小探头超声内镜在不同起源层次直肠神经内分泌肿瘤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨不同起源层次的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(rectal neuroendocrine neoplasm, R-NENs)的超声内镜下特点及对诊断和治疗决策的影响。方法采用回顾性横断面研究, 收集2016年1月—2021年7月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院消化内镜中心行小探头超声内镜检查(miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography, MEUS), 经MEUS或病理诊断为R-NENs的病例共56例, 比较黏膜深层起源与黏膜下层起源的R-NENs的超声内镜下表现、病理分级、治疗方式和随访结果。结果 56例中, 49例确诊为R-NENs, MEUS诊断R-NENs的敏感度为93.88%(46/49), 阳性预测值为86.79%(46/53), 准确率为82.14%(46/56)。R-NENs主要表现为中低回声[95.92%(47/49)]。被漏诊的3例R-NENs均起源于黏膜下层, 1例表现为低回声、2例表现为高回声。黏膜深层起源与黏膜下层起源R-NENs比较, 两者在肿瘤长径、超声内镜下回声强度、回声均匀度和病理分级构成方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.0...     

内镜超声在非胰岛素瘤胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤定位诊断中的作用

背景：准确的定位诊断是胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（GEP-NETs）患者手术成败的关键。内镜超声（EUS）可在近距离内对胃肠壁、胰腺及其毗邻结构行超声检查。目的：评价EUS在非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs定位诊断中的作用。方法：对1996年6月～2007年6月北京协和医院诊断的非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs患者进行回顾性分析，总结其EUS表现．并与其他影像学检查方法的敏感性进行比较。结果：共纳入11例非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs患者，检出原发病灶16个，EUS的敏感性为75．0％（12／16）。如剔除一例因有胃大部切除史而干扰检查者，EUS的敏感性可达90．9％（10/11）。腹部CT平扫＋增强、腹部B超、生长抑素受体显像和血管造影的敏感性分别为56．2％（9／16）、37．5％（6，16）、66．7％（8／12）和57．1％（4／7）。EUS显示的12个病灶中，低回声者8个（66．7％），回声不均匀者7个（58．3％），边界清晰者11个（91．7％）。EUS显示的最小病灶直径为0．5cm。结论：EUS对非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs的定位诊断具有较高敏感性．优于腹部CT、腹部B超、生长抑素受体显像等传统定位方法。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠神经内分泌瘤的疗效及思考

探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗直肠神经内分泌瘤（rectal neuroendocrine tumor,RNET）的临床疗效及安全性。回顾2012年12月—2021年1月就诊于黑龙江省医院消化病院消化一科,肿瘤最大径≤15 mm,行ESD治疗,经病理证实为RNET且临床资料完整的71例患者（男43例、女28例）,年龄（46.66±10.15）岁,分析流行病学、内镜表现、手术时间、并发症、病理结果、内镜超声检查术（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）与病理的一致性以及预后等。患者中69例病变为单发,2例病变为多发（2个）;内镜下病变位于直肠中下段70个（70/73,95.89%）,上段3个（3/73,4.11%）;肿瘤最大径（8.54±3.12）mm。肿瘤均整块切除,无并发症,肿瘤完整切除率为87.67%（64/73）,8例肿瘤紧邻垂直切缘,1例见脉管内瘤栓。EUS评价全部病灶均未累及固有肌层,与病理诊断符合率100.0%。随访（4.52±3.85）年（1～9年）,患者均未发现局部复发或远处转移。可见ESD治疗最大径≤15 mm的RNET安全、有效;对于术前充分评估无转移迹象的G1级肿瘤,即使切除标本中肿瘤紧邻切缘或有一定程度的脉管浸润,也可考虑密切随访。     

胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤内镜表现及内镜下治疗效果分析

目的 探讨胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤的超声内镜表现及内镜下治疗效果。 方法 纳入在西安交通大学第一附属医院行内镜下治疗的27例胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤患者资料，回顾性分析其临床特征、超声内镜表现、病理特征及内镜下治疗效果。 结果 27例患者的病变内镜下表现为黏膜下隆起，超声内镜检查示病变长径（0.69±0.44）cm（0.32~2.00 cm），来源于黏膜下层14例（51.9%）、黏膜肌层8例（29.6%）、黏膜层5例（18.5%），诊断准确率92.0%。行内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）6例，内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）21例，ESD术后出血发生率4.8%。术后病理为G1级20例（74.1%），G2级6例（22.2%），G3级伴淋巴管癌栓1例（3.7%）。术后随访3~36个月总生存率96.3%，对于局限于黏膜下层以内、无脉管浸润的G1、G2级神经内分泌瘤患者，EMR术后复发率较ESD高（33.3%比0，P=0.042）；EMR与ESD术后出血、穿孔并发症及患者生存率差异无统计学意义。 结论 超声内镜可用于胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤的术前诊断，对2 cm以内、黏膜下层以内、无脉管浸润的G1、G2级胃肠神经内分泌瘤ESD治疗复发率低于EMR。     

超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 评价超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性总结26例行内镜超声检查术(EUS)和内镜超声引导下针吸活检术(EUS-FNA)检查且最终确诊为胰神经内分泌肿瘤病例的资料.结果 胰神经内分泌肿瘤在EUS下表现为内部回声均匀或不均匀、边界清晰的低回声肿块,血流信号丰富;肿瘤位于胰腺头部3例,钩突部2例,胰腺颈部2例,胰腺体部11例,胰腺尾部8例;其中有功能的胰神经内分泌肿瘤16例,瘤体平均直径9 mm,无功能的内分泌肿瘤10例,瘤体平均直径29 mm.EUS-FNA检查22例结果阳性,4例结果阴性.23例患者进行了外科手术治疗,其术前EUS定位准确率为100％.结论 EUS能对病变进行准确的术前定位,还可以通过EUS-FNA提供病变的病理学资料,在胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断中具有一定优势.     

小探头内镜超声在消化道隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨小探头内镜超声扫查消化道黏膜下病变在管壁的分布特点以及对消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2018年10月在武汉协和医院行小探头内镜超声检查消化道隆起性病变316例,患者均行内镜下治疗切除,组织送病理检查,通过超声检查结果结合病理诊断明确病变的层次和性质。结果316例消化道隆起性病变中黏膜下病变198例,其中平滑肌瘤118例,间质瘤27例,脂肪瘤、囊肿各15例,乳头状瘤4例,神经内分泌瘤7例,异位胰腺9例,颗粒细胞瘤、神经鞘瘤和布氏腺瘤各1例。病变分布在整个消化道管壁,以起源于黏膜肌层最常见,有7例病变在小探头内镜超声下未明确层次。结论小探头内镜超声可以明确黏膜下病变在消化道中的分布,并对病变大小、层次起源提供高准确率的判断,对治疗方案的选择亦有重要指导意义。     

内镜超声在胃肠神经内分泌瘤诊治中的应用价值

【摘要】目的探讨EUS在胃肠神经内分泌瘤（GI—NEN）诊治中的应用价值。方法回顾性总结44例行内镜检查并经组织病理及免疫组化确诊的GI—NEN患者的临床资料、EUS下特点及EUS指导下的内镜治疗情况和术后随访结果。结果44例共发现47处病灶（其中有2例为多发）,其中4l处病理证实为神经内分泌瘤,6处病理证实为神经内分泌癌。EUS诊断41处神经内分泌瘤中18处起源于黏膜层、23处起源于黏膜下层,与病理结果符合率为100．O％,均为低回声团块,内部回声均匀,边界较清楚。41处神经内分泌瘤均行EUS指导下的内镜切除术,其中17处行EMR或ESD切除、24处行高频电切除,术后患者均恢复良好,分别于术后3—6个月、12个月复查胃肠镜和（或）EUS,显示创面愈合良好,病变切除处胃肠壁各层次清晰,原病灶边缘取组织活检均证实无残留及复发。结论EUS可准确判断GI—NEN病灶的起源、大小、边界、回声等,为最佳治疗方式的选择提供重要信息,在GI—NEN的诊治中有较高的应用价值。     

内镜超声在胰腺内分泌肿瘤——胰岛素瘤诊断中的价值

与传统影像学检查方法比较,评价内镜超声在胰腺内分泌肿瘤－胰岛瘤术前定位诊断中的临床价值。方法６例临床疑为胰岛素瘤的患者术前行内镜超声,腹部超声以及计算机断层扫描检查,同时与手术中的发发现及手术后的病理结果相对比。结论ＥＵＤ对胰腺占位病灶的术前定位诊断优于传统的影像学检查,是一种临床可行且较有价值的检查方法。     

直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的诊治

目的探讨直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床表现、内镜特点、病理及内镜下治疗。 方法对解放军总医院2012年12月至2017年2月经临床及病理诊断为直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的22例患者进行回顾性分析。 结果全部患者行内镜检查,内镜下均表现为表面光滑的直肠黏膜下隆起,色泽黄或者微黄。16例患者行微探头超声内镜检查,1例未探测到,余15例均起源于黏膜下层,14例表现为低回声改变。全部病例均行内镜下治疗,钳除5例,电凝电切1例,内镜下黏膜剥离(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)12例,内镜下黏膜切除(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)3例,1例行外科手术切除。全部病例均行病理检查,21例行免疫组化,G1级11例,G2级10例,G3级0例。 结论常规内镜、超声内镜对诊断直肠神经内分泌肿瘤有重要价值,包含EMR、ESD的内镜下治疗对直肠神经内分泌肿瘤安全、有效。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺染色定位术在胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤中的应用

胰腺神经内分泌瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤,但近年来发病率呈现显著升高的趋势。胰腺神经内分泌瘤虽然是良性肿瘤,但表现出生长速度快、恶性潜质及转移倾向,因此,手术切除是一线治疗方法。然而多数神经内分泌瘤体积较小,术前常规检查方法可能无法检出,或者即使术前能检出,术中也难以定位。本文介绍了一种利用细针在内镜超声下对病灶进行染色,辅助术中定位以提高R0切除率的方法,并对其基本操作、应用价值及展望做一综述。     

Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs)and the differential diagnosis of rectal NENs from other subepithelial lesions(SELs).METHODS:The study group consisted of 36 consecutive patients with rectal NENs histopathologically diagnosed using biopsy and/or resected specimens.The control group consisted of 31 patients with homochronous rectal non-NEN SELs confirmed by pathology.Epithelial lesions such as cancer and adenoma were excluded from this study.One EUS expert blinded to the histological results reviewed the ultrasonic images.The size,original layer,echoic intensity and homogeneity of the lesions and the perifocal structures were investigated.The single EUS diagnosis recorded by the EUS expert was compared with the histological results.RESULTS:All NENs were located at the rectum 2-10 cm from the anus and appeared as nodular(n=12),round(n=19)or egg-shaped(n=5)lesions with a hypoechoic(n=7)or intermediate(n=29)echo pattern and a distinct border.Tumors ranged in size from 2.3 to 13.7 mm,with an average size of 6.8 mm.Homogeneous echogenicity was seen in all tumors except three.Apart from three patients(stage T2 in two and stage T3 in one),the tumors were located in the second and/or third wall layer without involvement of the fourth and fifth layers.In the patients with stage T1 disease,the tumors were located in the second wall layer only in seven cases,the third wall layer only in two cases,and both the second and third wall layers in27 cases.Approximately 94.4%(34/36)of rectal NENs were diagnosed correctly by EUS,and 74.2%(23/31)of other rectal SELs were classified correctly as nonNENs.Eight cases of other SELs were misdiagnosed as NENs,including two cases of inflammatory lesions and one case each of gastrointestinal tumor,endometriosis,metastatic tumor,lymphoma,neurilemmoma,and hemangioma.The positive predictive value of EUS for rectal NENs was 80.9%(34/42),the negative predictive value was 92.0%(23/25),and the diagnostic accuracy was85.1%.CONCLUSION:EUS has satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for rectal NENs with good sensitivity,but unfavorable specificity,making the differential diagnosis of NENs from other SELs challenging.     

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors

Background  To clarify the oncological outcome of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (W/D NETs), we examined the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with this neoplasm. Materials and methods  A total of 23 patients who underwent surgical treatment with lymph node dissection for rectal W/D NETs between 1973 and 2007 were reviewed. Results  Median tumor size measured preoperatively was 13 mm (range, 4–25 mm), and the median number of dissected lymph nodes was 16 (range, 1–46). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 61% (14 of 23 cases). The smallest W/D NETs with lymph node metastasis was 10 mm in diameter. All the patients without lymph node metastasis survived without recurrence. Among 11 patients who had only regional lymph node metastasis, only one developed liver metastasis and died 13 months after initial surgery. Among three patients with lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis, two survived more than 5 years, although two had liver metastasis. Conclusions  Because the incidence of lymph node metastasis is very high in patients with rectal W/D NETs greater than 10 mm in diameter, radical surgery is required. In this series, the outcome of rectal W/D NETs patients with lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis was better than expected.     

Endoscopic ultrasound appearance of pancreatic serotonin-staining neuroendocrine neoplasms

Background/Objectives

The pancreatic localization of serotonin-staining neuroendocrine neoplasms is extremely rare. This is a retrospective study aimed at analyzing the endoscopic ultrasound appearance of pancreatic serotoninoma.

An evaluation of resectability among endoscopic treatment methods for rectal neuroendocrine tumors <10 mm

Background and Study AimsWith respect to rectal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) resection, it remains unclear which of the following methods is the most effective: conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (cEMR), EMR using a fitted cap (EMR-C), EMR with a ligation band device (EMR-L), or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Thus, in this study, we aim to retrospectively evaluate the most effective endoscopic resection for rectal NETs < 10 mm.Patients and methodsIn total, 61 consecutive patients with primary rectal NETs < 10 mm in diameter were included in this study; they were then divided into three groups: those with cEMR; those with modified EMR (mEMR) involving EMR-C and EMR-L; and those with ESD. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the difference in the complete en bloc resection rate. The secondary endpoint was to investigate differences in procedure time and complications.ResultsAmong the three groups, a significant difference was found in procedure time (cEMR vs ESD, P < .01; mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), en bloc resection rate (cEMR vs mEMR, P = .015), tumor size (mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), percentage of tumor diameter ≥ 5 mm (mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), and complete en bloc resection rate (cEMR vs mEMR, P = .014). Meanwhile, no significant difference was noted in terms of complication rate among the three groups.ConclusionThe mEMR was the most suitable resection method for rectal NETs < 10 mm with respect to the risks and benefits from procedure-related factors, such as complete en bloc resection rate, procedure time, and complication rate.     

直肠类癌的内镜超声诊断和内镜黏膜下切除

目的 研究内镜超声对直肠类癌的诊断价值，探讨内镜下黏膜切除术治疗直肠类癌的应用价值。方法 应用微超声探头对结肠镜发现的黏膜正常的大肠隆起性病灶进行超声检查，对诊断直肠类癌病例应用套扎器对准病灶负压吸引进行圈套结扎，再在皮圈根部连皮圈电切病灶。比较内镜超声诊断和病理检查结果，观察切除标本基底有无肿瘤累及。结果 126例黏膜正常的大肠隆起性病灶经内镜超声诊断，25例直肠类癌全部得到病理证实。直肠类癌表现为黏膜下层的边界清晰、回声欠均匀的低回声肿块。全部类癌病例无固有肌层和血管浸润，行内镜黏膜下切除无一例出现出血和穿孔，切除标本边缘和基底无肿瘤累及。结论 内镜超声可以明确直肠类癌的肠壁来源、大小、内部回声性质、边界、有无肌层和周围血管浸润，内镜下黏膜切除术治疗直肠类癌疗效确切。     

Current updates and future directions in diagnosis and management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are a heterogenous group of rare neoplasms that are increasingly being discovered, often incidentally, throughout the gastrointestinal tract with varying degrees of activity and malignant potential. Confusing nomenclature has added to the complexity of managing these lesions. The term carcinoid tumor and embryonic classification have been replaced with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, which includes gastrointestinal neuroendocrine and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is important for clinicians to diagnose, stage and manage these lesions. While histological diagnosis is the gold standard, recent advancements in endoscopy, conventional imaging, functional imaging, and serum biomarkers complement histology for tailoring specific treatment options. In light of developing technology, our review sets out to characterize diagnostic and therapeutic advancements for managing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, including innovations in radiolabeled peptide imaging, circulating biomarkers, and endoscopic treatment approaches adapted to different locations throughout the gastrointestinal system.     

New insights in diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare epithelial neoplasms derived from pluripotent endocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are classified into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Despite overlapping morphological features, GEP-NENs vary in molecular biology, epigenetic, clinical behavior, treatment response, and prognosis features and remain an unmet clinical challenge. In this review, we introduce recent updates on the histopathologic classification, including the tumor grading and staging system, molecular genetics, and systemic evaluation of the diagnosis and treatment of GEP-NENs at different anatomic sites, together with some insights into the diagnosis of challenging and unusual cases. We also discuss the application of novel therapeutic approaches for GEP-NENs, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings will help improve patient care with precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of patients with GEP-NENs.     

Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis and grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Background and aim: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are histologically categorized according to the WHO 2010 classification by their mitotic index or Ki-67 index as G1, G2, or G3. The present study examined the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis and grading of pNET. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 61 pNETs in 51 patients who underwent EUS between January 2007 and June 2014. All lesions were pathologically diagnosed by surgical resection or EUS-FNA. We evaluated the detection rates of EUS for pNET and sensitivity of EUS-FNA, and compared the Ki-67 index between EUS-FNA samples and surgical specimens. EUS findings were compared between G1 and G2/G3 tumors. Results: EUS showed significantly higher sensitivity (96.7%) for identifying pNET than CT (85.2%), MRI (70.2%), and ultrasonography (75.5%). The sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of pNET was 89.2%. The concordance rate of WHO classification between EUS-FNA and surgical specimens was 69.2% (9/13). The concordance rate was relatively high (87.5%, 5/6) in tumors?<20?mm but lower (57.1%; 4/7) in tumors?≥20?mm. Regarding EUS findings, G2/G3 tumors were more likely to be large (>20?mm), heterogeneous, and have main pancreatic duct (MPD) obstruction than G1 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed large diameter and MPD obstruction were significantly associated with G2/G3 tumors. Conclusions: EUS and EUS-FNA are highly sensitive and accurate diagnostic methods for pNET. Characteristic EUS findings such as large tumor size and MPD obstruction are suggestive of G2/G3 tumors and would be helpful for grading pNETs.