超声造影引导肝脾脏外伤的微创止血治疗

目的 探讨超声造影引导肝脾脏外伤止血剂联合注射微创止血治疗的价值及临床疗效.方法 根据超声造影及CT的诊断结果,依据AAST分级标准,对损伤程度为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,生命体征平稳的患者,行超声造影引导下微创止血治疗.结果 10例外伤病人,脾外伤6例,肝外伤4例(合并肾损伤2例);10例病人均成功在超声造影引导下进行了肝脾脏的微创止血治疗.结论 超声造影引导肝脾脏的微创止血治疗对生命体征平稳的患者可实现安全、有效的止血,无严重并发症发生.本文初步探讨了肝脾脏外伤微创治疗的新方法.     

超声造影在腹部实质脏器外伤治疗中的作用

目的探讨超声造影在腹部脏器外伤治疗方法的选择以及超声引导局部注射治疗中的作用。方法81例腹部外伤患者经超声造影检查明确脏器损伤分级,不同级别外伤患者结合生命体征情况采取相应的处理措施,包括保守治疗组（Ⅰ组）、超声造影引导注射治疗组（Ⅱ组）和手术治疗组（Ⅲ组）。在Ⅱ组中,由超声造影引导下,经皮穿刺对血肿和活动性出血部位分别注射蛇毒凝血酶和可吸收性氰基丙烯酸酯。结果81例患者中肝损伤35例,脾损伤28例,肾损伤17例,肝肾复合伤1例。Ⅰ组患者55例,经保守治疗50例痊愈,3例发生再出血,2例发生动脉瘤;Ⅱ组8例,超声引导下经皮局部注射治疗,止血效果明确,无并发症;Ⅲ组18例,经手术治疗。结论超声造影能够为腹部实质脏器外伤治疗方案的选择提供可靠依据,同时还可用于引导局部注射治疗,实现腹部脏器外伤的超声介入治疗。     

超声造影引导经皮注射治疗Ⅲ-Ⅳ级肝创伤出血的临床研究

目的 探讨超声造影引导经皮注射治疗严重肝创伤出血的可行性及临床应用价值.方法本组11例肝创伤患者,超声造影提示肝破裂Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级6例.在超声造影引导下对11例肝创伤出血患者进行经皮止血剂(胶)局部注射治疗,并评价该治疗方法的疗效.结果 11例严重肝创伤的患者中9例经一次治疗成功;1例患者超声造影发现再出血后,给予第二次止血治疗;1例因腹腔积液增加同时合并胰腺损伤而转行手术治疗.结论超声造影可以显示肝刨伤的位置和程度,结合介入超声技术,该止血方法对于单脏器损伤者可以达到完全治愈,而对于合并其他脏器创伤者,在完成肝创伤止血后再进行其他脏器创伤的治疗,可赢得抢救时间.     

超声造影在腹部实质脏器创伤快速分类治疗中的价值

目的探讨超声造影在腹部实质脏器创伤快速分类治疗中的作用。方法对105例腹部实质脏器创伤患者的超声造影结果进行回顾性分析,并与CT和（或）手术结果进行对照。超声造影引导注射治疗的方法是在超声造影引导下,首先于肝、脾或肾创伤灶内多点注射蛇毒凝血酶,继之于肝、脾创伤灶和活动性出血部位多点注射旺一氰基丙烯酸酯黏合胶;保守治疗的方法是卧床休息、常规给予抗生素和补充血容量。结果在所有105例患者中,超声造影与增强CT两者诊断结果有很好的一致性（P〈0．001）;在手术治疗的19例患者中,超声造影与手术诊断结果完全一致。在105例肝、脾、肾创伤患者中,保守治疗28例,超声造影引导注射治疗58例,手术治疗19例。保守治疗、超声造影引导注射治疗和手术治疗率分别为26．7％（28／105）、55．2％（58／105）和18．1％（19／105）,非手术治疗率为81．9％（86／105）。结论通过超声造影对创伤伤情的分类,所有患者得到快速、安全和有效的治疗。     

超声造影在犬肝外伤治疗方法选择中的作用

目的探讨超声造影在实验犬不同级别闭合性肝损伤治疗方法选择中的作用。方法21只实验犬按肝损伤程度进行超声造影分级并分组进行治疗观察。第1组5只，肝损伤Ⅰ-Ⅲ级，无活动性出血，行保守治疗；第2组5只及第3组6只均为Ⅲ-Ⅳ级肝损伤，分别行保守治疗和超声造影引导局部注射蛇毒凝血酶联合应用氰基丙烯酸酯止血胶微创止血治疗；第4组5只，肝损伤Ⅳ级以上，行开腹手术治疗。结果第1组5只犬保守治疗均痊愈；第2组保守治疗效果不佳2只犬死亡，3只犬自行止血；Ig3组超声造影引导下局部注射止血药物，6只犬均治愈；第4组开腹行肝修补及止血治疗3只犬存活，2只犬死亡。结论超声造影可用于引导腹部实质脏器外伤局部注射治疗，可有效控制Ⅲ-Ⅳ级肝外伤出血，近期疗效明显，无明显不良反应和副作用。有望为临床肝外伤的救治提供新的诊断和治疗方法。     

超声造影引导介入止血治疗在非手术治疗肝脾破裂中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影及其引导的介入止血治疗肝脾破裂的临床应用价值.方法 45例闭合性肝脾外伤患者,非手术治疗34例,主要治疗手段包括积极输液、止血、抗炎、保肝,同时结合超声造影引导介入止血治疗.结果 非手术治疗治愈32例,其中超声造影引导介入止血治疗26例,中转手术治疗2例,成功率94.1%(32/34).结论 非手术治疗肝脾外伤需在重症监护条件下严密观察,如出现手术指征及时中转手术.超声造影引导介入止血治疗在扩大非手术治疗适应证、预防再出血等并发症的同时,可提高非手术治疗的成功率.     

超声造影引导经皮注射治疗严重脾破裂出血

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)引导下经皮注射治疗脾外伤出血的临床价值.方法 8例脾外伤患者,损伤程度为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级.在CEUS引导下经皮病灶局部注射蛇毒凝血酶、α-氰基丙烯酸酯黏合胶.注射后1 d、3 d、7 d及14 d进行超声复查.记录生命体征及血红蛋白(Hb)量的变化.结果 局部注射后即刻CEUS显示无活动性出血.治疗30 min后生命体征逐渐平稳,动脉收缩压上升(P<0.05),增快的心率逐渐恢复至正常(P<0.05);而治疗后Hb测值先降低后逐渐升至正常.结论 在CEUS引导下,蛇毒凝血酶与α-氰基丙烯酸酯联合局部注射治疗严重脾破裂出血,止血效果明确、可靠.用CEUS既可以对脾外伤的疑诊患者进行诊断,又可以评价疗效.     

超声造影在腹部外伤急诊诊断中的应用

目的:探讨超声造影技术在腹部急诊外伤超声诊断中的应用价值。方法:对61例腹部急诊外伤患者进行二维超声及超声造影检查,对损伤程度进行分级。检查结果与手术、血管造影等对照,分析不同超声技术在腹部闭合性损伤中的诊断价值。结果:超声造影能安全的用于闭合性腹部损伤患者损伤的诊断,对于判断腹部实质性脏器,如肝、脾、肾等损伤较常规超声技术有较高的灵敏度,并进行损伤程度分级,结果得到血管造影及手术证实。结论:超声造影技术在腹部外伤急诊诊断中有很高的应用价值,值得临床推广。     

超声造影在肝脾外伤中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在肝脾外伤中的应用。方法 60例肝脾外伤患者,先行常规超声检查,再行超声造影检查,据肝脾损伤程度分级而分别处理。结果 6例常规超声显示肝或脾可疑病灶及腹盆腔积液,超声造影提示肝或脾内未见明确病灶。9例常规超声未显示可疑病灶,仅显示腹盆腔积液,超声造影提示肝或脾内明确病灶;45例常规超声与超声造影均提示肝或脾血肿病灶。与常规超声比较,超声造影检查病灶范围较大,病灶数量较多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。54例肝脾损伤患者,保守治疗23例,ICU监护+保守治疗6例,手术治疗25例。结论超声造影在肝脾外伤的鉴别诊断和治疗中起重要作用。     

造影增强超声对肝脾外伤的诊断价值

目的探讨造影增强超声对肝脾外伤的诊断价值。方法对51例临床怀疑肝脾外伤患者进行常规超声和造影增强超声检查，检查结果与CT或手术对照。结果51例患者中43例确诊肝脾外伤，造影增强超声诊断的灵敏性为97．7％，特异性为100％，而对肝脾损伤分型的诊断符合率均高于常规超声，与手术及CT相近。结论造影增强超声对肝脾外伤较常规超声有更高的诊断符合率，对指导临床制定治疗方案及疗效观察有重要价值。     

超声造影评价不同级别肝脾外伤与CT对照的实验研究

目的利用灰阶超声造影（CEUS）评价不同级别的闭合性肝脾外伤,与增强CT比较,探讨CEUS的诊断价值。方法30只健康杂种犬,建立闭合性肝外伤或脾外伤动物模型,撞击后对肝脾进行常规灰阶超声、CEUS及增强CT检查,依据美国创伤外科协会（AAST）肝脾外伤分级标准及肝脾外伤CT分级确定外伤程度,并对上述检查结果进行对照研究。结果CEUS诊断结果与增强CT比较,两者的符合率分别为93.3%、92.9%。结论CEUS可显著提高肝脾脏闭合性外伤的诊断水平,与增强CT诊断结果一致性好,可以较准确反映肝脾外伤的程度,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

创伤性脾破裂出血超声造影介入止血治疗后临床观察

目的：总结创伤后脾破裂Ⅲ-Ⅳ级行超声造影（contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS）（引导下止血剂局部介入微创治疗的急诊患者的临床特点,从而更好地实施积极有效的治疗促进患者康复。方法：分析自2007-06-2011-06在我科治疗的87例创伤后脾破裂Ⅲ-Ⅳ级行CEUS介入止血治疗的急诊患者,动态监测患者血流动力学及治疗后6h、1d、2d、3d、7d的超声造影、生命体征及相关指标,观察腹腔是否有活动性再出血。结果：87例行超声介入止血的患者治疗后即刻CEUS显示无活动性出血,与治疗前相比,治疗后6h~7d血压、心率、血小板及呼吸频率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而血红蛋白、腹腔积液、中心静脉压较治疗前差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：CEUS引导下对脾破裂出血进行局部止血剂注射治疗能有效控制腹腔出血,大大提高了患者保器官治疗的成功,对患者早日康复,减少住院时间和费用有积极的临床价值。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for imaging blunt abdominal trauma - indications, description of the technique and imaging review

Patients with blunt abdominal trauma are initially imaged with ultrasound (US) for the evaluation of free abdominal fluid. However, lacerations of solid organs can be overlooked. Although computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard technique for abdominal trauma imaging, overutilization, ionizing radiation, need to transport the patient and potential artifacts are well known disadvantages. Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) can be used as an imaging tool between the two methods. It can easily and reliably reveal solid abdominal organ injuries in patients with low-energy localized trauma and decrease the number of CT scans performed. It can be rapidly performed at the patient's bedside with no need for transportation. There are only very few contraindications and anaphylactoid reactions are extremely rare. Altogether, CEUS has proved to be very helpful for the initial imaging of traumatic lesions of the liver, kidney and spleen, as well as for patient follow-up.     

Contrast-enhanced US evaluation in patients with blunt abdominal trauma

IntroductionTo evaluate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in patients with blunt abdominal trauma.Materials and methodsA total of 133 hemodynamically stable patients were evaluated using ultrasonography (US), CEUS and multislice Computer Tomography (CT) da eliminare.ResultsIn 133 patients, CT identified 84 lesions: 48 cases of splenic injury, 21 of liver injury, 13 of kidney or adrenal gland injury and 2 of pancreatic injury. US identified free fluid or parenchymal abnormalities in 59/84 patients positive at CT and free fluid in 20/49 patients negative at CT. CEUS revealed 81/84 traumatic injuries identified at CT and ruled out traumatic injuries in 48/49 negative at CT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for US were 70.2%, 59.2%, 74.7% and 53.7%, respectively; for CEUS the values were 96.4%, 98%, 98.8% and 94.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe study showed that CEUS is more accurate than US and nearly as accurate as CT, and CEUS can therefore be proposed for the initial evaluation of patients with blunt abdominal trauma.     

Comparison of Gray-Scale Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Different Grading of Blunt Hepatic and Splenic Trauma: An Animal Experiment

To compare the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the detection of different grading of solid organ injuries in blunt abdominal trauma in animals. A self-made miniature tools were used as models to simulate a blunt hepatic or splenic trauma in 16 and 14 anesthetized dogs, respectively. Baseline ultrasound, CEUS and CECT were used to detect traumatic injuries of livers and spleens. The degree of injuries was determined by CEUS according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) scale and the results compared with injury scale based on CECT evaluation. CEUS showed 22 hepatic injury sites in 16 animals and 17 splenic injury sites in other 14 animals. According to AAST scale, 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 3 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic lesions were present in 16 animals; 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 6 grade III and 2 grade IV splenic lesions in 14 animals. On CECT scan, 21 hepatic and 17 splenic injuries were demonstrated. According to Becker CT scaling for hepatic injury, 1 grade I, 2 grade II, 4 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic injuries were present. On the basis of Buntain spleen scaling, 2 grade I, 5 grade II, 5 grade III, 2 grade IV splenic injuries were showed. After Spearman rank correlation analysis, the agreement of CEUS with CECT on the degree of hepatic and splenic injury is 93.3% and 92.9%, respectively. CT is currently considered as the reference method for grading blunt abdominal trauma, according to experiment results, CEUS grading showed high levels of concordance with CECT. CEUS can accurately determine the degree of injury and will play an important role in clinical application. (E-mail: txiner@vip.sina.com)     

Laparoscopic-assisted thoracoscopic repair of latent traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: A case report

Surgical approaches for traumatic diaphragmatic hernia include transabdominal, transthoracic, and thoracoabdominal. Selection of the optimal approach depends on the timing and organ damage, often minimally invasive approaches with laparoscopy or thoracoscopy are performed. A 47-year-old man with blunt chest trauma was diagnosed with left traumatic diaphragmatic hernia 1 month after the trauma. The prolapsed omentum was detached from the chest wall and around the hernia orifice and returned to the abdominal cavity by coordinated thoracoscopic and laparoscopic manipulations. The 4 × 2 cm herniation in the diaphragm was sutured closed from the thoracic side while preventing re-prolapse of the omentum and abdominal organs from the abdominal side. A combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approach can be effective in confirming organ damage, repositioning of prolapsed organs, and safe repair of the diaphragm in latent traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.     

灰阶超声造影与CT在脾脏外伤诊断中的比较

目的评价灰阶超声造影与CT在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值。 方法在全麻开腹状态下建立脾脏钝性伤和锐性伤动物模型，6只小型猪共建立脾脏外伤模型13处，其中锐性伤5处，钝性伤8处。脾脏创伤后即刻，首先应用常规超声观察脾实质损伤的部位、范围及内部回声，然后在灰阶超声造影条件下静脉团注自制造影剂1．8ml，观察脾实质损伤的部位、范围、损伤程度及造影增强特征，并与增强CT、病理学检查进行对照分析。 结果灰阶超声造影可清晰显示脾内损伤病灶的部位、形态、范围，其显示脾内损伤区的敏感性为100％（13／13）。增强CT可清晰显示脾内的9个损伤灶，另4个脾内损伤灶未显示，敏感性为69％（9／13），超声造影显示此4个损伤灶损伤程度为Ⅰ级，敏感性高于CT（P＜0．01）。在判断脾损伤的严重程度上，超声造影分级与病理学检查具有较好的一致性。 结论超声造影剂结合灰阶超声造影技术可显著提高常规超声对脾脏外伤的诊断水平，和CT比较具有一定的优势。     

Hollow organ perforation in blunt abdominal trauma: the role of diagnostic peritoneal lavage

Background

With recent advances in radiologic diagnostic procedures, the use of diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) has markedly declined. In this study, we reviewed data to reevaluate the role of DPL in the diagnosis of hollow organ perforation in patients with blunt abdominal trauma.

Methods

Adult patients who had sustained blunt abdominal trauma and who were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation underwent an abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed for patients who were indicated to receive nonoperative management and where hollow organ perforation could not be ruled out.

Results

During a 60-month period, 64 patients who had received abdominal CT scanning underwent DPL. Nineteen patients were diagnosed as having a positive DPL based on cell count ratio of 1 or higher. There were 4 patients who sustained small bowel perforation. The sensitivity and specificity of the cell count ratio for a hollow organ perforation in this study were 100% and 75%, respectively. No missed hollow organ perforations were detected.

Conclusion

For patients with blunt abdominal trauma and hemoperitoneum who plan to receive nonoperative management, DPL is still a useful tool to exclude hollow organ perforation that is undetected by CT.     

超声造影评价脾脏创伤活动性出血的临床研究

目的探讨超声造影在评价脾脏创伤后活动性出血成像特点中的应用价值。方法对2004年3月至2009年3月收治的392例可疑肝脾脏创伤患者的超声及超声造影图像特征进行回顾性分析。结果 392例中超声检出396个可疑肝脾脏创伤灶(肝脏179个、脾脏217个);超声造影显示脾脏创伤伴活动性出血34例(34/217),均被CT诊断证实,超声造影检出脾脏创伤伴活动性出血的准确率为15.7%,其中开腹手术9例、微创治疗24例、保守治疗1例。34例(CT和手术证实)确诊患者中25例(73.5%)显示创伤灶内有造影剂外溢或浓聚,提示存在活动性出血。其中5例(14.7%)创伤灶内及包膜处均见造影剂外溢或浓聚;4例(11.8%)于包膜破口处见造影剂外溢或浓聚。结论脾脏创伤后活动性出血的超声造影表现为多种形态。超声造影可显示脾脏创伤后活动性出血,为创伤程度的判定及预测、外科手术或非手术治疗提供重要依据。     

Interventional Ultrasound Assisted Early Local Hemostatic Drug Therapy in Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage

This article aims to test a minimally invasive interventional approach by real-time transcranial contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) through a small bur hole to achieve an early local hemostatic drug therapy in a novel traumatic intracerebral hematoma (ICH) model of pigs with hemostatic abnormalities. The effects of hemostasis in the hemocoagulase atrox (HA) injection group and saline injection group groups were observed by transcranial CEUS at three time points: 0 s, 10 s, 2nd. We successfully established a novel traumatic ICH model of pigs with hemostatic abnormalities by the methods of interventional ultrasound techniques and observed the effect of hemostasis by using HA in a local injection method with the assistance of minimally invasive interventional ultrasound technique. At 0 s, four pigs (100%) were observed that active bleeding was significantly weakened, and the range of hematoma became smaller in the HA group. At 10 s, four pigs (100%) were observed that active bleeding became much weaker, and the range of hematoma became further smaller in the HA group. At 2nd, zero pigs (0/4, 0%) were observed that active bleeding could be clearly identified and four pigs (100%) with ICH could also be observed in the HA group. We believe this useful technique could minimize the invasiveness and be operated at the bedside, which would bring much more benefits for traumatic ICH patients.