浮膝损伤的临床分型及术式选择

目的探讨浮膝损伤的术式选择和疗效。方法采用不同手术方法治疗各类型浮膝损伤病人86例,其中早期两处一次手术81例。按王亦璁分类标准分型,Ⅰ型25例,Ⅱ型38例,Ⅲ型23例,其中开放性损伤(Ⅳ型)29例。结果全部病例均获随访,随访时间12~30个月,平均18个月。膝关节功能采用Merchan标准评定,优55例,良23例,可6例,差2例,优良率90.7%。2例浅表感染,5例骨折延迟愈合。无皮肤坏死、深部感染、骨髓炎、骨不连和骨折畸形愈合发生。结论浮膝损伤应在患者全身情况允许的情况下尽早两处1次手术治疗,并且依据骨折类型选择固定方法。     

交锁钉治疗浮膝损伤25例临床分析

目的：探讨交锁钉在浮膝损伤中的应用价值。方法：自1999年1月一2001年6月。采用交锁钉治疗浮膝损伤25例，术后早期进行患肢功能练习。结果：平均随访10个月，25例骨折全部愈合，膝关节功能康复优良率达92％。结论：对于浮膝损伤使用交锁钉治疗，一次性手术做到了骨折的合理固定，有利于早期功能锻炼，交锁钉是治疗浮膝损伤的首选治疗方法。     

创伤性浮膝损伤手术方法的选择

目的 探讨创伤性浮动膝关节损伤的手术方法。方法 通过对127例浮膝损伤病人的手术治疗方法进行回顾性分析，得出不同手术方法的利弊。结果 114例患者随访12～43个月，膝关节功能的优良率：早期一次手术为78．7％；分次手术为61．5％。3例胫骨骨折不愈合经再次手术植骨外固定支架固定后获得愈合。3例出现伤口感染经治疗后愈合。另1例合并股动脉损伤经大隐静脉移植后出现感染而截肢。1例合并坐骨神经损伤的患者后遗足下垂。结论 浮动膝损伤在条件允许的情况下应尽早手术治疗，并根据骨折的不同类型选择手术方法。早期两处一次手术较分次手术膝关节功能恢复好。     

带锁髓内钉治疗创伤性浮膝骨折18例体会

目的探讨带锁髓内钉治疗浮膝损伤的临床疗效。方法我院自1998~2003年共收治浮膝损伤26例28侧,总结其中18例19侧使用带锁髓内钉治疗的病例,对病人经过手术治疗后的合并症、骨折愈合及下肢功能恢复进行统计分析和评定。随访12~36个月,平均13.5个月。结果18例患者均获得愈合,无延迟愈合、无感染、无内固定断裂等并发症。膝关节功能恢复良好,优良率92.3%。结论浮膝骨折是一种严重的骨折损伤,带锁髓内钉对骨折坚强内固定疗效明显优于其它治疗方法。     

老年浮膝损伤治疗的回顾分析

目的 :回顾收治的 3 1例老年浮膝损伤 ,探讨手术治疗的必要性和优越性以及膝关节功能恢复状况。方法 :综合考虑浮膝损伤时患者的全身情况 ,3 1例老年患者中 ,2 0例股骨和胫骨骨折 ,一次性切开复位内固定和 (或 )外固定器固定 ,8例行股骨骨折切开复位内固定、胫骨行牵引或石膏托固定 ,另外 3例行股骨小夹板固定、胫骨内固定或外固定器固定。按Karlstrom的标准评定治疗结果。结果 :本组病例除 1例意外身亡外 ,均获随访 6个月～ 4年 ,股骨骨折全部愈合 ,2例胫骨骨折出现延迟愈合 ,均无畸形愈合 ,膝关节功能恢复良好 ,无其他严重并发症。优良率 86.7%。结论 :浮膝损伤是一种重度不稳定骨折 ,尽早给予 1处或 2处骨折手术 ,使其达到稳定 ,可大大减少老年患者的并发症及有利于恢复膝关节功能     

浮膝合并胭动脉损伤的手术治疗

目的 研究钢板和单臂外固定支架固定骨折、血管修复治疗浮膝合并胴动脉损伤的临床疗效。方法 1999年1月至2004年7月收治17例该类患者，采用钢板固定股骨骨折、单臂外固定支架固定胫骨骨折、血管修复术治疗胴动脉损伤，并随访其疗效0结果术后随访时间12．1个月（8～24个月）。本组病例骨折均获解剖复位，随访均获骨性愈合，所有患者受伤肢体均存活。手术切口及减张切口无感染发生，无固定材料松动断裂等发生。术后膝关节功能评价，优9例，良4例，中3例，差1例。结论 钢板和单臂外固定支架治疗浮膝合并胭动脉损伤具有操作简单、时间短、固定牢固等优点，是临床治疗浮膝合并下肢主要血管损伤的较好方法。     

浮膝损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 :探讨浮膝损伤的临床诊断标准及最佳治疗方法。方法 :对 1 993～ 1 996年间 2 5例浮膝损伤病人的临床诊断及治疗方法进行回顾性研究。结果 :2 3例骨折骨性愈合 ,2例胫骨骨折不愈合经再次手术植骨外固定架固定获得骨性愈合。术后随访平均 2 6个月。 1 0例术后伸膝装置粘连 ,取内固定物时行伸膝装置松解术 ,效果满意。膝关节功能优良率 80 %。结论 :膝关节内骨折破坏了膝关节本身的完整性 ,不适用浮漆的诊断。浮膝伤多合并其他损伤 ,优先处理致命伤 ,同时固定胫骨骨折 ,将浮膝变为单一骨折 ,即“部分固定”原则     

浮膝损伤的临床治疗研究

目的探讨创伤性浮膝的治疗策略。方法回顾分析2002年10月至2008年9月收治的48例浮膝损伤，在积极治疗各种危及生命的并发症的基础上，根据分型及有无合并伤，选择不同的治疗策略，术后据恢复情况行关节功能锻炼。结果全部病例随访12-36个月，按Kadstrom评定标准评定疗效：膝关节功能优34例，良10例，可4例，优良率91．7％。其中4例胫骨骨折未愈合，Ⅱ期植骨后骨性愈合。结论创伤性浮膝损伤是一种高能量损伤，应根据浮膝分型，患者个体差异、全身及局部软组织条件制定治疗策略。     

儿童浮肘损伤的分型与治疗

目的总结儿童浮肘损伤的特点,根据骨折部位进行分型并探讨治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析自2008-01—2014-06诊治的26例儿童浮肘损伤,根据骨折部位及儿童存在骨骺的特点将浮肘损伤分为3个类型:Ⅰ型为肱骨干骨折并尺桡骨干骨折,Ⅱ型为至少一侧为干骺端骨折,Ⅲ型为至少一侧存在骨骺损伤。根据患儿年龄、骨折类型选择治疗方法及固定方式。结果 24例获得随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均14个月。骨折均骨性愈合,未发生骨折不愈合,神经损伤均在8周内完全恢复。末次随访时根据改良Flynn标准评定疗效:优20例,良4例。1例Ⅱ型、2例Ⅲ型骨折患儿肘关节活动受限约10°,1例Ⅲ型患儿肘内翻约5°(健侧肘外翻约5°)。结论儿童浮肘损伤分型考虑了儿童上肢解剖特点,分型简单,便于记忆与临床使用,同时根据年龄、分型个性化治疗浮肘损伤效果良好。     

创伤性浮膝损伤手术方法的选择

目的　探讨创伤性浮动膝关节损伤的手术方法。方法　通过对 1 2 7例浮膝损伤病人的手术治疗方法进行回顾性分析 ,得出不同手术方法的利弊。结果　 1 1 4例患者随访 1 2～ 4 3个月 ,膝关节功能的优良率 :早期一次手术为 78 7% ;分次手术为6 1 5 %。 3例胫骨骨折不愈合经再次手术植骨外固定支架固定后获得愈合。 3例出现伤口感染经治疗后愈合。另 1例合并股动脉损伤经大隐静脉移植后出现感染而截肢。 1例合并坐骨神经损伤的患者后遗足下垂。结论　浮动膝损伤在条件允许的情况下应尽早手术治疗 ,并根据骨折的不同类型选择手术方法。早期两处一次手术较分次手术膝关节功能恢复好     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.