抑郁症、神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者、３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常受试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱组ＲＥＭ睡眠潜伏期、活动度、强度和密度与抑郁症组相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着某种内在联系，其意义有待进一步探讨。     

抑郁症,神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者，３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度，强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱与抑郁症相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着     

脑卒中后抑郁状态的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态患者的睡眠图异常改变及与抑郁症之间的差异。方法：采用多导睡眠图对６２例脑卒中和３０例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果：卒中后抑郁组与对照组和非抑郁组比较多项睡眠指标均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；卒中后抑郁组的ＲＥＭ睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：卒中后抑郁状态病人除具有睡眠障碍在多导睡眠图改变外，ＲＥＭ睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变，卒中后抑郁状态的发生可能与脑内５－ＴＨ递质改变有关。     

强迫性神经症的睡眠实验研究

目的探索建立强迫症的睡眠图模式。方法对３０例强迫性神经症患者的多导睡眠图和血小板５羟色胺（５ＨＴ）含量进行测试，并与３０名正常受试者进行对照。结果强迫症组多导睡眠图改变主要有快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、ＲＥＭ强度和ＲＥＭ密度增高，以及第１次ＲＥＭ睡眠时间（ＦＲＴ）及其百分比（ＦＲＴ％）增高等；强迫症组血小板５ＨＴ含量明显高于对照组，并与ＦＲＴ、ＦＲＴ％呈正相关。结论ＲＥＭ睡眠指标的改变可能代表了强迫症患者的某些生物学特征。     

情感性精神障碍患者的睡眠脑电图试验研究

目的 探讨情感性精神障碍患者睡眠脑电图的特点。方法 对１０例躁狂中层得、１０例抑郁症患者的睡眠脑电图进行全夜测试,并与１６名正常受试者进行对照。结果 与对组相比,抑郁症组睡眠脑电图改变主要有快动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短等;躁狂症组实际睡眠时间秒,睡眠效率下降。两组比较,抑郁症组比躁狂症组ＲＥＭ潜伏期更短。而躁狂症组比抑郁症组实际睡眠时间更少。结论 睡眠脑电图中的ＲＥＭ指标有可能是情感性精神障碍患者     

抑郁症患者REM睡眠研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者快眼动睡眠的异常改变以及与临床的相关性。方法：对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名正常对照者进行睡眠脑电图检查,并予以比较。结果;抑郁症患者出现明显的ＲＥＭ潜零碎 期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,且与抑郁严重程度显著相关。结论：ＲＥＭ睡眠的潜伏期缩短和密度增加可作为抑郁症诊断中具有参考价值的生物学指标。     

抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究

目的 探讨抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图的异常改变以及抑郁闰不同亚型之间的差异。方法 采用日本光电ＲＭ－６０００多导生理记录仪,对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名健康人进行睡眠脑电图检查。结果 与对照组比较,抑郁症组出现明显的醒觉时间增多、睡眠总时间减少、晒起时间增加、睡眠效率下降、睡眠维持率下降、第一阶段睡眠百分比增加、快速眼球运动（ＲＥＭ）潜代期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,经统计学处理差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

躁狂抑郁症患者安静状态下的闭眼眼球活动

目的探讨躁狂抑郁症患者闭眼眼球活动（ＣＥＭ）的特征。方法对３１例躁狂抑郁症、３２例精神分裂症患者和２６名正常人进行了研究。每例受检者在安静状态下接受１５分钟闭眼眼电描记，计算最后５分钟内平均每分钟眼电活动的次数。结果躁狂抑郁症患者的ＣＥＭ指标值介于精神分裂症和正常者之间，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１）；１８例躁狂发作和１３例抑郁发作的患者之间，ＣＥＭ值差异均无显著性；ＢｅｃｈＲａｆａｅｌｓｏｎ躁狂量表或汉米尔顿抑郁量表总分与ＣＥＭ值无显著相关；正在服用精神药物的２３例躁狂抑郁症患者的ＣＥＭ值与未服药的８例患者相比，差异无显著性。结论躁狂抑郁症患者安静状态下的ＣＥＭ具有其本身的特征，此特征有可能作为与精神分裂症患者和正常对照者的区别点     

失眠症患者的多导睡眠图研究

目的 探讨失眠症患者多导睡眠图睡眠参数的变化特征。方法 对６２例单纯性失眠症患者和２２名正常人进行多导睡眠图描记,并进行各睡眠参数比较。结果 与正常人比较,失眠症患者睡眠潜伏期长（２１．７分）,觉醒次数多（５．４次）,实际睡眠时间少（３３０．６）,睡眠效率低（７３．３％）。睡眠结构快眼动（ＲＥＭ）时间减少（１７．１％）,ＲＥＭ活动度和密度低,自我估价与实际睡眠时间不一致（５２．９％;Ｐ〈０．０５￣     

脑卒中后抑郁状态的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态患者的睡眠图异常改变及与抑郁症之间的差异。方法：采用多导睡眠图对62例脑卒中和30例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果：卒中后抑郁组与对照组和非抑郁组比较多项睡眠指标均有显著性差异（P＜0．05－01）；卒中后抑郁组的REM睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组，差异有显著性（P＜0．01），结论：卒中后抑郁状态病人除具有睡眠障碍在多导睡眠图改变外，REM睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变。卒中后抑郁状态的发生可能与脑内5－TH递质改变有关。     

偏执型精神分裂症的睡眠实验研究

观察30例偏执型精神分裂症患者多导睡眠图,并与30例正常人对照发现,部分患者REM睡眠潜伏期缩短,REM活动度、强度和密度增高;分裂症组个体之间各睡眠指标的变化很不一致,其中以S_3、S_4和REM睡眠各指标最为突出。此外,10例分裂症患者觉醒阶段有REM睡眠插入其中,分裂症患者REM睡眠的变化趋势,特别是“REM睡眠插入现象”反映了REM睡眠不受正常调控而“漏出”的倾向,这种倾向可能与中枢多巴胺活动过度有关。因此,REM睡眠的上述改变,尤其是这种“插入”现象可能代表了部分偏执型精神分裂症患者的某些生物学特征。而患者间各指标变化的差异则支持精神分裂综合征的生物异源学说。     

Electroencephalographic sleep in young, never-medicated schizophrenics. A comparison with delusional and nondelusional depressives and with healthy controls

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep characteristics of young, never-medicated, nonschizoaffective schizophrenics were compared with the EEG sleep of patients with major depressive disorders (delusional and nondelusional) and with that of healthy controls. Schizophrenics had decreased sleep continuity comparable to delusional depressives. Slow-wave sleep percent was similar to that seen in healthy controls, as was the intranight temporal distribution of EEG delta activity. However, schizophrenics showed diminished delta counts per minute of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and a decreased total delta wave count. In contrast, depressives showed diminished slow-wave sleep percent compared with controls, greatly decreased delta activity (more so than did the schizophrenics), and an altered temporal distribution of delta activity, as evidenced by a shift of delta activity from the first to the second NREM period. Minutes of slow-wave sleep in the schizophrenics was inversely correlated with the severity of negative symptoms independent of the effects of age and the presence of depression. The schizophrenics showed normal REM latency and first REM period duration, in contrast to the depressives. These findings, reviewed in the historical context of sleep physiologic studies of schizophrenia over the past 30 years, suggest that young, never-medicated schizophrenics do not show the characteristic constellation of abnormalities in the first NREM-REM cycle seen in patients with major depression. However, decreased slow-wave sleep should be investigated as a possible marker for negative symptoms in schizophrenia.     

Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia. A revisit.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but results have been inconclusive and studies of sleep in schizophrena have been deficient in identifying, comparing, and differentiating between subcategories of schizophrenia. Twenty-nine hospitalized, drug-free schizophrenics were divided into three subgroupsācute, latent, and schizoaffective. The REM intensity measures and REM latency were found to differentiate significantly the schizoaffective group. Sleep-continuity indexes separated the latent and acute groups. Seven patients who later required treatment with tricyclic an tidepressants had base line REM latencies significantly lower and hospitalizations significantly more prolonged than the patients who did not require antidepressants. Sleep measurements may thus identify diagnostic subgroups of schizophrenia as well as predict which schizophrenic depressive syndrome or a concurrent affective syndrome.     

Explorations in the relationship of dream sleep to schizophrenia using positron emission tomography

This study explored the relationship between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and schizophrenia using positron emission tomography. Glucose use was compared between 49 schizophrenics, 30 awake controls and 12 controls in REM sleep. Assessment of the frequency and locations of brain areas showing significant differences suggested that REM did not resemble schizophrenia. Schizophrenics were between the higher awake controls and lower REM controls in corpus callosum glucose use. Hallucinating schizophrenics showed lower left caudate glucose use.     

抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症患者睡眠脑电图及P300的比较

目的探讨抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症患者睡眠脑电图的差异及其与事件相关诱发电位P300关系.方法对31例抑郁症、20例焦虑症、20例强迫症患者进行多导睡眠脑电图和P300测定,将3组的多导睡眠脑电图结果与P300各指标进行相关分析.结果 (1)抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症3组睡眠进程各个指标的差异均无统计学意义;(2)与焦虑症组和强迫症组比较,抑郁症组快速眼动(REM)睡眠的活动量小、强度低、睡眠时间少,睡眠周期数少、睡眠结构中REM睡眠比率均低,而睡眠结构的第1阶段比率高(P<0.01和<0.05);焦虑症组与强迫症组间睡眠脑电图各项指标的差异无统计学意义;(3)各组睡眠脑电图的各项指标与P300存在不同的相关性.结论抑郁症与焦虑症、强迫症睡眠结构比率和REM睡眠的特点不同,关注睡眠特别是REM睡眠的神经机制可能会进一步认识认知功能的改变.     

Sleep and Suicide in Psychiatric Patients

Suicidal patients often report problems with their sleep. Although sleep-related complaints and EEG (electroencephalographic) changes have been seen widely across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders, sleep complaints such as insomnia, hypersomnia, nightmares, and sleep panic attacks are more common in suicidal patients. The subjective quality of sleep as measured by self-rated questionnaires also appears to be more disturbed in suicidal depressive patients. Sleep studies have reported various polysomnographic findings including increased REM (rapid eye movement) time and REM activity in suicidal patients with depression, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. One mechanism responsible for this possible association between suicide and sleep could be the role of serotonin (5HT). Serotonergic function has been found to be low in patients who attempted and/or completed suicide, particularly those who used violent methods. Aggression dyscontrol appears to be an intervening factor between serotonin and suicide. Additionally, agents that enhance serotonergic transmission decrease suicidal behavior. Serotonin has also been documented to play an important role in onset and maintenance of slow wave sleep and in REM sleep. CSF 5-HIAA levels have been correlated with slow wave sleep in patients with depression as well as schizophrenia. Moreover, 5HT2 receptor antagonists have improved slow wave sleep. Further studies are needed to investigate the possible role of sleep disturbance in suicidal behavior.     

Clinical significance of sleep EEG abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between measures of clinical symptom severity and sleep EEG parameters in a relatively diagnostically homogeneous group of patients with schizophrenia. We obtained sleep EEG data in 15 drug-free inpatients who met DSM-IV-R criteria for schizophrenia, undifferentiated type, with 15 age- and sex-matched normal controls over two consecutive night polysomnographic recordings. Clinical symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Characteristic features of sleep disturbance were seen in patients with schizophrenia: profound difficulties in sleep initiation and maintenance, poor sleep efficiency, a slow wave sleep (SWS) deficit, and an increased REM density. SWS was inversely correlated with cognitive symptoms. REM density was inversely correlated with positive, cognitive, and emotional discomfort symptoms as well as PANSS total score. Our data demonstrate that drug-free patients with chronic undifferentiated type schizophrenia suffer from profound disturbances in sleep continuity and sleep architecture. Both the SWS deficit and cognitive impairment found in schizophrenics in this study may relate to similar underlying structural brain abnormalities.     

23例精神分裂症患者的多导睡眠图比较研究

目的:探讨以阳性症状为主和以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的多导睡眠图(PSG)模式,并观察利培酮对精神分裂症PSG的影响.方法:对15例以阳性症状为主和8例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者进行2次的PSG检查,给其中10例服用利培酮治疗6周,观察用药后PSG的变化,结果:精神分裂症患者存在睡眠进程紊乱以及睡眠阶段3,4比例下降,以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者和以阴性闰状为主的精神分裂症患者相比,前者有更低的睡眠阶段2比例,用利培酮治疗后,睡眠进程指标改善,睡眠阶段2的时间和比例增加,REM睡眠潜伏期增加,REM强度减少.结论:以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者有更低的睡眠阶段2比例可能与该组患者的高警觉性有关.睡眠阶段3,4缺陷可能是一个素质标记,而部分患者REM睡眠指标异常可能是一个状态标记.     

Electroencephalographic sleep of adolescents with major depression and normal controls

Forty-nine, mostly outpatient (86%), nonbipolar adolescents, aged Tanner stage III to 18 years, with a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder and 40 adolescents without current presence or history of psychiatric disorder were studied polysomnographically for three consecutive nights. Sleep latency was significantly longer in the depressive groups. The nonendogenous depressive patients exhibited significantly more awake time and lower sleep efficiency during the sleep period. No significant group differences were found for first rapid eye movement (REM) period latency, REM density, or any other REM sleep measures. Age correlated significantly with REM latency and delta sleep time, especially among depressive patients. No significant correlations between sleep measures and severity of illness were found. It appears that the classic REM sleep findings associated with the adult depressive syndrome are not present among depressive adolescents, indicating a later ontogeny for these abnormalities.     

无抽搐电休克治疗抑郁症的Quisi研究

目的探讨无抽搐电休克(MECT)疗法对抑郁症患者Quisi的影响。方法对33例抑郁症患者进行MECT治疗前后睡眠脑电记录,监测MECT治疗前后Quisi的变化。结果抑郁症患者经过MECT治疗后,Quisi显示睡眠总时间增加、睡眠潜伏期缩短、觉醒时间减少、眼快动睡眠(REM)时间减少、慢波睡眠增加;而REM潜伏期无明显变化。结论 MECT有改善睡眠的作用,但尚待进一步观察。