注意缺陷/多动障碍诊断标准的研究

目的 使用ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ中注意缺陷／多动障碍（ＡＤ／ＨＤ）诊断标准对一组多动综合征和一组无多动的儿童进行诊断,探讨ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ的分布特征及在我国的适用性。方法 多动组：为就诊的多动症儿童,符合临床诊断和ＩＣＤ－１０诊断标准,共９２例。对照组：无多动的学校儿童９６名。由家长填ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ诊断表。结果 在１８８名儿童中,符合ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ ＡＤ／ＨＤ诊断９９例,多动组８７例（９４．５７％）,对照组１２例（１２．５％）,后者包括单纯注意障碍、学习障碍。情绪障碍及无问题的儿童。如以临床诊断／ＩＣＤ－１０为金标准,ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ的诊断灵敏度为９４．５７％,特异度８７．５０％,诊断一致性为０．９１． 结论 中国多动症儿童的多动／冲动症状难以达到ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ的标准;ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ标准扩大了诊断范围,主要是注意障碍为主型。在使用ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ诊断时应考虑民族、文化、年龄、性别因素。     

注意缺陷多动障碍脑白质纤维束异常的磁共振影像学研究

大脑白质的发育对个体正常行为和认知功能的建立至关重要,已有大量研究表明白质微结构改变和注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)核心症状以及认知功能缺陷有关,提示脑白质异常可能为该病的神经基础之一.本文旨在通过对儿童青少年ADHD患者的大脑白质磁共振影像学研究进行回顾与总结,归纳ADHD主要相关白质纤维束的改变特征及其与临床表现的关...     

麦普替林治疗注意缺陷多动障碍的疗效研究

目的　探讨麦普替林治疗注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)的疗效及安全性。方法　符合CCMD 3诊断标准的ADHD患儿 32例 ,单一用麦普替林 2 5～ 12 5mg/d治疗 ,6周后进行临床疗效评定 ,治疗前后采用Conners儿童行为问卷 4 8项家长用症状问卷 (PSQ)评估对照。结果　有效 2 2例 ,有效率 6 8 75 % ,PSQ评估 6项因子分明显下降 ,其中因子Ⅲ (心身问题 )P <0 0 5 ,其余 5项因子分P <0 0 0 1。服药第 1周出现轻度口干、镇静、视物模糊、心跳增快 ,2周后逐步消失。结论　麦普替林治疗ADHD疗效肯定 ,副反应相对较轻 ,可作为治疗ADHD的首选药物之一。     

Cortisol,inflammatory biomarkers and neurotrophins in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Taiwan

BackgroundHypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, inflammation and imbalance of neurotrophins have been suggested in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the results have not been conclusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of salivary cortisol across 4-time points during the day, and of morning plasma inflammatory biomarkers and neurotrophins, in youth with ADHD and in typically developing youth (TD), with stratification by age, ADHD subtypes and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) comorbidity in Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted a case-control study measuring saliva cortisol levels at 4 different time points during the day (at awakening, noon, 1800 h and bedtime) and morning plasma levels of inflammatory and neurotrophins biomarkers in youth with ADHD (n = 98, age 6–18 years old with mean age 9.32 ± 3.05 years) and TD (n = 21, age 6–18 years old with mean age 9.19 ± 2.96 years) in Taiwan.ResultsOur study showed that youth with ADHD had lower levels of bedtime salivary cortisol (effects size (ES) = −0.04, p = .023), with children with the combined form of the disorder (with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity all present) having the lowest awakening salivary cortisol levels. ADHD youth also had higher levels of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 (ES = 0.85–1.20, p < .0001), and lower plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (ES = −0.69, p = .009) and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) (ES = −1.13, p < .0001). Both ADHD groups regardless of ODD comorbidity had higher levels of IL-6 (p < .0001) and lower levels BDNF (p < .0001).ConclusionThe lower bedtime salivary cortisol levels and higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers in youth with ADHD further support the role of abnormal HPA axis and inflammation in ADHD. Moreover, the lower levels of BDNF in ADHD also indicate that BDNF may be a potential biomarker in this disorder that is part of a broader biological dysfunction.     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿血清儿茶酚胺类递质的测定

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ＡＤＨＤ）可能的精神生化机制。方法采用高效液相色谱法，测定了经哌醋甲酯治疗后的６４例ＡＤＨＤ男性患儿和３０名正常男性儿童的血清儿茶酚胺类递质及其代谢产物水平。结果ＡＤＨＤ患儿血清去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）水平和ＮＥ／３－甲氧－４－羟苯乙二醇（ＭＨＰＧ）比值（２７±１８）低于正常儿童（１５２±５７），血清高香草酸水平（３．９±２．９μｇ／Ｌ）高于正常儿童（０．８±０．３μｇ／Ｌ）；经哌醋甲酯治疗有效者血清ＭＨＰＧ水平（１３±１０μｇ／Ｌ）高于无效者（８±５μｇ／Ｌ）；智力发育不平衡组血清ＮＥ水平（８４±４３μｇ／Ｌ）低于智力发育平衡组（８９±５８μｇ／Ｌ）；根据美国精神障碍诊断统计手册第３版修订本，将病情分为轻度、中度和重度，重度ＡＤＨＤ患儿血清ＮＥ水平（８２±４５μｇ／Ｌ）明显低于轻度（１０５±５９μｇ／Ｌ）。结论ＡＤＨＤ可能是多巴胺能和去甲肾上腺素能两种递质系统失调或失衡的结果。     

智力发育障碍共病偷盗狂、注意缺陷/多动障碍的访谈与治疗

本文目的是通过报道病例诊疗过程,呈现智力发育障碍共病盗窃狂、注意缺陷/多动障碍的临床诊疗思路及治疗方案。咨客为一名27岁未婚男性,自幼愚笨,难以集中注意力,伴有反复偷窃女性衣物的冲动行为。该咨客被诊断为智力发育障碍共病偷盗狂、注意缺陷/多动障碍。建议采用生物-心理-社会综合干预方法,鼓励咨客进行规律运动,以药物治疗改善偷窃的冲动行为和注意力缺陷;心理治疗推荐认知行为治疗;社会资源方面,鼓励咨客进行简单的工作,财务交由家属代为管理。     

Prevalence of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in opiate-dependent adults

Background. There is a clear association between childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders in adulthood. Symptoms of attention deficit disorder may also persist into adulthood. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of childhood ADHD in a sample of treatment seeking opiate-dependent adults. Methods. Treatment-seeking opiate-dependent subjects completed the Utah adult ADHD screening test and the self-report early delinquency scale. Results. A total of 15% were “likely” and 49 were “highly likely” to have suffered ADHD in childhood. The averages scores for the delinquency scales were over 6 times those reported from population norms. Conclusion. Symptoms of childhood ADHD is common in adults with opiate dependence. The residual symptoms in adults should be investigated as may be amenable to newer treatments for adult attention deficit disorder.     

Sustained attention in sensory modulation disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundThere are high comorbidity rates between sensory modulation disorder (SMD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Knowledge regarding the objective neuropsychological differentiation between them is scarce.AimThis study examines the effects of SMD and ADHD on a sustained attention task with and without aversive auditory conditions.MethodSixty six young adult females were tested on the Conjunctive - Continuous Performance Task-Visual (CCPT-V) measuring sustained attention, under two conditions: 1) aversive condition (with the three most aversive sounds chosen by the participant), and 2) non-aversive condition (without sounds).ResultsBoth the SMD and ADHD factors exhibited performance deficits in the sustained attention task. All study participants performed worse on both sustained attention and speed of processing when aversive sounds were present.ConclusionWe conclude that impaired sustained attention cannot differentiate between SMD and ADHD. Hence, these results should be taken under consideration in the assessment process of ADHD vs. SMD.     

盐酸哌甲酯控释剂与速释剂对注意缺陷与多动障碍的疗效比较

目的比较盐酸哌甲酯控释剂（专注达）与速释剂（利他林）治疗儿童ADHD的疗效和安全性。方法上海心理咨询中心儿少部就诊ADHD患儿,按照患者意愿分别使用专注达与利他林治疗,随访2周、4周观察疗效（Conners量表和DSM—Ⅳ诊断标准）和安全性（血压、心律、主观不适等）。结果治疗两周后,专注达组Conners量表学习问题、多动指数两个指标与治疗前有显著改善（P〈0．01）,治疗四周后,两组在品行因子、学习问题因子、冲动-多动因子和多动指数上都显著好转（P〈0．05）;治疗四周后,两种药物均在注意缺陷分量表的得分显著好转（P〈0．05）,服用专注达和利他林组不良反应发生率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论两种制剂疗效相当,使用安全。     

托莫西汀治疗儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍研究进展

为探讨托莫西汀对儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的疗效,本文对托莫西汀治疗儿童ADHD的研究进行综述。通过阐述ADHD发病机制和治疗方案,总结托莫西汀治疗儿童ADHD的效果和安全性,并与哌甲酯、安慰剂治疗的效果进行比较,为ADHD临床治疗提供参考。     

利培酮治疗注意缺陷障碍对照观察

目的:观察小剂量利培酮治疗注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)的疗效和安全性,方法:前瞻性研究,以利他林作为对照,采用康纳多动症评定量表及不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定,观察4周,结果:利培酮有效率为77%,利他林为78%,未见锥体外系副反应,结论:利培酮与利他林的疗效相似,小剂量使用时安全有效.     

Sleep and sleep disorders in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent disorder that often persists in adulthood. Persistent ADHD is known to be a serious risk factor for other disorders in adulthood, and adults with ADHD often report on sleep disorders. Despite this, only few studies have investigated the subjective and objective quality of sleep in adults suffering from ADHD. Previous studies have revealed seriously impaired subjective sleep quality and increased nocturnal motor activity in spite of essentially normal standard polysomnographic parameters in this patient group. However, primary sleep disorders such as sleep apnea syndrome or restless legs syndrome (RLS) may be misdiagnosed as ADHD. Moreover, ADHD and primary sleep disorders may occur as comorbidities. In particular, RLS was suggested to be highly associated with ADHD, indicating a probable common central nervous dopaminergic dysfunction. To date, larger studies with adequate sample sizes that compare sleep in adult patients with ADHD, healthy control groups and patients with other primary sleep disorders are still lacking.     

Venlafaxine in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The primary purpose of this study was to describe tolerability and efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A 6-week open trial of venlafaxine was conducted in 13 children and adolescents (mean age 9.9 +/- 2.5 years) with ADHD, and without comorbid depression. Venlafaxine was initiated at a dose of 18.75 mg/day and flexibly titrated to 56.25 mg/day. The Conners parent scale and Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) severity item were performed at baseline and at the end of the 6-week trial. All subjects completed the trial. Mean final dose of venlafaxine was 40.3 +/- 7.0. Venlafaxine was significantly effective in reducing the total score of the Conners parent scale from baseline to endpoint (P < 0.002, Z =-3.113) and the CGI severity item (P < 0.05). Transient side-effects such as somnolence (n = 2), stomachache (n = 2), and headache (n = 1) disappeared after second week of treatment. Also three subjects complained of sedation after raising the dose to 56.5 mg/day, therefore the dose was reduced to the previous level. These preliminary data suggest that venlafaxine may be an effective medication in the treatment of some children and adolescents with ADHD. Future double-blind controlled trials should be undertaken.     

注意缺陷多动障碍自我意识和家庭环境情况的初步研究

目的评定注意缺陷多动障碍（ＡＤＨＤ）儿童的自我意识和家庭环境，并探讨二者与ＡＤＨＤ儿童的关系。方法应用Ｐｉｅｒｓ－Ｈａｒｒｉｓ儿童自我意识量表和家庭环境量表对７７例ＡＤＨＤ儿童进行评定。结果ＡＤＨＤ儿童自我意识低者占５３％，在行为、智力和学校、合群等方面低于正常儿童，家庭环境在亲密度、文化性等方面低于正常儿童家庭，而矛盾性高于正常家庭（Ｐ＜００１～００５）。结论ＡＤＨＤ儿童自我意识水平偏低，家庭环境较差。因此，对ＡＤＨＤ儿童药物治疗的同时，不可忽视心理治疗     

Parental rating of sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Objective  Sleep problems have often been associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parents of those with ADHD and children with ADHD report sleep difficulties more frequently than healthy children and their parents. The primary objective of this paper is to describe sleep patterns and problems of 5 to 11-year-old children suffering from ADHD as described by parental reports and sleep questionnaires. Method  The study included 321 children aged 5–11 years (average age 8.4 years); 45 were diagnosed with ADHD, 64 had other psychiatric diagnoses, and 212 were healthy. One hundred and ninety-six of the test subjects were boys and 125 were girls. A semi-structured interview (Kiddie-SADS-PL) was used to DSM-IV diagnose ADHD and comorbidity in the clinical group. Sleep difficulties were rated using a structured sleep questionnaire (Children Sleep Behaviour Scale). Results  Children diagnosed with ADHD had a significantly increased occurrence of sleep problems. Difficulties relating to bedtime and unsettled sleep were significantly more frequent in the ADHD group than in the other groups. Children with ADHD showed prolonged sleep onset latency, but no difference was shown regarding numbers of awakenings per night and total sleep time per night. Comorbid oppositional defiant disorder appeared not to have an added effect on problematic behaviour around bedtime. Conclusion  Parents of children with ADHD report that their children do not sleep properly more often than other parents. The ADHD group report problems with bedtime resistance, problems with sleep onset latency, unsettled sleep and nightmares more often than the control groups. It may therefore be relevant for clinicians to initiate a closer examination of those cases reporting sleep difficulties.     

注意缺陷多动障碍核心症状对ADHD倾向儿童行为问题的影响

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）核心症状对ADHD倾向儿童行为问题的影响,为早期识别ADHD患儿并进行有针对性的干预提供参考。方法 于2021年7月-8月,在广州市某小学筛选25名ADHD倾向儿童作为ADHD倾向组,纳入年龄、性别和年级相匹配的25名儿童作为正常组。采用中文版ADHD斯诺佩评估量表第4版（SNAP-IV）父母版评定ADHD核心症状,采用儿童困难问卷（QCD）和Conners父母症状问卷（PSQ）评定行为问题。采用Spearman相关分析考察ADHD核心症状与QCD和PSQ评分的相关性,采用分层线性回归分析探讨ADHD核心症状对行为问题的影响。结果 (1)组间差异显示,ADHD倾向组的注意缺陷和多动-冲动因子评分均高于正常组（t=7.771、6.726,P均<0.01）。(2)相关分析显示,注意缺陷因子评分与QCD总评分呈负相关（r=-0.440,P<0.05）,与PSQ的学习问题因子评分呈正相关（r=0.457,P<0.05）;多动-冲动因子评分与PSQ的焦虑因子评分呈负相关（r=-0.457,P<0.05）,与PSQ的冲动-多动因子评分呈...     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的额叶反应抑制功能研究

目的使用近红外光学成像（fNIRS）技术研究注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的额叶反应抑制功能。方法采用GO-NOGO任务对19例ADHD儿童和14名健康对照进行测试,用CW5的fNIRS系统进行同步扫描。结果对照组在NOGO任务刺激时前额叶氧合血红蛋白浓度增加强于ADHD组（F=2.11,P〈0.01）;而在GO任务刺激时两组间前额叶氧合血红蛋白值变化无明显的差异（F=0.82,P=0.73）。结论 ADHD患儿的反应抑制功能不足,并且与额叶功能低下有关。     

注意缺陷多动障碍与家庭因素

近年来,儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的研究在国内外受到广泛关注.美国儿科协会临床指南指出学龄儿童ADHD的患病率为4％～12％,是一种最常见的儿童心理行为疾病[1].我国选用DSM-Ⅳ的注意缺陷多动障碍诊断标准,近年调查学龄儿童检出率为3.94％～6.3％[2-4],调查数据普遍低于国外的数据,但总体呈上升趋势.儿童ADHD核心症状为注意力不集中、多动与冲动,它的病因目前仍不清楚,一般认为是由遗传和环境因素引起的一种心理行为性疾病.近年经许多回顾研究表明,ADHD儿童的不良行为与家庭环境因素和养育方式等具有一定的相关性,现在对此作一综述.关键词：注意缺陷多动障碍;家庭环境;教养方式;依恋     

Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children

We aimed to determine whether it is possible to discriminate between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) using standardized assessment tools for RAD. The study involved 107 children: 38 with a diagnosis of RAD and 30 with ADHD were recruited through community child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and specialist ADHD clinics. In addition, 39 typically developing children were recruited through family practice. Clinicians were trained to use a standardized assessment package for RAD using a DVD with brief follow-up support. Discriminant function analysis was used to identify the items in the standardized assessment package that best discriminated between children with ADHD and children with RAD. Clinicians’ ratings of RAD symptoms were reliable, particularly when focusing on eight core DSM-IV symptoms of RAD. Certain parent-report symptoms were highly discriminatory between children with ADHD and children with RAD. These symptoms included “cuddliness with strangers” and “comfort-seeking with strangers”. A semi-structured interview with parents, observation of the child in the waiting room and teacher report of RAD symptoms aided diagnostic discrimination between the groups. Clinical diagnosis of RAD can be made reliably by clinicians, especially when focusing on eight core RAD symptoms. Clear discrimination can be made between children with RAD and children with ADHD.     

伴与不伴注意缺陷多动障碍的抽动秽语综合征患儿动态脑电图的对照研究

目的　探讨伴与不伴注意缺陷多动障碍（ＡＤＨＤ） 的抽动秽语综合征（ＴＳ） 患儿间脑电图的差异。方法　对８６ 例伴与不伴ＡＤＨＤ 的ＴＳ患儿进行２４ ｈ 动态脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ） 监测。结果　伴ＡＤＨＤ的ＴＳ组（４０ 例）ＡＥＥＧ异常率为７５％ ,单纯ＴＳ组（４６ 例） 异常率为３０％ ,２ 组差异有显著性（ Ｐ＜０－０５） ;ＡＥＥＧ异常的主要表现为慢波异常以及癫痫样波。伴ＡＤＨＤ的ＴＳ组的ＡＥＥＧ 局部异常多于广泛异常,且以额叶受累多见;而单纯ＴＳ组则广泛异常多于局部异常。结论　伴与不伴ＡＤＨＤ的ＴＳ患儿在脑电生理学上存在异质性