原发性胰腺淋巴瘤的诊疗分析

目的探讨原发性胰腺淋巴瘤（PPL）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院2002～2006年期间收治的6例PPL的临床资料。结果本组6例患者中3例病灶位于胰头，3例位于胰体尾。临床症状以上腹不适、黄疸为主。术前仅1例通过影像学检查获得诊断。2例行胰十二指肠切除术，3例行胰体尾联合脾切除术，1例行剖腹探查、组织活检术。术后病理诊断均为胰腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤。患者术后均行化疗，除1例失访以外，其余5例均存活。结论PPL的临床症状、影像学表现及实验室检查结果不具特异性，与胰腺癌难以区分，明确诊断有赖于病理组织学检查。对术前未能确诊的胰腺淋巴瘤患者，外科手术治疗结合术后化疗、放疗安全有效。     

原发性胰腺非何杰金淋巴瘤六例的诊治分析

目的：探讨原发性胰腺非何杰金淋巴瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性分析1980年1月至2000年3月间收治的原发性胰腺非何杰金淋巴瘤6例。结果：本组6例患者中2例病灶位于胰头部，4例位于胰体尾和胰尾部。临床表现包括上腹部不适、体重减轻、腹部肿块和黄疸。术前行B超和CT检查均诊断为胰腺癌。2例分别行胰十二指肠切除术和胰体尾切除术，4例经手术明确诊断。病理报告为非何杰金淋巴瘤。手术后均行化疗，4例实施放疗。除1例失访外，其余5例分别存活58、49、22、13和4个月。结论：原发性胰腺非何杰金淋巴瘤的临床表现和影像学检查均无特异性，明确诊断依赖于组织学检查，外科手术有较好的疗效。     

胰腺癌早期诊断和鉴别诊断的难点及对策

目的为了总结经验吸取教训,提高胰腺癌的早期诊断和鉴别诊断使患者得到早期治疗,提高胰腺癌的生存率。方法对本院收治的3例漏诊误诊胰腺癌患者临床资料,结合文献进行分析、总结。结果1例漏诊长期诊断为糖尿病、后经CT和MRI检查确诊时,已属胰腺癌晚期,无法手术只能行保守治疗。2例误诊为胰腺癌经术后病理证实为(胰头)非霍奇金淋巴瘤和十二指肠腺癌。结论要提高对胰腺癌的认识,重视对高危人群检查,上腹部多排螺旋CT、胰腺MRI、超声内镜或PET-CT配合血肿瘤标记物的联合检查,可提高早期胰腺癌诊断的正确性,但最终确诊有赖于病理。     

MCST检测AIP及胰腺癌的影像学特征及诊断价值分析

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)及胰腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选取2014年1月—2018年6月山东大学齐鲁医院收治的40例胰腺癌、67例AIP患者的影像资料,对比两组的影像学特征,并以病理学结果作为诊断金标准,评价MSCT诊断胰腺癌和AIP的临床价值。结果:MSCT检查显示,AIP患者和胰腺癌患者的胰腺形态、胰腺病灶密度、胰腺病灶平扫期密度、胰腺病灶门脉期密度情况比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);AIP和胰腺癌患者病灶动脉期密度比较,差异均不具有统计学意义(P0.05);MSCT诊断AIP患者和胰腺癌的灵敏度为90.00%、特异度为85.07%、漏诊率为10.00%、误诊率为14.93%。结论:AIP及胰腺癌患者在MSCT下具有不同的影像学特征,MSCT对于二者的鉴别诊断具有较高的临床实用价值。     

异位胰腺误诊为胃肠间质瘤的临床分析

目的提高对异位胰腺与胃肠问质瘤的鉴别诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年6月于上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的14例术前诊断为胃肠间质瘤而术后病理证实为异位胰腺组织患者的临床资料及随访资料。结果本组病例男9例,女5例,年龄26,69岁。其中8例有上腹隐痛不适症状,2例为肠梗阻表现,4例为体检偶然发现。12例术前影像学检查及内镜检查均提示胃肠间质瘤。所有患者均行手术治疗,其中11例病变发生于胃,l例发生于十二指肠,2例发生于空肠;术后病理证实均为异位胰腺,其中10例以胰腺腺泡和胰腺导管混合存在为主要成分,同时含有平滑肌组织以及少量胃黏膜组织;3例以胰腺腺泡为主;1例以胰腺导管及平滑肌为主。随访时间为（26．5±5．1）月,均无复发和死亡者。结论异位胰腺缺乏特征性的临床表现和有效的术前辅助检查手段,易与胃肠间质瘤混淆。手术切除是治愈异位胰腺的唯一有效手段,而术后病理是鉴别两种疾病最可靠的诊断方法。     

胰管结石的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的诊断和外科治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析2004年至2008年湖北省十堰市郧阳医学院太和医院手术治疗的22例胰管结石患者的临床资料,探讨该病的诊断和治疗方法.结果 B超检查的阳性率为77%(17/22),CT检查为89%(17/19),MRCP检查(3/3)和ERCP检查(5/5)均为100%.6例采用胰十二指肠切除术,14例采用胰管切开取石+胰管空肠吻合术,2例采用胰尾切除术.全组2例确诊胰腺癌,无手术死亡,3例出现手术并发症.21例患者术后腹痛症状有不同程度缓解,1例腹泻加重,血糖增高;3例患者结石复发.结论 联合影像学检查对胰管结石的诊断和指导治疗具有重要作用;本病仍以手术治疗为主,手术方式根据结石位置和是否合并胰腺肿瘤决定.     

首发症状为急慢性胰腺炎的胰腺癌诊断与治疗

目的 总结首发症状为急慢性胰腺炎的胰腺癌的诊断与治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2014年6月大连医科大学附属第一医院和大连医科大学附属中心医院收治的13例以急慢性胰腺炎为首发症状的胰腺癌患者的临床资料.患者术前行实验室和影像学检查,术前根据肿瘤部位、进展程度和患者意愿决定治疗方案.治疗方法包括手术、放疗、化疗或其他对症支持治疗.手术患者术中及术后行病理学检查.通过电话随访患者出院后生存情况,随访时间截至2014年7月.结果 13例患者表现为腹痛,7例表现为腰背痛.7例患者体质量下降.13例患者均无胰腺癌家族史.13例患者中1例拒绝采血化验,12例患者血清CA19-9值升高(其中11例＞1×105 U/L),5例患者血清CEA升高.13例患者均行腹部CT平扫或增强扫描,3例患者行MRI检查,3例患者行超声检查.肿瘤位于胰头部9例、胰颈部2例、胰尾部2例.肿瘤大小为1.7 cm×1.7 cm～4.9 cm ×4.8 cm.7例患者见胆总管、肝内胆管、胰管扩张.3例患者肿瘤侵犯肠系膜上静脉.腹腔内淋巴结明显肿大者4例,腹腔积液者3例.CT检查证实胆囊结石2例,MRCP检查证实胆总管结石1例.超声检查均提示胰腺体积增大,其中2例提示主胰管扩张.10例患者经影像学检查排除腹腔其他部位恶性肿瘤证实为胰腺癌晚期.依据影像学进行分期,临床分期为Ⅱ期5例、Ⅳ期8例.2例患者行胰十二指肠切除术,其中1例术后行放化疗.1例患者行姑息性胆肠吻合+胃空肠吻合术.10例非手术患者中1例施行放疗,2例施行化疗,其余7例患者采取对症支持治疗.2例行胰十二指肠切除患者的病理学检查结果均为中、低分化腺癌,瘤体大小分别为4.0 cm ×3.0 cm×2.5 cm和2.5 cm×2.0cm×1.0cm.13例患者中3例失访.慢性胰腺炎为首发症状的患者生存时间为0.5 ～10.0个月,中位生存时间为3.0个月.急性胰腺炎为首发症状的患者生存时间为2.0 ～6.0个月,中位生存时间为4.5个月.4例CEA升高的患者,出院后平均生存时间为3.5个月,5例CEA未升高的患者出院后平均生存时间为5.4个月.10例随访患者在随访期内均因胰腺肿瘤转移或复发死亡.结论 首发症状为急慢性胰腺炎的胰腺癌临床症状不典型,早期诊断较为困难,确诊时多为晚期,预后较差.联合实验室和影像学检查,并依据病情变化动态追踪可提高诊断的准确性.治疗采用以外科手术为主的综合治疗.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术对胰腺癌诊断价值的研究

目的 探讨ERCP在临床怀疑胰腺癌患者中的诊断价值及比较ERCP与US和CT对胰腺癌诊断的意义。方法 以病理诊断为依据．对行44例临床怀疑胰腺癌患者进行ERCP与US和CT比较研究．结果 32例胰腺癌ERCP的X光片表现有主胰管近端狭窄与远端扩张14例（43．5％），主胰管截断现象5例（15．63％）．主胰管移位例（9．37％），“双管征”8例（25％），胰腺内斑点状造影剂潴留2例（6．25％），正常胰管3例（9．38％）；ERCP、US和CT对44例临床怀疑胰腺癌患者的特异性和敏感性分别为83．33％、90．63％，25％、65．63％和41．67％、84．38％。结论 ①胰腺癌的ERCP有胰管扩张、狭窄、中断和移位等特征性表现．但正常胰管影像不能除外胰腺癌的诊断；②ERCP对胰腺癌诊断的特异性和敏感性均较CT和US为优：③ERCP能直视乳头部及上消化道的病变并可活检组织．对胰腺癌的鉴别诊断非常重要：④ERCP对胰头癌引起胆道梗阻可放置胆道支架以减退黄疸．延长患者的生存期。     

胰管结石的临床分析

目的探讨胰管结石的诊断、治疗及发病原因。方法回顾分析1998年1月1日至2004年11月31日期间收治的有完整病史资料的88例胰管结石患者的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。结果88例患者病史不典型，以上腹部疼痛最常见，所有病例均伴有慢性胰腺炎。B超检查81例，诊断为胰管结石76例，胰腺钙化5例；CT检查51例，诊断为胰管结石47例，钙化4例，其中有5例疑伴胰腺癌；MRCP检查47例，诊断为胰管结石45例，胰腺钙化1例，胰腺钙化伴胰管扩张1例，其中6例疑伴胰腺癌。56例行手术治疗，53例痊愈出院，2例好转出院，1例胰管结石伴酒精性肝硬变，门静脉高压症患者术后第23d死于肝、肾功能衰竭。25例行中西医结合治疗，17例痊愈，8例好转出院。另7例主动放弃治疗。结论B超是胰管结石的首选检查方法，MRCP对其诊断和治疗有指导意义；胰管结石伴有严重的临床症状或疑伴胰腺癌时，手术是其最佳选择。     

肾原发性淋巴瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、影像学特征及诊治。方法总结2例肾脏原发性淋巴瘤患者的临床病理、影像学特点、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗预后资料,并结合文献复习讨论。结果2例患者均为中老年人,发病后均有腰部隐痛或钝痛;影像学检查均显示肾脏占位性病变;病理诊断均为肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤,其中1例为霍奇金淋巴瘤（以结节硬化型为主）,1例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤（B细胞性）。1例行手术加化疗,1例单纯化疗;患者预后佳,目前分别存活1年和5年8个月。结论肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤十分罕见,尤其是霍奇金淋巴瘤;确诊需病理组织学检查,治疗主要是单纯化疗或根治性肾切除加化疗。     

胰腺手术后胰瘘的治疗现状

瘘是消化系统常见的疾病或并发症 ,发病率高 ,治疗棘手 ,疗程较长 ,花费较多。我刊经常收到热心读者来函或来电咨询相关问题 ,例如 :胰腺假性囊肿与胰瘘的关系 ,如何采取干预措施预防向胰外瘘的发展 ;再如 ,肝外伤特别是钝性伤时 ,如何在手术过程中避免遗漏肝内胆管损伤等。为了能使读者较为系统全面地认识这个问题 ,本期诚邀国内这一领域的相关专家进行讨论 ,希望能抛砖引玉 ,使更多医生、研究人员提高认识 ,如果读者在临床工作中有好的经验 ,欢迎大家踊跃来稿继续讨论     

Roux-en-Y Drainage of the Pancreatic Stump Decreases Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatic Resection

Clinically relevant fistula after distal pancreatic resection occurs in 5–30% of patients, prolonging recovery and considerably increasing in-hospital stay and costs. We tested whether routine drainage of the pancreatic stump into a Roux-en-Y limb after distal pancreatic resection decreased the incidence of fistula. From October 2001, data of all patients undergoing pancreatic distal resection were entered in a prospective database. From June 2003 after resection, the main pancreatic duct and the pancreatic stump were oversewn, and in addition, anastomosed into a jejunal Roux-en-Y limb by a single-layer suture (n = 23). A drain was placed near the anastomosis, and all patients received octreotide for 5–7 days postoperatively. The volume of the drained fluid was registered daily, and concentration of amylase was measured and recorded every other day. Patient demographics, hospital stay, pancreatic fistula incidence (≥30 ml amylase-rich fluid/day on/after postoperative day 10), perioperative morbidity, and follow-up after discharge were compared with our initial series of patients (treated October 2001–May 2003) who underwent oversewing only (n = 20). Indications, patient demographics, blood loss, and tolerance of an oral diet were similar. There were four (20%) pancreatic fistulas in the “oversewn” group and none in the anastomosis group (p < 0.05). Nonsurgical morbidity, in-hospital stay, and follow-up were comparable in both groups. Wagner and Gloor both contributed equally in this work.     

胰腺星状细胞在胰腺纤维化中的作用

目的介绍胰腺星状细胞在胰腺纤维化中的作用及抗胰腺纤维化研究进展。方法复习相关文献资料并作综述。结果胰腺星状细胞的活化与胰腺纤维化密切相关,抑制胰腺星状细胞活化可为临床治疗慢性胰腺炎提供新的途径。结论胰腺星状细胞是胰腺纤维化发病的关键环节,并逐渐成为抗胰腺纤维化及治疗慢性胰腺炎的重要靶标。     

Pancreatic cancer

During 1972-1981, a total of 177 individuals were diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer at the Central Hospital of Eskilstuna, Sweden. The mean crude incidence rate was 15.0 X 10(-5) year-1. Only 56% of the patients had the diagnosis made prior to death. 63% of the cancers had advanced beyond therapeutic range. Symptoms compatible with upper abdominal disease for more than six months prior to diagnosis occurred in 27% of the cases, and 15% had sought medical advice more than 6 months prior to diagnosis. Radical surgery was performed on 5 patients of whom one died postoperatively, and 61 patients (34%) underwent palliative treatment. The postoperative mortality rate after palliative treatment was 28%. The mean survival time for the whole series was 2.6 months, and 13% survived for one year. One patient survived for 2 years after palliative treatment. It is concluded that the only means by which the prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer may be improved is to define populations at high risk and to develop more specific and sensitive diagnostic methods.     

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating diagnosis whose prognosis has remained largely unchanged over the last two decades. Where possible, surgical resection represents the optimal treatment strategy, yet just one-fifth of patients meet the operative criteria. The non-specific nature of presentation coupled with its relative chemoresistance are partly responsible for the poor survival rates. Improvements in understanding the natural history of the disease, more sophisticated imaging techniques and increased use of endoscopic ultrasound, has allowed earlier detection and expeditious management of pancreatic cancer. The use of FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel regimens has shown improved median survival in patients with widespread metastatic disease. To this end, these regimens have been used with some success in the neoadjuvant setting. Future perspectives include studying the carcinogenesis of pancreatic malignancy and tumour related genetic mutations, which it is hoped will lead to new developments in the management of pancreatic cancer, and in turn improved survival rates.     

Pancreatic tuberculosis

A 63-year-old Japanese man visited our institute with fever of unknown origin. Findings on preoperative imaging modalities were consistent with pancreatic carcinoma, but a positive tuberculin skin test indicated tuberculosis infection. Negative results for MycobacteriumDNA polymerase chain reaction from sputum and bone-marrow aspiration biopsy specimens ruled out pulmonary and miliary tuberculosis, respectively. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d-glucose (FDG) showed multiple labeled spots within the pancreas body and chest. Distal pancreatectomy was performed with a diagnosis of suspected pancreatic carcinoma, but the histological and microbiological diagnosis was Mycobacterium infection. A rare case of pancreatic tuberculosis evaluated by FDG PET is reported and discussed herein.     

Pancreatic transplantation

Pancreas transplantation is the only treatment of Type I diabetes that consistently establishes an insulin-independent, normoglycemic state. Currently long-term insulin-independence is achieved in > 80% of recipients of pancreas grafts placed simultaneous with the kidney and in > 70% of recipients of a pancreas after a kidney and non-uremic recipients of a pancreas alone. The penalty is immunosuppression, already obligatory for a kidney recipient, but the benefits are improved quality of life and the effect that perfect control of glycemia can have on secondary complications of diabetes.