An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 1. Aqueous exposures

Tests were performed with the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus to determine the acute toxicity of six phthalate esters, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). It was possible to derive 10-d LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values only for the four lower molecular weight esters (DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP), for which toxicity increased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and decreasing water solubility. The LC50 values for DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP were 28.1, 4.21, 0.63, and 0.46 mg/L for H. azteca; 68.2, 31.0, 2.64, and > 1.76 mg/L for C. tentans; and 246, 102, 2.48, and 1.23 mg/L for L. variegatus, respectively. No significant survival reductions were observed when the three species were exposed to either DHP or DEHP at concentrations approximating their water solubilities.     

养殖鱼体邻苯二甲酸酯含量与分布特征

目的调查珠江三角洲及香港地区的养殖池塘3种淡水养殖鱼类(草鱼、鲫鱼和罗非鱼)体内6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的含量与分布特征。方法于2005年11月在珠江三角洲和香港地区采集草鱼、鲫鱼、罗非鱼,鱼肉样品经冻干处理,索氏抽提,氧化铝-硅胶柱净化,气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)检测。结果珠江三角洲地区鲫鱼、草鱼、罗非鱼体内邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)含量分别高达16.10、19.81和11.03 mg/kg(体重,干重);邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁辛酯(BOP)在3种鱼类体内的含量在3～10 mg/kg之间。邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的含量最低(0.54 mg/kg)。香港地区鲫鱼、草鱼、罗非鱼体内DEHP含量高达35.97、37.98、26.12 mg/kg,而DMP和DEP含量较低。结论养殖鱼类受PAEs的污染情况随地域的不同有较大差异,来自香港地区的养殖鱼类样品中6种PAEs含量高于珠江三角洲地区样品。     

室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征分析

目的 了解邻苯二甲酸酯在室内环境中的污染状况.方法 分别选取北京地区10户家庭住宅、10间办公室和10间学生宿舍进行室内降尘取样,采用高效液相色谱法测定降尘中的7种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,利用非参数检验进行统计分析.结果 室内降尘中主要存在邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)污染,其中DEHP的含量范围为28～6073 mg/ks.是检出浓度最高的物质.对不同类型房间进行比较,发现家庭住宅邻苯二甲酸酯污染最严重,办公室次之,学生宿舍污染最小.Kumkal-Wallis H检验分析表明在这3种房间类型中,邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、DEHP和DCHP浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Spearman相关分析表明,DBP与BBP、DBP与DCHP之间均存在正相关关系(P<0.05),但相关关系并不密切(r<0.5).结论 家庭住宅中DEHP污染较为严重,应引起重视.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the pollution of phthalate ester in indoor environment. Methods Settled dust samples from 10 households, 10 offices and 10 student dormitories in Beijing were collected. Seven kinds of phthalate esters in these samples were determined with solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) .Dates were analyzed statistically by nonparametric tests. Results The main phthalate esters in dust were di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP). Of phthalate esters, DEHP with the range of 28-6 073 mg/kg had the highest concentration in indoor dust. The total level of phthalate esters in households was the highest, offices followed, student dormitories was the last. The Kurskal-Wallis H test showed that the concentrations of BBP, DEHP and DCHP in dust were significantly different in 3 types of rooms (P<0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that significantly positive correlations were found between DBP and both BBP and DCHP (r<0.5, P<0.05). Conclusion DEHP pollution in household environment is heavy. It should be taken into account.     

环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的分析测定

该文概述了环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的存在现状,综述了不同环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的前处理方法及其分析测定技术.色谱技术是对环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物进行定性和定量分析测定的主要方法.而色谱分析前的样品制备,包括预分离和预浓缩技术.大气环境样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的预处理主要采用的是索氏提取、溶液提取和填充柱分离;水环境样品中采用的前处理技术较多,但大多数都是萃取技术;底质和生物试样目前用的较多是微波萃取、超声波萃取和索氏提取.     

Distribution of Phthalate Esters in Soil of E-Waste Recycling Sites from Taizhou City in China

In recent years, increasing concern has surrounded the consequences of improper electric and electronic waste (e-waste) disposal. In this paper, Phthalate esters (PAEs) including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in the e-waste soils were collected and analyzed from sites Fengjiang, Nanshan and Meishu in Taizhou city. The result showed that the total PAEs concentrations ranged from 12.566 to 46.669 mg/kg in these three sites. DEHP, DBP and DEP were the major phthalates accounting for more than 94% of total phthalates studied. Comparing to the results from other studies, the e-waste soils from Taizhou city were severely contaminated with PAEs.     

Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites

OBJECTIVE: We previously demonstrated that among 54 infants in neonatal intensive care units, exposure to polyvinyl chloride plastic medical devices containing the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is associated with urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) , a DEHP metabolite. In this follow-up report, we studied the neonates' exposure to DEHP-containing devices in relation to urinary concentrations of two other DEHP metabolites, and to urinary concentrations of metabolites of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) , phthalates found in construction materials and personal care products. MEASUREMENTS: A priori, we classified the intensiveness of these 54 infants' exposure to DEHP-containing medical products. We measured three metabolites of DEHP in infants' urine: MEHP and two of its oxidative metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxylhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) . We also measured monobutyl phthalate (MBP) , a metabolite of DBP, and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), a metabolite of BzBP. RESULTS: Intensiveness of DEHP-containing product use was monotonically associated with all three DEHP metabolites. Urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP among infants in the high-DEHP-intensiveness group were 13-14 times the concentrations among infants in the low-intensiveness group (p相似文献   

Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among workers in selected industries: a pilot biomonitoring study

Phthalates are used as plasticizers and solvents in industrial, medical and consumer products; however, occupational exposure information is limited. We sought to obtain preliminary information on occupational exposures to diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by analyzing for their metabolites in urine samples collected from workers in a cross-section of industries. We also obtained data on metabolites of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), di-isobutyl phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate. We recruited 156 workers in 2003-2005 from eight industry sectors. We assessed occupational contribution by comparing end-shift metabolite concentrations to the US general population. Evidence of occupational exposure to DEHP was strongest in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing, PVC compounding and rubber boot manufacturing where geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentrations of DEHP metabolites exceeded general population levels by 8-, 6- and 3-fold, respectively. Occupational exposure to DBP was most evident in rubber gasket, phthalate (raw material) and rubber hose manufacturing, with DBP metabolite concentrations exceeding general population levels by 26-, 25- and 10-fold, respectively, whereas DBP exposure in nail-only salons (manicurists) was only 2-fold higher than in the general population. Concentrations of DEP and DMP metabolites in phthalate manufacturing exceeded general population levels by 4- and >1000-fold, respectively. We also found instances where GM end-shift concentrations of some metabolites exceeded general population concentrations even when no workplace use was reported, e.g. BzBP in rubber hose and rubber boot manufacturing. In summary, using urinary metabolites, we successfully identified workplaces with likely occupational phthalate exposure. Additional work is needed to distinguish occupational from non-occupational sources in low-exposure workplaces.     

An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 2. Sediment exposures

Seven phthalate esters were evaluated for their 10-d toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in sediment. The esters were diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and a commercial mixture of C7, C9, and C11 isophthalate esters (711P). All seven esters were tested in a sediment containing 4.80% total organic carbon (TOC), and DBP alone was tested in two additional sediments with 2.45 and 14.1% TOC. Sediment spiking concentrations for DEP and DBP were based on LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values from water-only toxicity tests, sediment organic carbon concentration, and equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters (DHP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, 711P), two of which were tested and found to be nontoxic in water-only tests (i.e., DHP and DEHP), were tested at single concentrations between 2,100 and 3,200 mg/kg dry weight. Preliminary spiking studies were performed to assess phthalate ester stability under test conditions. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters in sediment had no effect on survival or growth of either C. tentans or H. azteca, consistent with predictions based on water-only tests and EqP theory. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and H. azteca were >17,400, >29,500, and >71,900 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are more than 30x greater than predicted by EqP theory and may reflect the fact that H. azteca is an epibenthic species and not an obligative burrower. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and C. tentans were 826, 1,664, and 4.730 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are within a factor of two of the values predicted by EqP theory. Pore-water 10-d LC50 values for DBP (dissolved fraction) and C. tentans in the three sediments were 0.65, 0.89, and 0.66 of the water-only LC50 value of 2.64 mg/L, thereby agreeing with EqP theory predictions to within a factor of 1.5. The LC50 value for DEP and C. tentans was >3,100 mg/kg dry weight, which is approximately 10x that predicted by EqP theory. It is postulated that test chemical loss and reduced organism exposure to pore water may have accounted for the observed discrepancies with EqP calculations for DEP     

餐饮环节食品包装材料中塑化剂含量及迁移研究

目的了解餐饮环节食品包装材料中20种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(PAEs)的含量以及在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移情况。方法采集餐饮环节样品100份,测定其中20种PAEs含量,选取其中直接接触脂肪性食品的样品(共62份),研究其在脂肪性食品模拟物(异辛烷)中的迁移量,采用气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)法进行测定。结果 100份样品中10种塑化剂有检出,分别为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丙烯酯(DAP)、苯甲酸苄酯(BBZ)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)、邻苯二甲酸二己酯(DHXP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),检出率最高的为DBP(84.0%),其次是DIBP(76.0%);检出率最低的为DPP和BBP(1.0%)。迁移试验中,DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP和DEHP5种塑化剂有检出,其中DEHP和DBP检出率较高,分别为100.0%和93.5%,而DMP的检出率较低,仅为8.1%。从迁移量来看,5种有检出的塑化剂的迁移量均较低。结论餐饮环节食品包装材料中普遍检出邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂,但浓度普遍比较低,同时,在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移量均未超过国家限值的要求。     

The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have identified associations between the concentration of phthalates in indoor dust and allergic symptoms in the airways, nose, and skin. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate the associations between allergic symptoms in children and the concentration of phthalate esters in settled dust collected from children's homes in Sofia and Burgas, Bulgaria. METHODS: Dust samples from the child's bedroom were collected. A total of 102 children (2-7 years of age) had symptoms of wheezing, rhinitis, and/or eczema in preceding 12 months (cases), and 82 were nonsymptomatic (controls). The dust samples were analyzed for their content of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). RESULTS: A higher concentration of DEHP was found in homes of case children than in those of controls (1.24 vs. 0.86 mg/g dust). The concentration of DEHP was significantly associated with wheezing in the preceding 12 months (p = 0.035) as reported by parents. We found a dose-response relationship between DEHP concentration and case status and between DEHP concentration and wheezing in the preceding 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an association between concentration of DEHP in indoor dust and wheezing among preschool children in Bulgaria.     

Embryotoxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in mice

Two major compounds of PVC plasticizers, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), were mixed with food at levels of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 wt% and given to pregnant mice of ICR-JCL strain throughout gestation. Treatment with 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0% DEHP and 1.0% DBP resulted in decreased maternal weight gain and increased resorption rate. All of the implanted ova died in utero at 0.4 and 1.0% level of DEHP. The malformation rate in term fetuses increased at 0.2% level of DEHP and 1.0% level of DBP, the difference from the control group being at the borderline level of significance. The major malformations observed in the treated groups were neural tube defects (exencephaly and spina bifida), suggesting that the phthalic acid esters could interfere with the closure of neuropores in developing embryos. Treatment with the compounds caused intrauterine growth retardation and delayed ossification with an apparently dose-related response pattern. These results indicate that DEHP and DBP at a high dose level could be embryotoxic and possibly teratogenic mice. The maximum no effect level of the PAEs on mouse fetuses was 70 mg/kg/day, which is far higher than the estimated human current intake from the environment.     

Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland

Experimental evidence has shown that certain phthalates can disrupt endocrine function and induce reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, few data are available on the extent of human exposure to phthalates during pregnancy. As part of the research being conducted by the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, we have measured levels of phthalates in 48-hr personal air samples collected from parallel cohorts of pregnant women in New York, New York, (n = 30) and in Krakow, Poland (n = 30). Spot urine samples were collected during the same 48-hr period from the New York women (n = 25). The following four phthalates or their metabolites were measured in both personal air and urine: diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP). All were present in 100% of the air and urine samples. Ranges in personal air samples were as follows: DEP (0.26-7.12 microg/m3), DBP (0.11-14.76 microg/m3), DEHP (0.05-1.08 microg/m3), and BBzP (0.00-0.63 microg/m3). The mean personal air concentrations of DBP, di-isobutyl phthalate, and DEHP are higher in Krakow, whereas the mean personal air concentration of DEP is higher in New York. Statistically significant correlations between personal air and urinary levels were found for DEP and monoethyl phthalate (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), DBP and monobutyl phthalate (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), and BBzP and monobenzyl phthalate (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate considerable phthalate exposures during pregnancy among women in these two cohorts and indicate that inhalation is an important route of exposure.     

Urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate relation to sperm motility,reactive oxygen species generation,and apoptosis in polyvinyl chloride workers

Purpose

To measure the concentrations of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) workers and a control group for determining the relationship of DEHP exposure to semen quality, sperm reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and sperm apoptosis.

Methods

We assessed the metabolites of DEHP, namely urinary mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and semen quality, such as sperm concentration, motility, morphology, ROS generation, and DNA damage by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay obtained from 47 workers employed within two PVC pellet plants and 15 graduate students in Taiwan.

Results

Sperm concentration and motility were significantly affected in the high-exposure group. The percentage and intensity of sperm ROS generation were higher in the high-exposure group than those in the control group. After adjustment for age, smoking status, and coffee consumption, the decrease in sperm motility was inversely associated with the concentration of MEHP (β = ?0.549, p = 0.0085), MEHHP (β = ?0.155, p = 0.0074), and MEOHP (β = ?0.201, p = 0.0041). Moreover, sperm apoptosis and ROS generation were positively associated with MEHHP and MEOHP concentration, respectively.

Conclusions

This was the first study to explore the associations between levels of DEHP exposure, sperm motility, ROS generation, and apoptosis. The results suggested that urinary MEHHP and MEOHP were sensitive biomarkers for reflecting the relationship between DEHP exposure and semen quality.     

河南省市售食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂污染状况调查

目的 对2018年河南省市售食用植物油中的邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂污染状况进行调查，为食用植物油的监管重点提供依据。方法 在河南省抽取市售预包装食用植物油样品333份，根据气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）的含量。结果 总体来看，DBP检出率为44.4%，检出值范围为0.10～55.8 mg/kg，超标率为21.6%；DEHP检出率为50.2%，检出值范围为0.15～39.2 mg/kg，超标率为3.6%。从食品细类看，芝麻油中塑化剂（DBP或DEHP）污染最为严重，超标率为34.1%。从企业规模看，产自小微型企业的超标样品占超标样品总数的97.3%。从区域类型看，抽样地点为乡村的样品超标率为24.6%，高于城市（21.6%）3个百分点。结论 河南省市售食用植物油中DBP和DEHP污染情况严重，尤其是芝麻油，应加强监督管理，加大小微型企业食用植物油生产环节的监测，确保食品安全。     

Relationship between urinary phthalate and bisphenol A concentrations and serum thyroid measures in U.S. adults and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008

Background: Limited animal, in vitro, and human studies have reported that exposure to phthalates or bisphenol A (BPA) may affect thyroid signaling.Objective: We explored the cross-sectional relationship between urinary concentrations of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and BPA with a panel of serum thyroid measures among a representative sample of U.S. adults and adolescents.Methods: We analyzed data on urinary biomarkers of exposure to phthalates and BPA, serum thyroid measures, and important covariates from 1,346 adults (ages ≥ 20 years) and 329 adolescents (ages 12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008 using multivariable linear regression.Results: Among adults, we observed significant inverse relationships between urinary DEHP metabolites and total thyroxine (T₄), free T₄, total triiodothyronine (T₃), and thyroglobulin, and positive relationships with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The strongest and most consistent relationships involved total T₄, where adjusted regression coefficients for quintiles of oxidative DEHP metabolites displayed monotonic dose-dependent decreases in total T₄ (p-value for trend < 0.0001). Suggestive inverse relationships between urinary BPA and total T₄ and TSH were also observed. Conversely, among adolescents, we observed significant positive relationships between DEHP metabolites and total T₃. Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, a secondary metabolite of both DBP and di-n-octyl phthalate, was associated with several thyroid measures in both age groups, whereas other DBP metabolites were not associated with thyroid measures.Conclusions: These results support previous reports of associations between phthalates—and possibly BPA—and altered thyroid hormones. More detailed studies are needed to determine the temporal relationships and potential clinical and public health implications of these associations.     

Relationship between Environmental Phthalate Exposure and the Intelligence of School-Age Children

Background

Concern over phthalates has emerged because of their potential toxicity to humans.

Objective

We investigated the relationship between the urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and children’s intellectual functioning.

Methods

This study enrolled 667 children at nine elementary schools in five South Korean cities. A cross-sectional examination of urine phthalate concentrations was performed, and scores on neuropsychological tests were obtained from both the children and their mothers.

Results

We measured mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), both metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), in urine samples. The geometric mean (ln) concentrations of MEHP, MEOHP, and MBP were 21.3 μg/L [geometric SD (GSD) = 2.2 μg/L; range, 0.5–445.4], 18.0 μg/L (GSD = 2.4; range, 0.07–291.1), and 48.9 μg/L (GSD = 2.2; range, 2.1–1645.5), respectively. After adjusting for demographic and developmental covariates, the Full Scale IQ and Verbal IQ scores were negatively associated with DEHP metabolites but not with DBP metabolites. We also found a significant negative relationship between the urine concentrations of the metabolites of DEHP and DBP and children’s vocabulary subscores. After controlling for maternal IQ, a significant inverse relationship between DEHP metabolites and vocabulary subscale score remained. Among boys, we found a negative association between increasing MEHP phthalate concentrations and the sum of DEHP metabolite concentrations and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children vocabulary score; however, among girls, we found no significant association between these variables.

Conclusion

Controlling for maternal IQ and other covariates, the results show an inverse relationship between phthalate metabolites and IQ scores; however, given the limitations in cross-sectional epidemiology, prospective studies are needed to fully explore these associations.     

不同烹调油样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯与邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的分析

[目的]了解不同烹调油样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（di-n—butyl phthalate,DBP）与邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的污染情况。[方法]采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪的选择离子检测（SIR）方式,测定取自居民家中未加热食用油、烹调剩油和厨房抽油烟机内油盒中的烹调油烟冷凝物,食堂中未加热食用油、烹调剩油和烹调油烟冷凝物;小摊贩所用的未加热食用油及其锅内剩油;快餐店未加热过的固体起酥油及烹调剩油等样品中DBP与DEHP的含量。[结果]9户居民家庭厨房和食堂不同烹调油样品中DBP和DEHP均为阳性,且烹调油烟冷凝物中的含量明显高于未加热食用油和烹调剩油中的含量;DBP和DEHP含量：前者分别为2．29～597．01μg／g和38．96～4774．72μg／g;后者分别为3．22～42．81μg／g和15．61～112．64μg／g。小摊贩和快餐店不同烹调油样品中,仅1例炸面食剩油检出DBP和DEHP。[结论]大部分烹调油样品被DBP、DEHP污染,且烹调油烟冷凝物中的含量大大增加。     

血清中酞酸酯类浓度与肾透析的相关性

[目的]了解肾透析人群体内酞酸酯类的暴露情况。[方法]对某三级甲等医院肾内科透析室就医的52名肾透析病人发放调查问卷，对其肾透析情况进行调查并对回收表进行有效性判断，同时使用气相色谱一质谱联用仪（GC—MS）测定血清样本中酞酸二丁酯（DBP）和酞酸二辛酯（DEHP）水平。[结果]经肾透析管回流入体的静脉血中，52份血样均检出DBP和DEHP，检出率为100％，DBP检出浓度低于DEHP；男、女血清DBP浓度差异无统计学意义，女性DEHP浓度高于男性；每次透析的时长与肾透析病人血清DBP浓度无相关性，但与DEHP的浓度相关；每周不同透析次数病人血清DBP和DEHP的检出浓度差异无统计学意义；每周透析6h的患者共49人，占所有肾透析人数的94．23％；透析年限与肾透析病人血清DBP、DEHP浓度无相关性。[结论]DEHP浓度与肾透析病人的性别、每次透析时长相关；DBP则与病人透析情况无关。     

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificially contaminated soils

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dioctyl phthalate, to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied when earthworms were exposed to two artificially contaminated agricultural and forest soils. Only DBP and DEHP were detected in earthworms. The uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP in earthworms was fast within the initial 10 days followed by a nearly steady state for the subsequent 20 days. An equilibrium partitioning model could be used to describe the uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP by earthworm in two types of soils (r = 0.709-0.864). The average biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of DBP and DEHP at 5 mg kg(-1) in soil were 0.27 +/- 0.07 and 0.17 +/- 0.03, respectively, in agricultural soil, while the BSAFs were 0.21 +/- 0.06 and 0.07 +/- 0.02, respectively, in forest soil. The concentrations of phthalates in earthworms increased with increasing concentrations of phthalates in soil. There was a significant correlation between logC(soil) and logC(worm), with r = 0.999-0.993, demonstrating a single linear partitioning of phthalates between soil and earthworms. The bioavailability of DBP and DEHP was assessed by Soxhlet, methanol, and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods. Our results indicated that the extractable amounts of freshly added DBP and DEHP in soils by these extraction methods were significantly correlated with those in earthworms. It was observed that the extractable DBP and DEHP by the methanol and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods decreased with their increasing residence time in soil. In contrast, the amount extracted by the Soxhlet extraction method did not show a similar decline. Therefore, Soxhlet extraction was a poor indicator of the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP to earthworms in soil, which could lead to overestimation of the risk of soil-associated DBP and DEHP. The extractable DBP and DEHP by methanol and methanol-water (1:1) significantly decreased over 440 days. Compared with the methanol-water (1:1) extraction method, the methanol extraction method was preferred for its ability to predict the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP in aged soils.     

Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of The Netherlands

Overviews of levels of n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) found in freshwater, marine water, sediment, and fish in the Netherlands are given. Sampling spanned a 9-month period (all seasons except winter) and allowed assessing whether phthalate levels are season dependent. Results obtained are compared to data reported for other Western European countries and a fugacity-based modeling approach is used to assess whether there is equilibrium among the various compartments. Highest levels of dissolved DBP and DEHP were found in freshwater samples, whereas these compounds were usually below the limit of detection (LOD) in marine water and sediment. Median levels were log-normally distributed; statistical analysis showed that sampling season is not a relevant determinant parameter. Similar results were obtained for the freshwater sediment compartment, with DEHP levels exceeding concentrations of DBP. DBP levels in fish were often below the LOD. Nevertheless, mean values around 1.8 microg kg(-1) wet fish were found for both DEHP and DBP. Fugacity calculations revealed that especially for DEHP there is no equilibrium among the compartments. DEHP emissions are directed to water, whereas the calculations reveal that sediments provide a sink for DEHP and there is net transport to air. Although it has been suggested that water is the primary compartment for DBP, fugacity plots suggest that air is the compartment to which emissions are directed dominantly. The data reported are in line with values found in Western Europe.