术前多层螺旋CT血管造影对肺癌支气管动脉灌注化疗的作用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)对肺癌支气管动脉灌注化疗的作用.方法 回顾性分析61例经病理证实的原发性肺癌患者的影像学资料,28例患者(CTA组)支气管动脉灌注化疗前均进行多层螺旋CT胸部增强扫描,分别采用容积显示(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)等方法进行后重建处理,观察分析支气管动脉形态特征以指导手术操作,33例患者(无CTA组)支气管动脉灌注化疗前未行多层螺旋CT增强检查;比较2组患者术中对比剂用量、术中所用透视时间、手术所用时间的差异.结果 CTA组28例患者中24例术前明确肺癌供血动脉的起源、开口、走行及分布,与数字减影血管造影技术(DSA)造影显示的肿瘤供血动脉的来源分布基本一致,符合率100％; CTA组平均对比剂用量(44±7) mL,平均透视时间(12.3±2.2)min、平均手术时间为(42±11)min;而无CTA组3项数值分别为(74±21)mL、(26.6±5.3)min、(56±10)min.2组患者术中对比剂用量、术中所用透视时间、手术所用时间均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且CTA组明显小于无CTA组.结论 CTA术前能明确支气管动脉等供血动脉解剖,术中明显缩短供血动脉的查找时间,从而减少手术时间、透视时间,减少术中对比剂用量和医患的辐射.CTA对肺癌支气管动脉灌注化疗有指导意义.     

脑血管成像中减影CTA与常规CTA去骨技术的对照

目的探讨减影CTA去骨技术和常规CTA去骨技术在脑血管成像中重建时间及图像质量的差异。方法回顾性分析30例行脑血管减影CTA和常规CTA检查的患者的资料,后处理重建均用最大密度投影技术(MIP)和容积再现技术(VR),以评价减影CTA和常规CTA图像质量及重建时间。结果减影CTA图像质量优于常规CTA图像质量,且重建时间短于常规CTA。显示血管狭窄及颅底动脉瘤优于常规CTA。结论减影CTA去骨技术用于脑血管成像质量优良,重建血管迅速,显示血管狭窄及颅底动脉瘤优于常规CTA。减影CTA结合曲面重建(CPR)既能显示管腔又能有效的显示动脉管壁情况,弥补了DSA的不足。     

动脉CT血管造影对肺转移瘤的血供研究

目的　用支气管动脉 (BA)和肺动脉 (PA)CT血管造影 (BA CTA和PA CTA)的方法研究肺转移瘤血供。方法　对 1 5例肺转移瘤患者分别行BA和PA数字减影血管造影 (BA DSA和PA DSA)后 ,留置导管行多层螺旋CT的PA CTA和BA CTA ,判定BA和PA对肺转移瘤的血供。结果　 1 5例患者共 33个结节在BA DSA上 2 2个结节可见支气管动脉肿瘤染色 ,1 1个结节未见肿瘤血管或染色。PA DSA均未见肿瘤染色。PA CTA上肺动脉参与供血的 1 6个结节和未参与供血的 1 7个结节离胸壁最短距离差异有统计学意义 (t=3 32 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;而结节直径间差异无统计学意义 (t=1 1 3,P>0 0 5 )。BA CTA上支气管动脉参与供血的 2 7个结节和未参与供血的 6个结节离胸壁最短距离差异有统计学意义 (t=3 95 ,P <0 0 1 ) ;而结节直径间差异无统计学意义 (t=1 2 7,P >0 0 5 )。结论　BA仍是肺转移瘤的主要供血动脉 ,PA仅部分参与周围肺转移结节的血供。     

右肋间支气管动脉CT血管造影解剖分析

目的:利用16层CT血管造影(CTA)研究评价肋间支气管动脉(ICBA)三维影像解剖学特征.材料和方法:CTA清晰显示右支气管动脉(BA)的399例胸部扫描病例,采用16层螺旋CT增强扫描获得原始图像,用容积显示(VR)、最大强度投影(MIP)进行三维重建,观察和分析右侧肋间后动脉与右支气管动脉、右侧支气管动脉开口位置与椎骨的对应关系.结果:254例(63.66%)右BA源自肋间后动脉,其中243例为最粗或唯一的右BA.ICBA主要起自第3及第4肋间后动脉(87.40%).全部的右肋间动脉-BA干均发自降主动脉右侧壁,绝大多数为降主动脉上第1支肋间后动脉.所有ICBA开口对应于T3～T6椎骨范围,向右未超过肋骨小头,63.0%的ICBA开口在椎体正前方.结论:右BA多数起源于右肋间后动脉,开口位置大多在椎体正前方,16层CT血管造影可较好评价ICBA影像解剖学特征.     

原发性肺癌的支气管动脉CT血管造影

目的利用CT血管造影研究原发性肺癌患者的支气管动脉（BA）影像特征. 资料与方法搜集原发性肺癌164例,其中有明确病理学证实123例,临床综合诊断41例.CT检查未发现任何胸部疾病的正常对照者46例.采用Aquilion 16层螺旋CT胸部增强扫描获得原始图像,用容积显示（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）、最大强度投影（MIP）进行CTA重建观察和分析. 结果肺癌组至少1支BA在VR中能清晰显示的有152例,显示率92.7%,平均2.3支/例;对照组BA清晰显示32例,显示率69.6%,平均2.03支/例.肺癌组25.8%的支气管动脉走行至段以下或病灶内,明显多于对照组（1.7%）,且肺癌同侧走行至段以下的BA（40%）明显多于对侧（8.8%）.所有研究对象BA走行至叶支气管最多,占31%.肺癌组同侧BA管径较正常对照组BA明显增粗（P〈0.05）;肺癌同侧BA管径较肺癌对侧亦明显增粗（P〈0.05）,肺癌同侧总截面积显著大于正常对照组（P〈0.05）,肺癌同侧总截面积较肺癌对侧明显增加（P〈0.05）. 结论 CTA并三维重建技术活体无创性、立体化清晰显示原发性肺癌患者支气管动脉特征,能定量分析原发性肺癌支气管动脉扩张和支气管动脉总供血量增加等病理和病理生理学特征.     

支气管动脉CTA在肺癌介入治疗前应用的价值

目的通过64层CT血管成像了解支气管动脉(BA)的影像解剖特点,以期为经BA开展的介入治疗提供有价值的参考。方法对63例肺癌组及31例对照组CTA原始图像进行MPR、MIP及VR三维后处理,观察BA的走行情况、分支数目、内径及变异情况,同时进行统计学分析。结果 63例肺癌中BA显示率(评级优+良)达到92%,31例对照组显示率为96%,二者之间无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。BA在肺癌组与对照组之间显示的支数有统计学差异(P=0.041)。肺癌组BA内径与对照组之间无明显统计学差异。肺癌组变异百分比为15.6%,对照组为15.7%,二者无明显差异,主要的变异类型为与肋间动脉共干。结论 64层CT血管成像能很好地显示BA的解剖特点,可为经BA介入治疗提供有价值的参考。     

64层螺旋CT数字减影脑血管成像在烟雾病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨数字减影CT血管成像(DSCTA)在烟雾病诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析54例临床及影像资料确诊为烟雾病患者的脑血管CTA资料,分别用减影法及非减影法CTA对原始扫描数据行后处理,运用X~2检验比较两种方法对颈内动脉(ICA)终末段、大脑前动脉(ACA)及大脑中动脉(MCA)起始段狭窄或者闭塞的检出率,以及颅底异常血管网和椎-基底动脉系统代偿性扩张的显示情况等有无差异,同时评价DSCTA重组图像质量.采用t检验比较DSCTA与常规CTA在后处理时间上是否有差异.结果 DSCTA重组图像的质量均能满足颅内血管病变的显示.DSCTA和常规CTA分别显示46例和32例ICA终末段病变,两者间差异有统计学意义(X~2=9.05,P＜0.01).DSCTA分别显示48例ACA起始段病变、52例MCA起始段病变、38例颅底异常血管网和17例椎-基底动脉系统代偿性扩张,常规CTA则分别显示41、47、34和13例,两种方法间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).DSCTA和常规CTA后处理平均时间分别为(8.5±2.5)和(14.5±2.0)min,两者间差异有统计学意义(t=13.77,P＜0.01).结论 DSCTA是一种快速、易行和可靠的CTA技术,有利于烟雾病患者ICA终末端病变的检出,为该病提供了一种安全、准确的诊断方法.     

64层CT颅内血管减影成像的应用研究

目的 评估64层CT减影血管成像(subtraction CT angiography,SCTA)的图像质量和在诊断颅内动脉瘤中的临床价值.资料与方法 两名影像医师对32例行SCTA和数字减影血管造影(DSA)的颅内动脉瘤患者资料进行回顾性分析,对SCTA和CT血管成像(CT angiography,CTA)图像质量进行比较,以DSA为金标准对SCTA和CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤的准确性进行评估.结果 SCTA的后处理时间明显少于CTA(P<0.01),SCTA中图像质量优秀占25%(8/32),图像质量好占44%(14/32),图像质量一般占28%(9/32),图像质量较差占3%(1/32).SCTA在颅内动脉瘤整体诊断准确性和颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)段诊断准确性与CTA相比仅轻度提高(P>0.05),但在脑前动脉(前交通动脉和大脑前动脉交通后段)、大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)和后循环动脉的诊断准确性完全相同.结论 SCTA是一种减影去除邻近血管骨的有效方法,具有好的图像质量并且明显缩短了后处理时间,但诊断准确性无明显改善.     

支气管动脉CTA:动脉直径与中心型肺癌的关系研究

目的:利用CTA探讨中心型肺癌与正常对照者支气管动脉(bronchial artery,BA)显示率、直径大小的差异及BA直径与原发肿块的关系。方法:对42例经病理证实的中心型肺癌患者和51例正常人的BA行CTA检查,采用MPR、MIP、VR等技术对BA进行观察和重建,比较2组之间BA的显示率和直径,对中心型肺癌组BA直径与原发肿块平均直径进行Pearson双变量相关分析。结果:中心型肺癌组与正常组BA显示率与直径比较差异均有统计学意义,中心型肺癌组BA直径与原发肿块平均直径相关系数为0.327,P值为0.034。结论:中心型肺癌BA直径大小与原发肿块大小呈正相关,即BA直径随原发病灶增大而增大。     

16层CT支气管动脉成像的临床应用价值

目的:通过16层CT血管成像了解支气管动脉(BA)的三维影像解剖特点,以期为经BA开展的介入治疗提供有价值的参考。方法:对66例BA显示良好的CTA原始图像进行MPR、MIP及VR三维后处理,观察BA的走行情况、分支数目、开口位置,并测量BA开口处的管径。66例均经病理或临床随访证实,分成3组:肺癌组(n=36)、肺转移组(n=15)和非肿瘤组(n=15),并将肺癌组按中央型及周围型分为2组,分别对不同组别的BA管径进行统计学分析。结果:66例共显示BA 83支,其中右侧74支、左侧9支。BA的类型以右一型为多见(49/66),且常与右侧肋间动脉共干(28/74)。BA开口多位于Th_5～Th_6椎体水平(63/83),以气管隆突区域定位则以0区为多见(66/83);右侧BA或肋间支气管动脉干多开口于胸主动脉右侧壁(52/74),左侧BA多开口于胸主动脉前壁(5/9)。肺癌组右侧BA内径与转移组比较差异无统计学意义,与非肿瘤组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中央型肺癌与周围型肺癌比较,BA内径差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:16层CT血管成像能很好地显示BA的解剖特点,并能立体、直观地发现异位起源的BA,可为经BA介入治疗提供有价值的参考;并且进一步证明BA参与肺癌(尤其是中央型肺癌)的供血。     

Image quality of volume rendering of the bronchial tree: Kymogram-gated versus retrospectively ECG-gated and non-gated multi-row detector CT

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the image quality of three different heart-cycle-synchronized computed tomography (CT) reconstruction algorithms for volume-rendered (VR) 3D visualization of the bronchial tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Kymogram-gated, retrospectively ECG-gated, and non-ECG-gated reconstructions of the bronchial tree were performed from 4-detector-row CT data in 10 subjects. The raw data were reconstructed in 10 phases of the cardiac cycle using ECG-gated and kymogram-gated technique, respectively. For both reconstructions, the optimal artifact-free diastolic phase was determined. VR reconstructions of the bronchial tree were generated from these two data sets and from the non-gated data. Stairstep artifacts of the main bronchi, artifacts in the lung parenchyma, and the extent of bronchial tree visualization were rated by two blinded, independent readers. RESULTS: Kymogram-gated reconstruction showed stairstep artifacts in the main bronchi to the same extent as non-gated reconstruction, but less compared to ECG-gated reconstruction (P < .001). Artifacts in the lung parenchyma were similar with kymogram-gated and non-gated reconstruction, but less compared to ECG-gated reconstruction (P < 0.01). Kymogram-gated reconstruction showed no differences in visualization of segmental and subsegmental bronchi compared to ECG-gated reconstruction, but was inferior to the non-gated reconstruction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Kymogram-gated reconstruction of CT data results in fewer artifacts when compared to the ECG-gated algorithm. Best visualization of the bronchial tree at a low artifact level is obtained with non-gated CT data. It remains therefore the method of choice for VR 3D data post-processing of the bronchial tree.     

Carotid artery stenosis: performance of advanced vessel analysis software in evaluating CTA

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate time efficiency and diagnostic reproducibility of an advanced vessel analysis software for diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis.

Material and methods

40 patients with suspected carotid artery stenosis received head and neck DE-CTA as part of their pre-interventional workup. Acquired data were evaluated by 2 independent radiologists. Stenosis grading was performed by MPR eyeballing with freely adjustable MPRs and with a preliminary prototype of the meanwhile available client-server and advanced visualization software syngo.via CT Vascular (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). Stenoses were graded according to the following 5 categories: I: 0%, II: 1–50%, III: 51–69%, IV: 70–99% and V: total occlusion. Furthermore, time to diagnosis for each carotid artery was recorded.

Results

Both readers achieved very good specificity values and good respectively very good sensitivity values without significant differences between both reading methods. Furthermore, there was a very good correlation between both readers for both reading methods without significant differences (kappa value: standard image interpretation k = 0.809; advanced vessel analysis software k = 0.863). Using advanced vessel analysis software resulted in a significant time saving (p < 0.0001) for both readers. Time to diagnosis could be decreased by approximately 55%.

Conclusions

Advanced vessel analysis application CT Vascular of the new imaging software syngo.via (Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) provides a high rate of reproducibility in assessment of carotid artery stenosis. Furthermore a significant time saving in comparison to standard image interpretation is achievable.     

Analysis of the thoracic aorta using a semi-automated post processing tool

Objective

To evaluates a semi-automated method for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) measurement using ECG-gated Dual Source CT Angiogram (DSCTA).

Methods

This retrospective HIPAA compliant study was approved by our IRB. Transaxial maximum diameters of outer wall to outer wall were studied in fifty patients at seven anatomic locations of the thoracic aorta: annulus, sinus, sinotubular junction (STJ), mid ascending aorta (MAA) at the level of right pulmonary artery, proximal aortic arch (PROX) immediately proximal to innominate artery, distal aortic arch (DIST) immediately distal to left subclavian artery, and descending aorta (DESC) at the level of diaphragm. Measurements were performed using a manual method and semi-automated software. All readers repeated their measurements. Inter-method, intra-observer and inter-observer agreements were evaluated according to intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plot. The number of cases with manual contouring or center line adjustment for the semi-automated method and also the post-processing time for each method were recorded.

Results

The mean difference between semi-automated and manual methods was less than 1.3 mm at all seven points. Strong inter-method, inter-observer and intra-observer agreement was recorded at all levels (ICC ≥ 0.9). The maximum rate of manual adjustment of center line and contour was at the level of annulus. The average time for manual post-processing of the aorta was 19 ± 0.3 min, while it took 8.26 ± 2.1 min to do the measurements with the semi-automated tool (Vitrea version 6.0.0.1 software). The center line was edited manually at all levels, with most corrections at the level of annulus (60%), while the contour was adjusted at all levels with highest and lowest number of corrections at the levels of annulus and DESC (75% and 0.07% of the cases), respectively.

Conclusion

Compared to the commonly used manual method, semi-automated measurement of vessel dimensions is feasible in the thoracic aorta with the advantage of reduced post-processing time.     

基于分形学理论评价低氧性肺血管重塑

目的 应用分析维数方法评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺血管树空间结构重塑随氧分压的变化规律.方法 分别对106例COPD患者及100例非COPD健康对照者进行CT扫描并进行血气分析.应用后处理软件形成肺血管树,以ImageJ软件计算外周肺血管树分形维数(FD);比较对照组与COPD组FD值;分析COPD患者FD改变与动脉血氧分压的相关性.结果 COPD组外周肺血管树FD显著低于对照组(t=5.21,P＜0.01).COPD患者FD与动脉血氧分压存在显著正相关性(r=0.692,P＜0.01).结论 FD分析能够有效评估COPD患者病程中肺小血管(动脉及静脉)重塑,COPD患者肺血管树FD值与氧分压显著相关,一定程度验证了低氧在肺血管重塑过程中的作用.     

Enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery: improvement in route mapping for ultraselective transbronchial lung biopsy

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated a new simulation method for ultraselective transbronchial lung biopsy using the pulmonary artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A new method for enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery was developed for ultraselective transbronchial lung biopsy. In a volunteer study of healthy adults, three radiologists with different levels of experience independently reconstructed conventional virtual bronchoscopy and enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery until reaching the farthest point of the bronchus and pulmonary artery. The bronchovascular branch order and the minimum luminal diameter (e.g., for bronchus and artery) for reconstruction were compared. In a clinical study, virtual bronchoscopy and enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery were compared with regard to accessibility to target lesions in 40 patients with small pulmonary nodules or ground-glass opacities. A comparison between the simulated bronchial route reconstructions and actual bronchoscopic routes on biopsy was made to determine the efficacy of each reconstruction method. RESULTS: In the volunteer study, quality of enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery was not significantly affected by the experience levels of the radiologists. In the clinical study, bronchial reconstruction was successful in guiding to a bronchoscopic tumor in 35 (87.5%) of 40 cases. The maximum bronchial order on reconstruction was the sixth for the virtual bronchoscopy group and the eighth for the group with enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon's signed rank test). The bronchial route reconstructed on enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery agreed with the actual biopsy routes in 30 cases (85.7%), but those reconstructed on virtual bronchoscopy alone agreed in only eight cases (22.9%) (p < 0.001, chi-square test). CONCLUSION: Enhanced virtual bronchoscopy using the pulmonary artery is feasible and helpful for ultraselective transbronchial lung biopsy of small nodules in the lung.     

肺结核大咯血多次栓塞治疗的远期疗效及安全性观察

目的 评价支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血的疗效、并发症及安全性. 资料与方法 回顾分析64例肺结核伴大咯血患者支气管动脉重复多次栓塞治疗资料,方法为用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞后10～15 min重复造影检查,再次循环栓塞前面的支气管动脉,直至血管完全闭塞后方结束治疗,并用同样的方法处理非支气管动脉来源的吻合支;另取15例肺结核伴大咯血患者行支气管动脉单次栓塞治疗15例作为对比组. 结果 单次栓塞组与多次栓塞组即刻止血有效率均为100%;多次栓塞治疗组近期总有效率95.3%,远期有效率60.9%,复发率39.1%;单次栓塞治疗组近期总有效率80%,远期有效率27%,复发率73%.两组之间近期有效率差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05),远期有效率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).所有患者无严重并发症. 结论 明胶海绵支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血安全、有效、远期疗效明显;反复多次对同一支出血动脉进行栓塞效果好于仅行一次栓塞;首次栓塞15 min后应再次少量栓塞以加强效果.     

支气管动脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗

目的：探讨血管内栓塞治疗支气管动脉畸形的临床价值。方法本组18例患者,13例为支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘,3例为支气管动脉-肺静脉瘘,2例为支气管动脉瘤,临床表现均为反复咯血,均行支气管动脉造影,明确病变性质、部位、范围、程度及血供情况,然后超选择插管至病变处,进行栓塞治疗,栓塞方法及栓塞剂的种类、剂量根据病变性质、造影表现及插管具体位置进行选择。结果18例患者均通过动脉造影明确诊断,均为支气管动脉畸形所致的咯血。介入栓塞治疗后所有患者咯血停止,随防6-20个月,均未再次咯血。结论血管内栓塞治疗支气管动脉畸形,安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是行之有效的治疗方法。