河南汉族6个STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的 对河南汉族人群6个STR基因座的等位基因频率进行研究并获得群体遗传学数据.方法 对121名无血缘关系河南汉族个体的EDTA抗凝血样用酚-氯仿法提取DNA,应用多重PCR扩增技术结合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对D2S1338、D4S2639、D7S3048、D8S1132、D14S306、D18S535共6个基因座在河南地区汉族人群中的基因型分布进行分析.结果 6个STR基因座的基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,各基因座的观察杂合度分别为0.843、0.842、0.857、0.900、0.824、0.826.结论 6个基因座在河南汉族群体中具有较高的非父排除率和个体识别率,在法医学和群体遗传学研究中有一定的应用价值.     

山西省高平地区汉族人群19个短串联重复系列基因座遗传多态性调查

目的:调查19个短串联重复系列(STR)基因座在山西省高平市汉族人群中的遗传多态性,并对其法医学应用进行评价。方法:采用Goldeneye20A STR荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒,对山西省高平市汉族210份无关个体进行扩增,利用3130XL遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行电泳分型,统计D19S433等19个STR基因座的等位基因频率和法医遗传学数据。结果:获得19个STR基因座的等位基因频率分布,分别检出10,9,15,13,13,6,8,7,7,7,10,8,9,5,17,6,11,13,17个等位基因,并分别获得19个STR基因座的杂合度观察值(Ho)、杂合度期望值(He)、个人设别能力(DP)、偶合率(PM)、非父排除率(PE)及多态信息总量(PIC)等法医遗传学参数,累积个人识别率和累积非父排除率分别为1~1.49×10-22和0.999 999 993。结论:Goldeneye20A STR荧光标记复合扩增体系的19个STR基因座在山西省高平市汉族人群中具有较高的个体识别能力和遗传多态性,对于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定具有重要的应用价值。     

X染色体短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性

目的研究DXS7424基因座在山西汉族人群中的遗传多态性。方法随机抽取山西汉族人群250名无关个体静脉血样,乙二胺四乙酸抗凝后用酚-氯仿法提取DNA,经聚合酶链反应扩增,扩增产物用8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染法进行检测分型,对女性基因型频率分布进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验,并计算法医学常用参数。结果在山西汉族人群250名无关个体中共检出7个等位基因。等位基因频率分布在0.008～0.340。女性基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。个体识别率、多态性信息含量分别为0.7367、0.7039。结论DXS7424基因座在山西汉族人群中具有较高的遗传多态性,可用于法医学涉及女性的个人识别和亲权鉴定,并为X染色体短串联重复序列数据库的建立提供了山西汉族人群的遗传学数据。     

川南地区汉族人群D1S80基因座多态性分析

目的了解川南地区汉族人群DIS80位点群体遗传多态性。方法采用PCR结合聚丙烯酰胺PAGE电泳及高灵敏度银染技术,即Amp—FLP方法对川南地区120名汉族无血缘关系个体D1S80位点进行多态性分析。结果在所调查的120名无关个体样本中,观察到D1S80基因座有18个等位基因,基因频率分布在0．004166667～0．1958333333之间,杂合度为0．7869,个体识别力为0．87,非父排除率为0．8152,其基因型频率分布符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡法则。结论D1S80基因座的PCR分型具有较好的准确性和灵敏度,为法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定、遗传病基因链锁分析等的研究及应用提供了川南地区有用的遗传信息。     

山西陵川地区汉族人群19个STR基因座遗传多态性调查及法医学应用

目的:通过对山西省陵川县汉族人群19个STR基因座的遗传多态性进行调查,为本地区人群的同一认定和亲权鉴定活动提供计算基础。方法:STR复合扩增选取Goldeneye 20A系统,扩增对象为随机选取的山西省陵川县汉族201份无关个体血样,扩增产物的电泳使用3130XL遗传分析仪,并利用Genemapper3.2软件分析电泳结果。统计201份无关个体血样19个STR基因座的法医遗传学参数。结果:19个STR基因座分别检出12、8、14、17、13、6、7、7、7、8、10、7、9、6、18、6、12、12、18个等位基因,计算出19个STR基因座的基因频率、杂合度期望值(He)、杂合度观察值(Ho)、个人识别能力(DP)、偶合率(PM)、非父排除率(PE)、多态信息总量(PIC)等法医遗传学参数,并得到Goldeneye 20A系统效能数据:累积个人识别率为1~8.11×10~(-23),累积非父排除率为0.999 999 988。结论:在山西陵川地区汉族人群中,Goldeneye 20A复合扩增系统19个STR基因座的识别能力和遗传多态性较高,为山西陵川地区区域性法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定提供强有力的基础数据支撑。     

山西汉族Y-STR基因座DYS510遗传多态性调查

目的调查Y染色体上的短串联重复序列DYS510基因座在山西汉族人群中的基因频率分布、多态性及群体分布情况,为法医学个体识别及亲子鉴定提供计算数据,对其在法医学上的应用进行可行性探讨。方法随机抽取102名山西汉族男性和20名女性无关个体静脉血500μL,用基因组数据库(GDB)中的引物进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增,银染显色,对其选取的等位基因测序,构建等位基因分型标准物;按照ISFG原则命名各等位基因。结果102名山西汉族人群DYS510基因座共检出7种不同的等位基因,分别为DYS510*14(0.0194)、DYS510*15(0.0485)、DYS510*16(0.0291)、DYS510*17(0.3204)、DYS510*18(0.4175)、DYS510*19(0.1456)、DYS510*20(0.0194),基因多样性为0.7047,其个人识别能力(DP)和非父排出率(PE)均为0.6139。结论DYS510基因座具有较高的遗传多态性,在法医学及人类遗传学方面具有较高应用价值。     

贵州苗族19个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

目的 调查19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州苗族人群中的等位基因分布,评估其在法医学中的应用价值.方法 应用GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒对226名贵州苗族健康无关个体19个常染色体STR,用310型遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,GeneMapper进行基因分型.结果 得到19个常染色体STR基因座等位基因的频率分布与相关法医学参数,He值0.615 0～0.915 9,DP值0.752 1～0.982 1,PE值0.309 3～0.828 1,PIC值0.521 8～0.901 2,累计个体识别率是1-1.971 6×10-22,累计非父排除概率为0.999 999 95.结论 D19S433等19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州苗族人群中具有良好的遗传多态性,对民族群体遗传学和法医物证学研究极其有价值.     

河北中南部地区汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

目的 研究PowerplexTM 16荧光标记复合扩增系统的15个STR基因座在河北中南部地区汉族个体的多态性分布,建立河北中南部地区汉族群体的遗传学基础数据.方法 采用Chelex-100法应用PowerplexTM 16荧光标记复合扩增系统和ABI 3130遗传分析仪对25295例河北中南部地区汉族个体血样DNA进行检测,统计15个STR基因座的基因型分布、基因频率、杂合度(heterozygosity,Ho)、多态信息量(polymorphism information contents,PIC)、个体识别率(discrimination power,DP)、非父排除率(probability of paternity exclusion,PE)等群体遗传学参数,并进行Hand-y-Weinberg平衡检验.结果 15个基因座在群体中具有较高多态性,基因型分布均符合Handy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.05).共检测出293个等位基因,1364种基因型,基因频率在0.002%~51.58%之间,Ho在0.6206~0.9146之间,PIC在0.5610~0.8967之间;累积个人识别率为0.999999999999999996156,累积非父排除率为0.999999663.结论 PowerplexTM 16荧光标记复合扩增系统的15个STR基因座适合作为河北中南部汉族群体的遗传标记.     

贵州水族22个STR基因座遗传多态性调查

目的 调查22个STR基因座在贵州水族人群中的群体遗传学数据,研究其在法医学中的应用价值.方法 应用PowerPlex(R) Fusion系统对124名贵州水族无关个体血样DNA进行PCR扩增,用ABI 3500型遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,GeneMapper ID-X软件进行基因分型,Modified-Powerstates进行统计分析.结果 获得22个STR基因座等位基因的频率分布与相关法医学参数,其中:各基因座H值介于0.573～0.884,DP值介于0.763～0.974,PE值介于0.260～0.763,PIC值介于0.52～0.87,累计个人识别率为1-33682×10-25,累计非父排除概率为0.999999994.结论 D3S1358等22个STR基因座在贵州水族人群中具有良好的遗传多态性和法医学应用价值.     

福建汉族人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性

目的调查福建汉族人群9个短串联重复序列（short tandem repeat,STR）基因座遗传多态性分布和群体遗传学数据。方法应用毛细管电泳技术和四色荧光复合扩增的方法 ,检测309名汉族无关个体的9个STR基因座基因型。结果 9个STR基因座的基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,所检测的9个STR遗传标记均具有高度多态性,杂合度（He）在0.828～0.887,个体识别力（PD）在0.923～0.971,非父排除率（PE）在0.653～0.768,多态信息量（PIC）在0.77～0.87。9个STR基因座的累积个体识别力和非父排除率分别达至0.9999999999996和0.9999912377402。结论 9个STR位点均有较高的遗传多态性,并有丰富的信息含量,适合作为福建汉族群体的遗传标记,可用于个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

Low frequency of CYP2A6 gene polymorphism as revealed by a one-step polymerase chain reaction method.

Human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) has been shown to metabolically activate carcinogens and mutagens. Genetic polymorphisms for CYP2A6 have been reported previously in different ethnic groups using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to identify CYP2A6*1, CYP2A6*2 and CYP2A6*3. Moreover, a new truncated allele has been recently identified in a Japanese population. We report here a one-step PCR amplification of the CYP2A6 gene from human genomic DNA and the detection of intact CYP2A6 alleles by restriction enzyme digestion. The diagnostic exon (exon 3) of the CYP2A6 gene was amplified from human genomic DNA with a primer pair. The forward primer is unique to the CYP2A6 gene, which eliminates previous problems in amplifying two highly homologous CYP2A genes, CYP2A7 and CYP2A13, in humans. The resulting PCR products (214 bp) were digested with XcmI or DdeI to detect the presence of CYP2A6*2 or CYP2A6*3 alleles, respectively. The allelic frequencies for CYP2A6*2 were 2.3% (n = 320) in the Caucasian and 0.7% (n = 71) in the Chinese populations, respectively. CYP2A6*3 allelic frequency in the Chinese population was 0.7%; while no CYP2A6*3 allele was detected in the Caucasian population. The allelic frequencies are relatively low and the reason for this discrepancy between different methods is discussed.     

江苏汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性分析

目的分析15个短串联重复序列(STR)基因座在江苏汉族群体中的基因多态性和基因频率。方法取2010年-2011年来自江苏省的1000例无血缘关系的汉族个体。用Sinofiler 16荧光标记复合扩增系统15个STR位点进行扩增,自动基因分析仪片段分析并进行基因分型。结果累积STR等位基因共发现211个,其中罕见等位基因36个。基因型频率超过0.1的基因座型22个,其中D3S1358基因座的15/16等位基因型频率最高达到0.2225。杂合度达到了0.802±0.051,随机个体相同表型偶合率值为0.068±0.031,多态信息总量值为0.778±0.060,个体识别能力和非父排除率值分别为0.932±0.032和0.607±0.091。FGA、D12S391基因座在发生24次突变的11个基因座中有较高的突变率。结论通过大量的样本实验和等位基因频率总结,得到了江苏人群更多法医学亲权鉴定和个人识别等位基因多样性的客观数据。     

汉族人群微卫星DXS16遗传多态性

目的获得X染色体短串联重复序列DXS16遗传多态性在河南汉族人群中的分布状况。方法应用聚合酶链反应,变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（polyacrylamide gel ectrophoresis,PAGE）及银染色技术对110名无血缘关系的汉族个体DXS16基因座进行分型。结果观察到DXS16位点有14个等位基因片段,该STR位点的基因型分布符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡;杂合度为0．88,多态信息含量为0．885。结论DXS16在汉族人群中有较好的多态性分布;实验数据对X染色体特异性STR的群体遗传学研究及一些X连锁遗传病的基因诊断有重要意义。     

Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 deletion: discrimination of all genotypes by polymerase chain reaction indicates a trimodular genotype-phenotype correlation

Glutathione S-transferase theta enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds is absent in approximately 20% of Caucasians due to a homozygous deletion of GSTT1 (*0/0). Because the exact manner of the GSTT1 deletion was unknown, current genotyping of GSTT1 was limited to detect the presence versus complete absence of the gene by a GSTT1-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, heterozygous (*A/0) and homozygous (*A/A) samples could not be discriminated. We have characterized the boundaries of the deletion of the human glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1) gene: PCR mapping and sequencing revealed a 54251 bp fragment including GSTT1 to be deleted from chromosome 22, most likely by a homologous recombination event between two highly homologous sequence stretches that flank GSTT1. Based on the knowledge of the GSTT1*0 region, a PCR assay was devised for unambiguous discrimination of homozygously deleted (*0/0), heterozygously (*A/0) and homozygously GSTT1 carrying (*A/A) individuals. Genotyping of 180 samples of a Caucasian population revealed that the deletion consists of one defined allele, whose distribution in the population fits the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with observed 20% *0/0, 46% *A/0 and 34% *A/A individuals. The number of GSTT1*A alleles detected by this procedure correlated highly significant with the enzyme activity in erythrocytes. Genotype-phenotype comparisons demonstrated a codominant type of inheritance by a gene-dose effect: samples with two active alleles expressed a statistically significant higher enzymatic activity compared to those with one null allele (P < 0.0001, ANOVA).     

等位基因特异扩增法研究中国人CYP2D6中速代谢的相关基因

目的　建立CYP2D6*10B的等位基因特异扩增法(ASA-PCR),以探讨中国人CYP2D6中速代谢的基因分型。方法　采用两步扩增法得到CYP2D6*10B等位基因特异片段,分析健康中国汉族人CYP2D6*10B等位基因,并探讨基因分型结果与右美沙芬表型分型结果的相关性。结果　35名表型为极快代谢受试者(VEMs)中,CYP2D6*10B以杂合子(wt/m)为主占57%;29名中速代谢受试者(IMs)以突变型纯合子(m/m)为主占69%;慢代谢受试者(PM)基因型为m/m。CYP2D6*10Bm/m组的MR明显大于wt/m组和野生型组(wt/wt)。结论　ASA-PCR法有快速、准确的优点,可用于CYP2D6中速代谢的检测与研究。     

CYP2D6 PCR基因型与DXT表型和基因芯片检测的比较

目的：为了评价CYP2D6的基因型和表型的联系以及基因芯片在CYP2D6多基因分析中的应用。方法：242健康志愿者，口服dextromethorphan后收集认测定其代谢率，收集20ml血提取DNA，并通过基因特异性PCR和／（或）基因芯片分析CYP2D6＊2－＊11，＊17和多拷贝CYP2D6基因，其中5个基因（＊3，＊4，＊6，＊7和＊9）用PCR和CYD450基因芯片同时分析。结果：CYP2D6基因型比表型更富有信息和更能反映CYP2D6酶的表达。CYP2D6＊3，＊4，＊6，＊6和＊9的基因检测在CYP450基因芯片和基因特异性PCR中显示高度的一致性。结论：基因芯片在检测基因多位点的多基因中是一个有发展前途和可靠的方法。     

The frequency and distribution of thiopurine methyltransferase alleles in Caucasian and Asian populations

Thiopurine methyltransferase metabolizes 6-mercaptopurine, thioguanine and azathioprine, thereby regulating cytotoxicity and clinical response to these thiopurine drugs. In healthy Caucasian populations, 89-94% of individuals have high thiopurine methyltransferase activity, 6-11% intermediate and 0.3% low, resulting from genetic polymorphism. Four variant thiopurine methyltransferase alleles were detected in over 80% of individuals with low or intermediate thiopurine methyltransferase activity. The wild-type allele is defined as TPMT*1 and the mutant alleles are TPMT*2 (G238C), TPMT*3A (G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A) and TPMT*3B (A719G). The frequency of these alleles in different ethnic groups is not well defined. In this study, DNA from 199 British Caucasian, 99 British South West Asian and 192 Chinese individuals was analysed for the presence of these variant alleles using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction based assays. The frequency of individuals with a variant thiopurine methyltransferase genotype was: Caucasians 10.1% (20/199), South West Asians 2.0% (2/99) and Chinese 4.7% (9/192). Two TPMT*2 heterozygotes were identified in the Caucasian population, but this allele was not found in the two Asian populations. TPMT*3A was the only mutant allele found in the South West Asians (two heterozygotes). This was also the most common mutant allele in the Caucasians (16 heterozygotes and one homozygote) but was not found in the Chinese. All mutant alleles identified in the Chinese population were TPMT*3C (nine heterozygotes). This allele was found at a low frequency in the Caucasians (one heterozygote). This suggests that A719G is the oldest mutation, with G460A being acquired later to form the TPMT*3A allele in the Caucasian and South West Asian populations. TPMT*2 appears to be a more recent allele, which has only been detected in Caucasians to date. These ethnic differences may be important in the clinical use of thiopurine drugs.     

Identification of CYP2D6 alleles by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis using pyrosequencing

Objective To develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis for identification of cytochrome P₄₅₀ (CYP)2D6 alleles by pyrosequencing.Methods Swedish blood donors (n=282) were typed for a partial CYP2D6 genotype comprising the alleles *1 (wild type), *2 (2850C>T), *3 (2549A>del), *4 (1846G>A) and *6 (1707T>del) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing analysis. CYP2D6*5 (CYP2D6 deleted) was identified using an established long multiplex PCR method. Pyrosequencing is a sequencing-by-synthesis method in which a cascade of enzymatic reactions yields detectable light, which is proportional to the incorporated nucleotides. One feature of typing SNPs by pyrosequencing is that each allelic variant will give a unique sequence. These variants can be readily distinguished by pattern recognition software.Results Of 281 individuals analysed, 24 (8.5%) were found to be poor metabolisers with two non-functional alleles. This is in the range of 7–10%, previously reported for Caucasians. A total of 126 individuals (45%) had one functional and one non-functional allele and 131 individuals (47%) had two functional alleles.Conclusion Pyrosequencing was found to be a fast and efficient tool for genotyping. The method is robust, reliable, rapid and has high throughput.