阿霉素聚乳酸微球的制备及体外释药特性研究

目的:对阿霉素聚乳酸微球的制备工艺、含量测定及体外释药特性进行初步研究.方法:以人工合成可生物降解聚合物聚乳酸为载体,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备阿霉素聚乳酸微球,用UV-260紫外分光光度计测定其药物含量和体外释药量.结果:所制备的阿霉素聚乳酸微球外形圆整,算术平均球径为55.2 μm,载药量为30.21 μg*mg-1,12 h体外累积释药量36%.结论:聚乳酸微球具有很好的控释能力,使用前景广阔.     

载羟基喜树碱聚乳酸微球的制备与体外释药研究

目的:研究载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球的制备方法并考察其体外释药性质。方法:以PLA为成膜材料,采用改良乳化-溶剂挥发法,制备载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球并优化制备工艺;对载药微球进行表征;超声介导下进行载药微球的体外释药试验。结果:微球粒径在1～7μm,大小均一;羟基喜树碱浓度在10mg.mL-1下,载药微球包封率为62.2%,载药量为1.69%;药物体外释药符合Higuchi方程。结论:采用乳化-溶剂挥发法,以PLA为成膜材料可制得具有较高包封率的羟基喜树碱微球,有望实现降低羟基喜树碱给药量、减少不良反应,提高靶向性的目标。     

注射用醋酸奈西利肽缓释微球的制备及体外释药研究

目的制备注射用醋酸奈西利肽缓释微球,考察其体外释药特性,以达到缓释作用,减少用药次数。方法采用复乳-液中干燥法,以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)为载体,乙酸乙酯为有机溶剂,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液为分散介质,甘露醇为保护剂,通过冷冻干燥制备注射用醋酸奈西利肽缓释微球。以微球粒径、收率、包封率为指标,采用正交实验优化微球的处方和制备工艺。采用透析法考察含药微球的体外释药特性,计算微球累积释药百分率,绘制体外释药曲线。结果通过正交实验筛选出了制备注射用醋酸奈西利肽缓释微球的处方和制备工艺,载药量为37.3%,包封率为91.2%,zeta电位为(-27.8±1.72)m V,含药缓释微球的体外释药过程符合Higuchi方程。结论制备的注射用醋酸奈西利肽缓释微球具有长时间的缓释作用。     

甲睾酮聚乳酸微球的制备及其释药性能研究

目的制备甲睾酮聚乳酸微球,研究其体外释药过程。方法采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备甲睾酮聚乳酸微球;以0.25%SDS-5%乙醇(pH3.4)为释放介质,采用高效液相色谱法测定甲睾酮聚乳酸微球的体外释药量。结果甲睾酮聚乳酸微球开始释药较快,存在一定突释效应,随后以缓慢的方式释药,可用双相动力学方程100-R=35.77e0.1321t+63.91e7.372E-4t描述。结论制成的甲睾酮聚乳酸微球具有明显的缓释作用。     

关节腔注射用氟比洛芬PLGA缓释微球的制备及体外释放特性研究

目的制备关节腔注射用氟比洛芬(FP)缓释微球并研究其体外释药特性。方法以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为材料,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备微球;正交设计法优化微球的制备工艺;采用透析法研究体外释药特性,UV法测定FP的含量。结果正交试验表明,PLGA的浓度是影响微球包封率的非常显著性因素。微球粒径范围为1.5~24.3μm,平均粒径为10.6μm,载药量为7.1%(W/W),包封率为92.7%,体外释药符合Higuchi方程,释放时间显著延长。结论本法制备的FP微球粒径大小适宜,具有明显的缓释作用,符合关节腔注射给药设计要求。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸微球的制备及其体外释药性质研究

目的:制备胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球,并对其体外释药特性进行研究。方法:通过L(93)4正交试验设计优选微球最佳制备工艺条件,采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备GLP-2/PLGA微球,并对制备工艺的重现性、所制微球的性质及体外释药性能进行考察。结果:优选的GLP-2/PLGA微球的最佳制备工艺稳定、重现性好;微球形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为14.49μm,载药量为13.48%,包封率为36.97%,微球在6 d内释药缓慢而均匀。结论:建立的制备工艺条件稳定、可行,所制微球初步达到了预期的试验目的。     

SPG膜乳化法制备槲皮素缓释微球的工艺优化与表征及体外释放研究

目的 以槲皮素作为模型药物,制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)缓释微球,考察其粒径及其分布、形态、包封率、载药量和体外释药性质.方法 采用SPG膜乳化法制备微球,单因素法初步优化制备处方;粒径分析仪检测微球的粒径及其分布;光学显微镜观察微球形态;通过紫外分光光度法测定微球的包封率和载药量;利用直接释药法和超速离心法...     

干扰素-α微球的制备及其体外释药性能研究

目的:通过正交设计试验优化干扰素-a聚乳酸-羟乙酸共聚物微球的制备工艺,并考察其体外释药性能.方法:采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备干扰素微球,通过L9(3)4正交试验设计优选微球最佳制备工艺条件,并对制备工艺的重现性、微球的性质及体外释药性能进行了考察.结果:干扰素微球的最佳制备工艺稳定、重现性好,微球的形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为10.71μm,干扰素被证明包裹在微球中,载药量为8.06%,包封率为36.97%.干扰素微球在61 h的累积释药量约为86%,t1/2为10.8 h.结论:本研究获得了较满意的干扰素微球制备工艺,其体外释药性能符合长效制剂特征.     

超微粒制备系统制备利培酮长效注射微球

目的:制备利培酮长效注射微球并进行体外释药动力学考察。方法:选用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA]为载体,采用新型超微粒制备系统制备利培酮PLGA微球。以转碟上聚合物析出量、丝状物的形成和微粒表面形态为考察指标单因素实验优化制备工艺参数及处方;观察微球表面形态,测定其粒径、包封率、考察其体外释药动力学。结果:20%和30%载药量的微球表面均光滑圆整,分散性好;其包封率分别为94.7%和93.94%,中值粒径分别为31.65和28.13μm;持续释药时间均可达16 d,释放数据用释放动力学方程拟合符合一级和Higuchi方程。20%载药量微球1 h释药率仅为4.2%,突释率低,且其释放速率和释放时间与市售利醅酮微球(恒德)快速释放期基本一致而无延滞期。结论:超微粒制备系统(UPPS)可单步骤制备长效微球,工艺稳定,简单可行,有望成为一种适合工业微球制备技术。UPPS制备的20%载药量微球可开发为释放2周的制剂,由于无释放延滞期,将比市售品更具临床优势。     

基因重组人干扰素-α微球的制备及理化性质研究

目的:制备基因重组人干扰素-α聚乳酸乙醇酸微球,并考察其理化性质。方法:采用复乳溶剂挥发法制备干扰素-α微球,考察其形态、粒径、分布、载药量、包封率及微粉学性质,并通过体外释药考察其缓释效果,用气/质联用法测定其有机溶剂残留量。结果:所制微球球形圆整,粒度分布范围较窄,平均粒径为45.54μm,包封率达83.49%,载药量为8.03%,流动性等较好。微球体外释药行为符合Higuchi方程,其有机溶剂残留量<0.05%。结论:所制干扰素-α微球各方面理化性质良好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.