葡萄膜炎的视功能预后

葡萄膜炎是造成视功能损害的重要病因之一。视功能的评价手段包括视力、视野、对比敏感度、色党、视觉电生理等,其中,视力是最直观实用的手段。各种病因所引起的葡萄膜炎视力预后差异较大,炎症的严重程度、炎症部位、并发症不同,对视力的影响程度也不同。视力损害最常见于全葡萄膜炎患者,且年龄较大的全葡萄膜炎患者发生严重视力损害的风险增加,双眼葡萄膜炎患者炎症一般较重且不易控制。在各种病因中,结节病性葡萄膜炎、Behcet病、青少年类风湿性关节炎伴发葡萄膜炎者视力预后较差。葡萄膜炎的并发症也可以直接引起视功能损害,黄斑囊样水肿（CME）是葡萄膜炎最常见的并发症,也是引起葡萄膜炎患者视力损害最常见的原因。葡萄膜炎患者的对比敏感度、视野、视网膜电图检查同样可以遗留异常。就葡萄膜炎的视功能预后及其影响因素进行综述。     

后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果

目的评价后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果。方法变性近视28例（31眼）,施行改进的后巩膜加固术联合后极部巩膜垫压术,观察其对后巩膜葡萄肿所引起的并发症的治疗效果。检查术前术后的裸眼视力、矫正视力、屈光度、眼球前后径、中心视野及视敏感度并做光相干断层成像术（OCT）检查。结果术后3～24月视力较术前提高,屈光度减低,眼前后径缩短,中心视野及视敏度改善,OCT显示并发症治愈或减轻。结论后巩膜加固术加固了向后延伸的呈葡萄肿的巩膜,缓解了对后极部各层和相关的牵拉,治愈或减轻了变性近视并发症,从而提高了视功能。是安全有效的手术方法。     

LVC程序视野检查在白内障手术中的应用

目的　探讨中央低视力(lowvisioncenter ,LVC)程序视野检查在术前评估白内障低视力患者视功能的价值。方法　白内障低视力患者共30例30眼,其中合并青光眼、入院后行青白联合术者2 1例2 1眼;无青光眼史、单纯行白内障手术者9例9眼。术前1日及术后3月内行LVC程序视野检查。术前同时行视网膜潜视力测定。结果　所有患者在术后总的平均阈值敏感度(meansensi tivity,MS)均有显著提高(P <0. 0 1) ,而颞侧的MS值较鼻侧的MS值改善更为明显。术前视野已有绝对暗点形成的区域,术后仍存在。与视网膜潜视力测定相比,LVC程序视野检查的MS值与术后最佳矫正视力间存在更好的对应关系。结论　术前LVC程序视野检查对于白内障尤其是合并青光眼低视力患者有特殊价值,有助于术者判断该类患者术后的视力、视野的情况,可作为术前估计其潜在视功能的新方法之一     

人工晶状体后囊膜混浊激光治疗前后视功能的变化

目的探讨人工晶状体植入术后后囊膜混浊(PCO)对视功能的影响以及Nd:YAG激光治疗后的变化。设计前瞻性自身对照研究。研究对象接受超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术57例(59眼)PCO患者。方法对57例(59眼) PCO患者行Nd:YAG激光治疗。于治疗前、后对患眼和对侧眼进行LogMAR视力、最佳矫正视力、对比敏感度、近距立体视锐度检查。主要指标 LogMAR视力、最佳矫正视力、对比敏感度、立体视锐度。结果激光治疗前患眼的平均LogMAR视力(0．22)及患眼各频区的对比敏感度值均较对侧眼显著低下;治疗后有明显提高(LogMAR视力0．00)。治疗后立体视阳性比率和达到中心立体视的比率,以及平均立体视锐度值均较治疗前有显著性改善。治疗后立体视锐度仍未达到正常者与最佳矫正视力低常、屈光参差及原有眼病有关。结论 PCO不仅影响患眼视力和对比敏感度,也影响立体视功能。Nd:YAG激光后囊膜切开术是治疗 PCO、恢复患者视力和重建正常立体视功能的有效手段。     

141例鼻眼相关疾病的临床研究

目的分析和探讨鼻眼相关疾病的病因、症状、体征和治疗等临床特点及其诊疗经验.方法对我院1996年10月至2005年5月间收治的141例鼻眼相关疾病的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中慢性泪囊炎16例、鼻源性眶内蜂窝织炎15例、鼻窦囊肿致眶内并发症11例、良性肿瘤18例、恶性肿瘤16例、外伤性鼻眶骨骨折65例.结果141例患者经临床常规检查、影像学、病理学和手术探查等均明确诊断.治疗后,16例慢性泪囊炎溢泪症状均消失;15例鼻源性眶内蜂窝织炎痊愈;11例鼻窦囊肿,术后视力、突眼、复视不同程度改善;18例良性肿瘤,术后突眼、复视、视力下降、溢泪不同程度改善;16例恶性肿瘤治疗后,复视、眼球运动及视力障碍、突眼、溢泪等症状不同程度改善缓解;65例外伤性鼻眶骨骨折获痊愈(9例伴视神经损伤中,4例视力有较明显提高,5例视力改善不明显;2例伴眶内侧壁异物在鼻内窥镜下取出).结论鼻窦与眼眶关系密切,影像学在诊疗上有重要的价值,鼻内镜下鼻内径路治疗鼻眼相关疾病有明显的优势,鼻眼相关疾病常首诊于眼科,应引起相关学科医生的关注.     

两种对比度近阅读视力卡的研制和应用

目的 介绍对比敏感度近阅读视力卡的设计原理及使用方法。方法 按对数级数设计的视标进行视力检查，用100％和10％对比度的视力卡来检查对比敏感度。结果 和结论通过视力卡检查可评价视力损害程度，并预测在用高度数眼镜或放大镜纠正以及更好地控制眩光乖照明的情况下视功能的改善情况。对比敏感度文字阅读测试能快速检测出高对比度视力接近正常的患者有可能同时存在低对比度视力的损害，提示是否需要进行白内障手术或其他治疗。     

垂体瘤患者眼部表现临床分析

目的:分析垂体瘤患者的眼部表现。方法:对180例360眼诊断明确的垂体瘤患者进行视力、双眼中心视野及眼底检查。结果:视力损害者236眼(65.6%),视野损害者296眼(82.2%),眼底改变者168眼(46.7%)。结论:垂体瘤可引起视功能损害,视野检查在垂体瘤患者的诊断中具有重要价值。     

人工晶状体眼晶状体后囊膜混浊对视功能的影响

目的:探讨人工晶状体眼晶状体后囊膜混浊对患者最佳矫正视力、对比敏感度、立体视觉及色觉等诸项视功能的影响。方法:对30例患者(35眼)超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术后,发生后囊膜混浊(posteriorcapsuleopacification,PCO)的患眼及对侧眼进行最佳矫正视力、对比敏感度、立体视觉及色觉等项检查。对患眼施行Nd:YAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术。术后1wk重复上述视功能检查,将术前术后检查结果进行配对比较分析,单眼患者与对侧眼进行比较。结果:Nd:YAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术前患眼的LogMAR视力平均(0.43±0.33),术后LogMAR视力平均(0.08±0.12),术后视力较术前提高差异有极显著性(P<0.05)。患眼各空间频率的对比敏感度较术前均有明显提高,差异有统计学极显著性(P<0.01);而对侧眼术前最佳矫正视力、各空间频率对比敏感度与术后复查结果比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。采用颜少明《立体视觉检查图》检测显示,激光后囊膜切开术前立体视觉阳性13例(43%),其中2例(7%)具有中心立体视,无立体视者17例(57%);Titmus立体视觉检查卡检查显示22例患者(73%)立体视阳性,其中4例有中心立体视(13%),无立体视功能者8例(27%)。术后颜氏《立体视觉检查图》和Titmus立体视觉检查卡检测的立体视阳性分别为24例(80%)和28例(93%),其中分别有11例(37%)和15例(50%)达到中心立体视,术后的立体视觉较术前改善差异有显著性(P<0.05)。术前全部患眼存在色觉异常,主要表现在蓝紫色及绿色辨别能力下降,术后色觉障碍有一定程度提高,但蓝紫色觉改善不明显。结论:人工晶状体植入术后后囊膜混浊不仅影响患眼视力的康复,还对对比敏感度、立体视锐度、色觉等多种视功能有不同程度的影响。Nd:YAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术是治疗PCO,提高视力和改善视功能的有效方法。     

特发性黄斑视网膜前膜患眼的对比敏感度功能

目的:探讨对比敏感度对特发性黄斑视网膜前膜(idiopathic macular epiretinal membranes,IMEM)的视功能评价。方法:常规检测71例患者96只视网膜前膜(IMEM)患眼的视力,采用对比敏感度检测卡(FACT)检测患眼和健眼的对比敏感度。采用SPSS11.0软件统计分析资料。结果:患眼的视力为0.15～1.2,健眼视力为0.25～1.5。采用最小角度对数视力统计患眼的平均LogMAR视力为(0.15±0.21),较健眼的平均LogMAR视力(0.03±0.09)低,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。对比敏感度检查显示IMEM患眼各频区的平均对比度值较健眼显著低下(P<0.01)。视力的良莠直接影响到对比度值的高低,并且部分IMEM患眼视力虽然与健眼相等,甚至达到1.0,但其对比敏感度值却已显示出了差异。主要表现在高频区的损害。结论:特发性黄斑视网膜前膜的视功能损害不仅会有视力下降,还会出现对比敏感度值下降。对比敏感度检查是反映视功能的重要、敏感指标之一。     

白内障术后继发后囊膜混浊激光治疗前后视功能的变化

目的:探讨白内障术后继发的后囊膜混浊(posterior capsule opacification,PCO)对患者视功能的影响及YAG激光治疗前后视功能的变化。方法:对57例(59眼)的患者于激光治疗前后进行视力检查,并主觉验光矫正视力;采用对比敏感度检测卡分别测试患眼和对侧眼的对比敏感度曲线;采用颜氏《立体视觉检查图》和Titmus立体视觉检查图检测患者的近距立体视锐度;采用王克长《色觉检查图》检测患者的色觉辨认功能。采用SPSS12.0统计软件进行统计分析比较。结果:激光治疗前患眼的平均视力为0.56±0.25,治疗后患眼平均视力为0.86±0.21。采取最小角度对数视力统计比较患眼治疗前LogMAR视力0.3103,较对侧眼LogMAR视力0.0707低下,差异有极显著性(t=7.63,P=0.000);治疗后患眼LogMAR视力0.0811较治疗前提高差异有显著性(t=7.076,P=0.000)。治疗前患眼各频区的对比敏感度值均较对侧眼显著低下,治疗后敏感度值明显提升较治疗前差异有非常显著性。治疗前44眼(75%)出现色觉异常,仅15眼(25%)辨色完全正常;治疗后31眼(53%)辨色完全正常,治疗前后的辨色能力差异有显著性。采用颜少明《立体视觉检查图》和Titmus立体视觉检查图检测显示,治疗前立体视缺失者分别为39例(68%)和19例(33%),具有正常立体视锐度者分别为3例(5%)和6例(11%);治疗后立体视缺失者降至11例(19%)和2例(4%),具有正常立体视锐度者达到22例(39%)和36例(63%),立体视的改善较之前差异有显著性。结论:白内障术后的后囊膜混浊不仅影响患眼的最佳矫正视力,还影响其对比敏感度值和色觉辨认,并可损伤患者的立体视功能。YAG激光后囊膜切开术是治疗PCO,恢复患者多项视功能的有效手段。     

Major orbital complications of endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: The paranasal sinuses are intimately related to the orbit and consequently sinus disease or surgery may cause severe orbital complications. Complications are rare but can result in serious morbidity, the most devastating of which is severe visual loss. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of four cases of severe orbital trauma during endoscopic sinus surgery. RESULTS: All the cases suffered medial rectus damage, one had additional injury to the inferior rectus and oblique, and two patients were blinded as a result of direct damage to the optic nerve or its blood supply. CONCLUSION: Some ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery are highlighted, the mechanisms responsible are discussed, and recommendations for prevention, early recognition, and management are proposed.     

Neuro-ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide an overview of powered endoscopic sinus surgery and raise awareness of the possible neuro-ophthalmic complications associated with the procedure. RECENT FINDINGS: The neuro-ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery can be categorized into five anatomic sites: eye, orbit, optic nerve, extraocular muscle, and lacrimal drainage system. Double vision may be caused by various ocular motility abnormalities. Visual loss may be the result of orbital hemorrhage or direct optic nerve trauma. SUMMARY: A wide range of neuro-ophthalmic complications may occur during endoscopic sinus surgery. The use of powered cutting instruments has been a recent advance in endoscopic sinus surgery, but it has also been implicated in rapid, irreversible, and devasting complications. Multiple preoperative and intraoperative factors appear to be involved in the adverse events associated with endoscopic sinus surgery. Ophthalmologists may be asked to evaluate and manage ocular damage in patients who have undergone endoscopic sinus surgery, and in some cases emergent intervention may be required in an attempt to avoid permanent visual loss.     

视神经损伤鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术

目的 分析间接性视神经损伤的特点以及鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术的手术方法。方法 介绍1998－1999年我院施行鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术6例（6眼），比较手术前后的视力、瞳孔变化。结果 6例术后均维持和提高视力，肯定鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术能改善间接损伤的视神经功能。结论 鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术优于其他手术进路的视神经管减压术，避免诸多并发症及其危险。     

Ophthalmic complications of sinus surgery

Seven patients with orbital complications of sinus surgery seen over a 10-year period are reported. Severe intraoperative orbital hemorrhage occurred in three patients while undergoing external or intranasal ethmoidectomy. In one patient, an avulsed anterior ethmoidal artery was identified as the source of bleeding, whereas in two others bleeding was due to snaring of orbital tissues. In two of these three cases, intraoperative recognition and prompt treatment of the expanding hematoma resulted in preservation of vision. Motility disturbances due to extraocular muscle injury occurred in two patients after intranasal ethmoidectomy and in one patient after a Caldwell-Luc procedure. Bilateral blindness resulted from transection of both optic nerves in one patient during bilateral intranasal endoscopic ethmoidectomies. Recommendations for prevention, intraoperative recognition, and management of such ophthalmic complications of sinus surgery are given.     

Orbital complications secondary to endoscopic sinus surgery

Eight cases of significant orbital complications associated with endoscopic sinus surgery are described. The anatomic problems generally fall into four categories: nasolacrimal sac or duct injury, extraocular muscle injury, intraorbital hemorrhage/emphysema, or optic nerve injury. The successful management of each complication depends on a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the orbital injury. Return to normal function of the traumatized orbital structures after medical and/or surgical intervention is anticipated. However, direct optic nerve injury with immediate visual field and/or acuity deficit is usually irreversible.     

Arachnoid cyst of the optic nerve: report of two cases and review of the literature

PURPOSE: To describe two patients with arachnoid cysts of the optic nerve mimicking optic nerve/orbital neoplasms. METHODS: The histories, ophthalmic examinations, and pathologic findings of two patients with arachnoid cysts of the optic nerves were reviewed and compared with previously reported cases. RESULTS: One patient had progressive proptosis and the other had decreased vision with visual field changes. Pathologic examination of optic nerve sheath biopsies showed redundant proliferations of meningothelial cells with associated thickened dura. CONCLUSIONS: Arachnoid cysts of the optic nerve are benign, slowly progressive conditions that may result in proptosis and visual field changes. The clinicopathologic features of arachnoid cyst should be differentiated from optic nerve sheath meningioma and other conditions.     

眼部症状为首要表现的鼻窦良性病变鼻内镜下手术

目的探讨以眼部症状为首要表现的鼻窦良性病变的临床特点与治疗。方法以眼部症状为首要表现的鼻窦良性病变患者32例，结合临床特点及CT扫描结果，采用鼻内镜下手术进行治疗。术后行鼻内镜常规处理。同时一并治疗相关病变。结果本组患者中，术后眼球复位32例，术前溢泪8例症状消失，其中2例有眶尖综合征者于术后5d症状改善、头痛消失，感觉恢复正常；术前存在视力下降的4例患者在术后1周改善，2例复视患者在术后2周内恢复。所有患者术后视力均无下降。随访6～12个月，术后均无复发。结论CT扫描是诊断眼部症状为首要表现的鼻窦良性病变的重要指标，采用鼻内镜下手术治疗该病安全、有效。     

磁共振扩散张量成像在视神经疾病上的研究进展

视神经疾病是一类严重影响视功能的疾病。近年来,磁共振扩散张量成像( diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)广泛应用于视神经疾病领域。较之于光学相干断层成像术、视觉诱发电位、视野等眼科检查,该方法具有明显优势,它可以直观显示视神经、视觉通路和视皮层的形态改变,定量分析视神经、视觉通路、视皮层的形态及病理改变。本文对DTI的成像原理、在视神经病变的临床研究进展及发展前景予以综述。     

Simultaneous Bilateral Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy and Unilateral Central Retinal Artery Occlusion after Hip Prosthesis Surgery

Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) results from the ischaemia of the anterior part of the optic nerve. Postoperative NAION is especially related to spinal surgeries, cardiovascular surgeries, and head-neck surgical procedures. This paper reports a rare case with simultaneous bilateral NAION and unilateral central retinal artery occlusion after hip prosthesis surgery. A 63-year-old woman had sudden visual loss in both eyes after hip prosthesis surgery. Fundus examination revealed bilateral optic disc oedema and macular paleness, and dot-blot haemorrhage around the optic disc suggesting central retinal artery occlusion in the left eye. Sudden simultaneous loss of vision may appear after non-ocular surgical procedures. In this case, anaemia due to excessive blood loss and prolonged hypotension during hip prosthesis surgery was the probable cause of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and unilateral central retinal artery occlusion.     

Optic Nerve Blindness Following Blunt Forehead Trauma

Seven cases of sudden monocular blindness following frontal head trauma are presented. The average age of these patients was 18 years. Four of the seven patients underwent transethmoid-sphenoid nerve decompression with only one of the four achieving a minor return of vision. None of the three out of six patients who failed to respond to megadose steroids regained vision with optic nerve decompression. Three out of six patients had return of good vision with megadose steroids without optic nerve decompression. Two of these three patients had a delayed loss of vision. One of the three patients with visual return developed visual loss again following a facial fracture reduction, which again responded to megadose steroids without optic nerve decompression. Another patient had visual return on steroids but also required removal of a subperiosteal hematoma to obtain near normal vision. This case differs from our other cases in that subperiosteal hematoma is an unusual complication of these injuries and caused the optic nerve compression in the orbital apex in this case. Review of the literature and our clinical and experimental findings suggest that the etiology of the indirect optic nerve injury is secondary to a stretching, tearing, torsion, or contusion of the nerve caused not only from the momentum of the eyeball and orbital contents being absorbed by the fixed canalicular portion of the optic nerve but also by skeletal distortion caused by forces remote from the initial impact. This is well illustrated by the holographic findings. These injuries cause direct injury to the nerve or vascular compromise from tearing, thrombosis, hematoma, or compression of the small nutrient vessels supplying the optic nerve. Megadose steroids appear to be useful in some cases of traumatic monocular blindness secondary to blunt facial trauma and as an adjunct to or an indication for surgery in others. The authors' recommended indications for optic nerve decompression (transethmoid-sphenoidotomy with removal of the medial wall of the optic canal) following blunt trauma are (1) delayed visual loss following frontal head trauma unresponsive to 12 hours of megadose steroid therapy and (2) initial return of vision with megadose steroids followed by visual decrease while on steroids or with the tapering of steroids.