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛50例疗效分析

目的评价伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的安全性,有效性和预后因素。方法原发性三叉神经痛50例接受了伽玛刀治疗,治疗部位位于三叉神经根近脑干侧,采用4mm准直器,双靶点治疗,周边剂量：35-40Gy;中心剂量：70-80Gy。结果随访：10-40个月（平均18个月）;术后疼痛缓解时间：1天～20个月（平均3．5个月）;总有效率为总有效率为90％（45／50）;面麻3例;并发症发生率为6％。结论伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛安全有效,并发症少,在达到有效治疗剂量（70-90Gy）的同时,适当扩大照射体积可能提高疗效。     

原发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀治疗

目的总结伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的经验.方法72例原发性三叉神经痛患者采用伽玛刀治疗,靶点为三叉神经根近脑干段,4mm准直器,中心剂量70-80Gy.结果随访2年以上者51例,治愈39例(76.5%),有效7例(13.7%),无效5例(9.8%),总有效率90.2%.19例(37.3%)出现一过性轻度面部麻木,感觉减退,无其它并发症.结论伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效确切,无严重并发症,是较好的微侵袭治疗方法.     

Leksell-C型伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效因素分析

目的 分析Leksell-C型伽玛刀放射外科治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及预后因素.方法 回顾分析自2002年1月至2007年12月在我中心接受Leksell-C型伽玛刀治疗的121例原发性三叉神经痛患者.均采用4mm准直器,沿三叉神经走行在三叉神经根近桥脑处选择双靶点治疗,周边剂量35～45 Gy,中心剂量70～90 Gy,等剂量曲线50%.对可能影响疗效的因素,包括年龄、性别、病程、剂量、术前是否面部感觉减弱、药物是否有效、以及术前是否影像提示血管压迫三叉神经根等,进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 本组随访6～56个月,平均29个月.随访期内总有效率90.1%(109例),根照BNI疼痛量表,其中Ⅰ级52.9%(64)例、Ⅱ级17.4%(21例)、Ⅲ级20.7%(25例).统计结果表明,对预后而言,仅术前口服药物是否有效有统计学意义(P=0.000).复发率15.7%(19例),复发时间4～49个月.并发症发生率14.0%(17例),包括治疗侧面部麻木16例、耳鸣2例、咀嚼肌无力2例,均不影响正常生活.结论 Leksell-C型伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全、有效、微创,可以作为单纯药物无效的原发性三叉神经痛首选冶疗方法.术前口服药物有效,是伽玛刀治疗有效的重要的预后因素.     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的初步研究

目的：探讨原发性三叉神经痛的旋转式伽玛刀治疗方法并分析其结果。方法：选择难治性原发性三叉神经痛患者45例，应用1．5TMR定位，以OUR－XGD治疗规划系统(r-TPS）作治疗规划，OUR－XGD旋转式伽玛刀进行治疗，治疗靶点三叉神经根入脑桥段，4mm准直器，1－2个等中心点，中心剂量75Gy,90Gy,100Gy三组，50％等剂量曲线覆盖靶点，脑干边缘剂量11．2-15.0Gy。结果：本组37例获随访，为期4－49个月。疼痛完全消失22例，明显缓解10例，轻度缓解3例，无效2例，复发4例，显效率86．5％，有效率94．6％，复发率10．8％，结论：复发症状较治疗前为轻，并发面部轻度麻木2例，面部麻木＋眼干涩感1例，张口稍困难1例，无死亡。结论：作为三叉神经痛的疗法，旋转式伽玛刀可以治疗各种类型的原发性三叉神经痛，且具有安全，高效和无创的优点，可作为长期药物治疗无效者的首选外科手段，75－80Gy是安全有效的治疗剂量，增大剂量至90Gy或更大可缩短平均起效时间，剂量达90Gy及以上时有效率可能升高但发生并发症的可能性也较大。     

原发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀双靶点治疗

目的 探索使用双靶点来改进伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛的技术，提高有效率，减少复发率。方法 55例病人接受了伽玛刀双靶点治疗，9例失随访。87％的病人术前有手术史。一个靶点放在三叉神经根近桥脑处，另一个放在近半月神经节处，中心剂量84～90Gy，周边剂量42～45Gy，桥脑临界剂量20Gy。结果 随访4～72个月(平均30个月)。术后疼痛消失时间为2h～16个月(平均4个月)。按疼痛缓解评分，在随访时点，总有效率为95．7％，面部感觉异常等并发症的发生率为10．8％。经统计学分析，某些因素与疗效相关。结论 采用伽玛刀双靶点治疗三叉神经痛，因增加了辐射容量，比单靶点的成功率高、复发率低，并发症发生率与双靶点相近。特别值得一提的是，当病人术前有沿三叉神经注射史的，双靶点治疗比单靶点治疗的优越性更明显。     

伽玛刀治疗126例原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及相关因素分析

目的研究伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及影响疗效的相关因素。方法选择2004年1月～2010年1月,126例经药物和其他保守治疗无效的原发性三叉神经痛患者接受伽玛刀治疗,并进行了长期随访,对疗效及影响疗效的相关因素进行评价。同时把116例随访资料完整的患者,根据靶中心剂量的不同分成高低两个组,高剂量组53例,中心剂量80Gy;低剂量组63例,中心剂量75Gy,通过统计学处理分析对比高低两个剂量组在有效率及并发症等方面的差异性。结果本组126例患者,116例获得完整随访资料,失访10例,随访率92%。随访期12～76个月,平均随访38个月。治疗总有效率96%,并发症发生率31%,复发率12%。高低两个剂量组有效率无差异(P>0.05);并发症发生率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛75Gy中心照射剂量有效率高,并发症低,应作为最佳参考照射剂量;伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛术前MRI定位中,患侧三叉神经根的显示情况会直接影响伽玛刀治疗效果,且复发率高,应作为伽玛刀治疗相对禁忌证;从治疗效果和安全角度来讲,伽玛刀可以作为原发性三叉神经痛的主要治疗方法。     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛的疗效观察

目的 观察旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法 采用Leksell G型立体定向仪，SIEMENS 1．5T MRI定位，Gamma-TPS2.1规划系统，国产OUR－RGS／A型旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛患者。定位靶点为三叉神经感觉根，用4mm准直器，1－2个等中心治疗，中心剂量70－90Gy。结果 出现明显疼痛缓解平均为术后2个月，疼痛缓解程度超过90％的9例（60％），疼痛缓解在50％－90％的4例（26．6％），1例稍见好转（6．7％），1例无效（6．7％），有效病例随访5－14个月未见复发，全辣病人均未出现其它阀发症。结论 应用旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全，有效。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.