Moderately elevated body mass index is associated with metabolic variables and cardiovascular risk factors in Swedish children

Aim: To evaluate associations between anthropometrics and metabolic variables as well as cardiovascular risk factors among children. Methods: Subjects were recruited from a cohort of 274 healthy children in Umeå, Sweden. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure and venous blood samples were collected at age 10 years and simultaneously from parents. Results: Altogether 144 children (53%), 142 mothers and 123 fathers participated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the children was 18 and 2%, respectively. Overweight children (above age‐ and sex‐specific cut offs corresponding adult BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), compared to normal weight children, had significantly higher BMI already during infancy and higher S‐insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index at 10 years. The children’s BMI was positively associated with waist (boys’ r = 0.67, girls’ r = 0.81), hip (r = 0.68), waist/hip ratio (girls’ r = 0.37), waist/height ratio (boys’ r = 0.59, girls’ r = 0.80), sagittal abdominal diameter (r = 0.75), S‐insulin (r = 0.45), HOMA index (r = 0.49), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.24), mothers’ BMI (girls’ r = 0.42) and mothers’ waist (girls’ r = 0.42). Conclusion: Children at 10 years of age with moderately elevated BMI had higher levels of some metabolic variables and cardiovascular risk factors than did normal weight children, and there was a correlation between BMI and some metabolic variables as well as cardiovascular risk factors.     

Overweight and obesity in Norwegian children: prevalence and socio‐demographic risk factors

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and to identify socio‐demographic risk factors in Norwegian children. Methods: The body mass index of 6386 children aged 2–19 years was compared with the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut‐off values to estimate the prevalence of overweight including obesity (OWOB) and obesity (OB). The effect of socio‐demographic factors on this prevalence was analysed using multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis in a subsample of 3793 children. Results: The overall prevalence of OWOB was 13.8% (13.2% in boys and 14.5% in girls, p = 0.146), but the prevalence was higher in primary school children aged 6–11 years (17%, p < 0.001). The risk of being OWOB or OB increased in children with fever siblings (p = 0.003) and with lower parental educational level (p = 0.001). There was no association with parental employment status, single‐parent families or origin. Conclusion: The prevalence of OWOB and OB in Norwegian primary school children is of concern. Socio‐demographic factors have pronounced effects on the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in a cohort of Norwegian children. This knowledge could help to work out strategies to reduce the burden of overweight and obesity in children.     

167 065名中国0～7岁儿童BMI/Kaup指数研究

目的 探讨使用体块指数（BMI／Kaup指数）筛查儿童单纯肥胖症的价值以及确定界值点应考虑的条件。方法 按WHO身高别体重参照人群值和筛查标准检出肥胖。对中国8市167065名0－7岁儿童BMI／Kaup指数的分布进行研究，对其中肥胖儿童与非肥胖儿童该指数的分布特征和界值点进行比较，亦与成人使用的界值点结果进行比较。结果 在确诊为肥胖的儿童中其Kaup指数在18－25之间的男童占91．8％，女童占84．5％，大于26者男童为2．8％。而15－18的肥胖儿童男童仍有5．6％，女童圾12．8％。无1例小于15。在对照组中，Kaup指数小于18者男童占87．5％，女童占85．4％；Kaup指数在18－25岁之间者男童占12．5％，女童占14．6％。无1例大于25。结论 在中国，目前就建议成人和儿童使用同一个界值点作为筛查肥胖的标准显然是不适当的。应当使用由我儿童人群计算出的参照指数及适合我国儿童的较为准确的界值点，并制定正确使用这个参数的方法与合理的解释。使用Kaup指数筛选肥胖儿童时，18是一个较为适合的界值点。     

Overweight and obesity trends in Copenhagen schoolchildren from 2002 to 2007

Aim: The purpose of this study is to monitor the prevalence trend in overweight and obesity among Copenhagen schoolchildren from the school years 2002 to 2007. Methods: Copenhagen community health service doctors conducted routine examinations at school entry (ages 5–8 years) and exit (ages 14–16 years). Body mass index (kg/m²) of 33 245 schoolchildren was calculated. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) and obesity was classified using the International Obesity Task Force definitions. Results: From 2002 to 2007, although the prevalence of overweight (including obesity) in young girls decreased from 17.8 to 15.9%, the trend was non‐significant. In young boys, the trend slightly decreased, and the prevalence fell from 14.0 to 11.6%. In adolescent girls, the prevalence varied considerably and increased from 22.7 to 25.4% without a discernable trend. In adolescent boys, the trend slightly increased, and the prevalence rose from 15.8 to 18.9%. There were no significant changes in the prevalence of obesity. Conclusion: In contrast to the preceding decades, we identified a potential stagnation in the obesity epidemic among children but a continuing increase among adolescents. It remains critical to continue monitoring and to increase preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity.     

中国新疆地区哈萨克族7~18岁中小学生体重指数分布和超重肥胖筛查参考值的建立

目的 建立中国新疆地区哈萨克族7~18岁中小学生超重和肥胖的体重指数(BMI)百分位曲线和界值点参考标准。方法 采用横断面调查研究,在中国新疆阿勒泰市及其所属乡镇的中小学采用整群随机抽样方法抽取4所学校（共49个班级）同意参加调查的哈萨克族7~18岁中小学生为调查对象。采集性别、年龄、身高和体重测量资料;应用偏度-中位数-变异系数法建立哈萨克族7~18岁中小学生的BMI百分位曲线;利用儿童青少年超重和肥胖的BMI百分位数曲线在18岁通过国际肥胖工作小组（IOTF）定义的成人超重和肥胖BMI界值点(25 kg·m-2/30 kg·m-2) 和中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）定义的界值点( 24 kg·m-2和28 kg·m-2) 的方法,计算出哈萨克族7~18岁各年龄超重和肥胖的BMI界值点。结果 共采集7~18岁中小学生2 487名,其中男1 158名,女1 329名。①按照IOTF标准,超重和肥胖的BMI百分位曲线：男性分别为P88.63和P98.28,女性分别为P84.41和 P98.12;按照WGOC标准,超重和肥胖的BMI百分位数曲线：男性分别为P92.96和P99.28 ,女性分别为P90.53和P99.38。②哈萨克族男性超重和肥胖BMI标准曲线低于WGOC和IOTF标准;女性肥胖标准曲线13~14岁前低于WGOC和IOTF标准,之后略高于WGOC和IOTF标准。 ③哈萨克族男性超重、肥胖的界值百分位曲线均低于或接近的汉族和维吾尔族水平;哈萨克族女性超重界值百分位曲线在14岁前介于汉族和维吾尔族间,之后接近或达到汉族水平;肥胖界值百分位曲线在10岁前低于汉族和维吾尔族水平,14岁后达到或接近汉族水平。结论 儿童青少年BMI分布有显著的地域差异和民族差异,哈萨克族中小学生超重和肥胖BMI界值标准不同于IOTF和WGOC所建议的相应标准。因此哈萨克族中小学生超重、肥胖人群的筛查可以参考本研究建立的标准。     

Assessment of the medial longitudinal arch in children and adolescents with obesity: footprints and radiographic study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate foot arch types of obese children and adolescents aged 9–16.5 years using both indirect and direct measures. Fifty-eight obese children/adolescents attending the paediatric endocrinology unit of the University Hospital “Lozano Blesa” in Zaragoza were selected as experimental subjects. Fifty-eight gender and age matched, normal-weight children/adolescents were selected as control subjects. To assess the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) height, which is used as a main reference for the diagnosis of flatfoot, footprints from both feet were collected (in both groups) and lateral weight-bearing radiographs of both feet were taken (of 49 of the 58 obese children). Footprint angle (FA) and the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) were calculated from the footprints. Talus-first metatarsal (TFMA) and calcaneal inclination angles (CIA) were obtained from lateral feet radiographs. In the normal-weight group, mean values of FA and CSI indicated a normal MLA. In the obese group, morphological flatfoot was identified. Comparison between both groups, by side and gender, showed a decrease of FA (p < 0.001) and an increase of CSI (p <0.001) in obese subjects. Mean values of TFMA and CIA in the obese group indicated a lowering of the MLA. Obese children/adolescents between 9 and 16.5 years of age had significantly lower values of FA and higher CSI, related to a lower MLA. Radiographic parameters supported these findings and mean values were associated with a fall of this arch.     

儿童单纯性肥胖相关危险因素的性别差异

目的 分析儿童青少年单纯性肥胖症相关危险因素的性别差异.方法 采用横断面研究,以5所学校2 852名6～16岁中小学生为调查对象,测量其身高、体质量,并发放自填式调查问卷,内容包括年龄、性别、出生体质量、监护人教育程度、6个月内喂养方式、父母亲肥胖及慢性病史、饮食因素和运动因素,以上内容填写完整的2 396名学生纳入研究,根据体质量指数(BMI)分为正常组和超重肥胖组,分别对男女童组行单因素统计分析,有统计学意义的危险因素进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 高出生体质量只在男童中显示为危险因素,其发生肥胖的危险性是出生体质量正常的1.78倍(95％ CI 1.18 ～2.67,P=0.006).诊断为超重肥胖的父亲,其子女发生超重肥胖的危险性分别是体质量正常组的1.70倍和1.91倍(P=0.000),而母亲相应为1.86倍和2.32倍(P =0.000).父亲至少患有1种慢性病者仅对男童超重肥胖有影响(OR=1.45,95％CI 1.05 ～2.01,P=0.024).饮食方面,偏荤的女童容易发生肥胖(OR=1.85,95％CI 1.06 ～3.21,P=0.030),同时,进食速度在10 min以下的男童和女童患超重肥胖的危险性是25 min以上的3.93倍和2.82倍(P＜0.05).运动方面,女童组显示:寒暑假每周大于0.5h的户外运动次数为0～1次的女童患超重肥胖的危险性是每周户外运动次数为8次女童的2.32倍(95％ CI 1.15 ～4.67,P=0.018);男童组显示:学习日放学后户外基本不运动的男生患超重肥胖危险性是户外运动大于1.0h男童的2.56倍(95％ CI 1.65 ～ 3.97,P=0.000).结论 男女童单纯性肥胖共有的危险因素包括父母亲肥胖遗传史和进食速度,且母亲遗传效应更明显;男童独有的危险因素包括高出生体质量、父亲患有慢性病(高血压、糖尿病、脂肪肝、血脂代谢异常中至少1种)、学习日放学后基本不运动;女童独有的危险因素包括饮食摄入蔬菜少、荤菜多、寒暑假每周＞0.5h的户外运动低于5次.     

Duration of television watching is associated with increased body mass index

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of television viewing on subsequent change in body mass index (BMI=kg/m(2)) percentiles (BMI%) in adolescence. STUDY DESIGN: Data were drawn from the California Teen Longitudinal Survey of adolescents 12 to 17 years old with baseline assessment in 1993 and follow-up in 1996. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI and derive age-specific and sex-specific BMI%. Hours of television watched per day were obtained at baseline (BTV). The relations of BTV and BMI percentiles both at baseline and after 3 years were assessed with linear regression modeling. RESULTS: Of 2223 adolescents (52% male, 68% white), 5.85% (n=130) were overweight (BMI > or =95th percentile) at baseline and 5.40% (n=120) at follow-up. Mean BTV was 2.85 (SD, 1.98). In adjusted models, with each additional hour of BTV, the baseline BMI% increased by.9, and the follow-up BMI% increased by.47. Adolescents who watched more than 2 hours of television a day were twice as likely to be overweight at follow-up as adolescents who watched < or =2 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Television viewing leads to a subsequent increase in BMI percentiles and overweight. Efforts to decrease overweight should consider interventions to reduce television time.     

The relation of maternal job strain and cortisol levels during early pregnancy with body composition later in the 5-year-old child: the ABCD study

Background

Prenatal exposure to maternal stress may program the fetal HPA axis, potentially leading to altered metabolism in later life, associated with adiposity and diabetes.

Aims

This association is little studied in humans, and thus we explore whether high maternal job strain during early pregnancy, as well as maternal cortisol levels are associated with increased body mass index (BMI), central adiposity or body fat mass in the offspring at age five. Additionally, we explore whether these associations are modified by gender or mediated by gestational age and fetal growth restriction.

Study design

2939 pregnant women (ABCD cohort study) completed a questionnaire around gestational week 16 including the Job Content Questionnaire, assessing job strain. Serum total cortisol was assessed in a subsample (n = 1320). Gestational age (≥ 37 weeks), standardized birth weight and information on many covariates were available. At the age five health check, height, weight (BMI, kg/m²), waist circumference (waist-to-height ratio, WHtR) and Fat Mass Index (FMI, kg/m²) were assessed.

Results

Job strain was not associated with higher BMI, WHtR or FMI. Higher maternal cortisol was independently associated with marginally higher FMI in girls, but marginally lower FMI in boys (β 0.09 and β −0.10 per 100 unit increase in serum cortisol, respectively. p < 0.01). This association was not mediated by gestational age or fetal growth restriction.

Conclusions

Results show that prenatal maternal job strain and cortisol may not program obesity and adiposity in the next generation in humans, but gender differences should always be considered.     

Overweight/obesity in adolescents with phenylketonuria: protective and predisposing factors

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity development in adolescents with early diagnosed phenylketonuria treated exclusively by diet.MethodologyIn this cross-sectional study anthropometric measurements, serum phenylalanine levels, and 10 metabolites associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were analyzed in 101 adolescents aged 10–20 years. Adolescents were categorized into overweight/obesity and eutrophic/low body mass index groups. These patients were compared using Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, Wald's chi-square test for multivariate analysis. Further, to verify whether the prevalence of overweight/obesity found in the study population was similar to that in the general population, the authors compared the nutritional status of 46 patients aged 13–17 years with that of healthy students of the same age from the National School Health Survey using the chi-square test for adherence. The significance threshold was p < 0.5.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents was 27.7%. There was no difference in prevalence between sexes. Older age was a protective factor and Increased Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance index and high phenylalanine and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were predictive factors for overweight/obesity. The equality hypothesis was not rejected in the comparison of nutritional states of 46 patients aged 13–17 years and healthy students of the same age.ConclusionThe prevalence of overweight/obesity in phenylketonuria adolescents was similar to what is found in healthy adolescents.     

儿童体重指数与肠道菌群多样性的关联性研究

目的 对儿童体重指数(body mass index,BMI)与肠道菌群多样性的关联性进行初步探讨.方法 采用横断面调查方法,从2018年7月1日至7日在广东省茂名市共招募87名儿童,平均年龄(11±2)岁.以世界卫生组织2006年发布的儿童体格生长指标百分位数参考值为标准,将研究对象分成偏瘦、正常、超重以及肥胖4个组...     

儿童肥胖与C-反应蛋白瘦素胰岛素敏感指数的相关性研究

目的：探讨儿童肥胖与超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、瘦素(LP)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)的相关性。方法：抽样调查湘潭市13702名2～18岁儿童及青少年，将69名肥胖自愿者及30名年龄、性别相匹配的自愿受试者分为两组，分别测体重指数(BMI)、hsCRP，LP，空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(INS)，计算ISI，比较两组差异及各指标的相关性。结果：肥胖组hsCRP，INS，LP显著高于对照组(P<0.01)，ISI显著低于对照组(P<0.01)；BMI与hsCRP，LP，INS呈显著正相关(P<0.05～0.01)，与ISI呈显著负相关(P<0.01)，hsCRP与FPG，INS呈显著正相关(P<0.05～0.01)，与ISI呈显著负相关(P<0.01)；LP与INS，BMI呈显著正相关(P<0.01)，与ISI呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论：肥胖儿童存在胰岛素抵抗(IR)及瘦素抵抗(LR)，同时CRP，LP等炎症因子在肥胖发病过程中起重要作用。     

New Danish reference values for height,weight and body mass index of children aged 0–5 years

Aim: To derive new reference values for height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of children aged 0–5 years in Denmark and to compare them with the national reference from the 1970s and the 2006 WHO standard. Methods: The height and weight of 4105 healthy singleton children born in 1995 were obtained from a cohort study. Children were measured at birth and at seven regular health examinations by a general practitioner up to 5 years of age. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape were used to construct percentile curves. Results: Mean length, weight and BMI at birth and during the first months of life increased significantly, but the differences diminished thereafter, and at 1 year BMI had decreased. In boys, weight and BMI had decreased by 2 years of age but had increased, together with height, at 5 years. Children were taller, heavier and had a higher BMI than that referred to in the WHO standard. Conclusion: New references for length or height, weight and BMI by age were constructed for children in Denmark. Since the 1970s, weight, length and BMI at birth increased, and growth during the first year of life appears to be healthier.     

Comparison of body mass index and triceps skinfold at 5 years and young adult body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure

Aim: To examine which measure of obesity at 5 years, body mass index (BMI) or triceps skinfold thickness, is most strongly associated with 21‐year risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including BMI, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Methods: Longitudinal birth cohort study with BMI and triceps skinfold measurements at age 5, and BMI, WC and blood pressure at 21 years. Overweight and obesity at 5 years were determined according to Cole‐International Obesity Task Force standards, at 21, by World Health Organization definitions. Triceps skinfold thickness measurements were converted to a z‐score, and cut‐offs for overweight and obesity were chosen to reflect similar proportions to the BMI subgroups. BMI, WC, SBP and DBP were also measured at 21 years. Results: Five‐year BMI and triceps skinfold thickness were both significantly associated with the CVD risk measures at 21 years. For overweight/obesity at 5 years, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for 21‐year overweight/obesity was 5.6 (4.2, 7.4), for 21‐year WC was 1.5 (1.2, 2.0). Mean difference (95% CI) in BMI was 4.4 (3.9, 5.0), in WC 8.3 cm (6.8, 9.8), in SBP 2.4 mm Hg (0.5, 4.3), in DBP 1.1 mm Hg (0.1, 2.2). For skinfold, the similar findings were odds ratio 2.6 (2.0, 3.4) and 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) for 21‐year BMI and WC, and mean differences of 2.6 (2.0, 3.2), WC 4.8 cm (3.3, 6.3), SBP 2.3 mm Hg (0.5, 4.2) and DBP 0.7 mm Hg (?0.4, 1.8). Conclusions: In children with overweight/obesity, BMI rather than triceps skinfold is the preferred epidemiological measure for identifying young adult CVD risk markers of BMI, WC and blood pressure.