老年气管切开术后患者下呼吸道感染的微生物分析

目的：了解老年气管切开术后患者下呼吸道感染的致病菌分布及药敏情况。供临床用药借鉴。方法：采集老年气管切开术后下呼吸道感染患者气管内分泌物进行细菌培养、分离鉴定并进行药敏试验。结果：36例患者共作培养107次，93份标本有致病菌生长，阳性率86．9％，其中16例存在2种或2种以上细菌混合感染，共获致病菌113株。病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌79株，占69．91％，主要菌种为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，对左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和头孢他定耐药率较低，对其余头孢类耐药率较高；革兰阳性菌25株，占22．12％，主要菌种为金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌，对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南耐药率较低。结论：老年气管切开患者下呼吸道致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主，耐药较严重，临床上应依据细菌学选择敏感抗生素，当病原体未查明时，可根据微生物学排序的新趋势来选择     

ICU细菌感染198株菌群分布及药敏试验分析

目的：分析ICU患者感染病原菌的分布和药物敏感情况，以利于病原菌的监控和临床治疗，指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法：回顾性分析200702／2009—03的ICU患者，采集其血液、体液、分泌物（以痰液为主）、胸腹水等感染性标本，进行细菌培养鉴定及药物敏感实验。结果：在ICU患者感染198株病原菌中，分离出革兰阴性菌154株，占77．8％，革兰阴性菌感染以铜绿单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主，分离出革兰阳性菌26株，占13．1％，革兰阳性菌感染以金黄色葡萄球菌为主，通过药敏试验对比，比阿培南和万古霉素的药物敏感性好。结论：选择敏感忡高的抗生素，减低耐药率。     

冬春季呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的 了解冬春季呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性情况。方法标本分离培养后，予以鉴定到种并进行相应的药敏试验。结果376株病原菌中，G^-杆菌占46．3％，其中铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主要菌种，除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外，亚胺培南的耐药率最低；G^ 球菌中耐甲氧西林的葡萄球菌(MRS)的出现率相当高，MRSA和MRCNS的感染率分别高达82．3％和86．7％，无万古霉素耐药株；条件致病菌和真菌，特别是白色念珠菌的感染率上升。结论依据病原菌的分布及耐药性变化合理选择抗生素是减少或延缓细菌耐药性产生的关键。     

呼吸机相关肺炎的病原学分析及应对策略

目的：通过分析重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）的病原学特点．为临床治疗提供依据及应对策略。方法：分析我院2003年8月至2006年9月内外科重症监护病房收治的62例VAP患者的84株致病菌及其药物敏感情况。结果：G菌62株，占74％，以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌为主，分别占20％、13％、12％、10％；G’菌16株，占19％；真菌6株，占7％。混合感染16例（26％）；G-菌对常用抗生素耐药率较高；G-菌中金黄色葡萄球菌（10％）和溶血葡萄球菌（6％）都为耐苯唑西林葡萄球菌，未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。结论：VAP病原菌以G-菌为主．耐药率较高，合理使用抗生素，防止医源性感染有助于预防和治疗VAP。     

ICU病人感染的细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU病人感染的细菌分布情况及其耐药性。方法对ICU送检的362份标本细菌分布及耐药性情况进行回顾性分析。结果362份标本共分离出细菌368株。革兰阳性球菌占34.8%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌占50.8%,耐苯唑西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占95.4%。革兰阴性杆菌占61.4%,其中鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别为26.1%、23.0%、13.7%和10.2%,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产酶率分别为71.0%和47.8%。革兰阳性球菌除对万古霉素无耐药外,对头孢菌素类、奎诺酮类、大环内酯类的耐药率高。革兰阴性杆菌对头孢菌素、奎诺酮类、大环内酯类的耐药率高,对丁胺卡那霉素、亚胺培南的耐药率较低。结论ICU病人感染率高,耐药情况严重。为控制感染及耐药性播散,应尽早对病人做细菌鉴定及药敏试验,提供准确的信息给临床医生,以便严格合理使用抗生素。     

老年患者肺炎克雷伯菌感染及耐药情况

目的了解老年患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌情况及耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2006年1月到2008年12月从老年人住院期间送检的痰、血、尿3种标本中共分离到233株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中210株来自痰标本,占90.1%,血标本和尿标本分别为8株和15株,分别占3.4%和6.4%,并用14种常用抗生素对该菌进行耐药性分析。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对常用的12种抗生素耐药性强,耐药率超过50%,并有逐年递增的趋势。而亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药性明显低于其他抗生素,耐药率低于2.5%。结论老年人肺炎克雷伯菌感染率高,耐药现象严重,对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感性好。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道病原菌的菌群分布及其药敏分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道病原菌的菌群分布及药敏情况，为临床应用抗生素提供依据。方法对该院2004年10月至2007年9月369例院内肺部感染者取深部痰液进行培养和药物敏感试验。结果共检出383株病原菌，其中G-杆菌331株，占86．4％；G＋球菌21株，占5．5％；真菌31株，占8．1％。居前两位病原菌是肺炎克雷伯菌122株，铜绿假单胞菌81株。药物敏感试验显示，亚胺培南和丁胺卡那霉素对肺炎克雷伯菌的敏感率最高，分别为100．0％和86．1％；万古霉素对葡萄球菌敏感率最高，达100.0％。结论肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌是该院ICU的主要病原菌，应合理选用抗生素，减少耐药菌株的产生。     

气管插管和气管切开患者感染病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的分析气管插管和气管切开患者感染的病原菌分布及药敏结果，指导临床用药。方法对2000—2004年医院气管插管及气管切开肺部感染患者下呼吸道送检281份阳性标本分离出的病原菌及药敏进行分析。结果共检出312株致病菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌占68．9％，革兰阳性球菌占18．9％，真菌占12．2％。绝大多数革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率〈30％；葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0。结论气管插管和气管切开患者易引起医院内肺部感染，感染的病原菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主。细菌的多重耐药现象严重，应予以重视。     

重症监护病房患者下呼吸道感染细菌分布及耐药性监测

目的对重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性进行监测分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对我院2007—2009年ICU患者下呼吸道感染痰液标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药情况回顾性统计分析。结果3年来,共分离出病原菌483株,其中革兰阳性菌89株,占18．4％,革兰阴性菌331株,68．5％,真菌63株,占13．1％。排名前几住的依次为铜绿假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,鲍曼不动杆菌,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,大肠埃希菌。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率达31．6％,胞曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感率均达100％;金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）分离率较高,占65．3％,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。结论加强ICU感染管理以及病原菌耐药情况的监测,合理使用抗菌素十分重要。     

阿勒泰地区儿童肺炎链球菌抗生素敏感性调查

目的：了解阿勒泰地区儿科呼吸道感染常见病原肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素的敏感性，以便有效指导临床合理使用抗生素和预防。方法：对我院儿科2006—11／2007—03就诊的上呼吸道感染的儿童鼻咽分泌物进行培养，分离肺炎链球菌；采用纸片扩散法对分离株进行常用抗生素敏感性检测。结果：从呼吸道感染儿童537例鼻咽部分离肺炎链球菌共162株检出率30％，对青霉素耐药率达53％；对红霉素，磺胺类耐药率达90％以上；对头孢类耐药率较低在10H以下。结论：本地区儿童上呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌耐药明显，并多重耐药。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.