狗主动脉的零应力状态

动脉中存在残余应变。先将血管沿轴线剪为短圆环，再将短圆环沿径向剪开，即可获得血管的零应力状态。血管的零应力状态常用张开角描述。本文研究了狗主动脉零应力状态张开角随位置的变化。结果显示，在主动脉升部，张开角为１２０°；到主动脉弓部，张开角降为９０°；在胸主动脉下部，张开角回升到１００°；在腹主动脉上，张开角又降为８０°。本文还将狗与猪、鼠主动脉零应力状态张开角的数据进行了比较，讨论了种属间的差异。     

猪胸主动脉的零应力状态研究及其临床意义

目的　探讨猪胸主动脉的生物力学特性变化。方法　取 1～ 9月龄猪的胸主动脉各 6例 ,从每例标本的中段处将血管切为短圆环 ;将 7月龄猪胸主动脉分为上、中、下段 ,每段再分为 5个短圆环。将各血管沿其径向剪开 ,测量张开角的大小、壁厚和周长 ,并依周长计算出等效内径。结果　猪胸主动脉张开角由 1月的 (42 .1 7± 4 .0 6)°上升到 7月的 (76.2 2± 4 .4 0 )°,在 7月龄后达到稳定。对 7月龄猪胸主动脉自上而下分析则发现张开角由 (99.73± 6.79)°降至 (42 .0 9± 7.4 0 )°。壁厚 等效内径值随月龄增加而减小 ,于 7月龄后保持于 0 .1 8左右。结论　猪胸主动脉张开角、等效内径和壁厚随月龄的增加而增大 ;随着X L的增加各项指标均逐渐减小 ,血管的内外径在 7月龄后成比例生长。为猪→人异种血管移植和血管的病理改变后修复与功能重建提供依据     

高血压大鼠动脉的零应力状态与内皮素的关系

本文通过观察胸主动脉、肾动脉主干张开角的大小 ,研究了SHR高血压建立前后胸主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态的变化 ,并于SHR高血压形成前 ,给予口服型ETA型受体拮抗剂BMS 182 874,研究了内源性ET在SHR主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态变化中的作用。结果发现 ,在未建立高血压的SHR(4周 ) ,主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角与同龄WKY相比 ,都没有显著的变化。在高血压已建立的SHR(16周 ) ,主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角分别为 6 9.0± 2 7.0°和 114.2± 42 .2° ,显著大于同龄的WKY大鼠 (4 5 .9± 2 5 .7°和 70 .2± 30 .4°)。给予SHRBMS 182 874(4～ 16周 ) ,SHR主动脉张开角未发生明显变化 (6 2 .8± 2 5 .6°) ,而肾动脉主干的张开角显著减小 (6 6 .6±41.5 4°)。结果表明 ,在已建立高血压的SHR ,主动脉和肾动脉主干都存在非均匀生长 ,其残余应力、应变大于同龄的WKY ,内源性ET在SHR肾动脉零应力状态的改变中起重要作用。     

高血压大鼠动脉的零应力状态与内皮素的关系

本文通过观察胸主动脉、肾动脉主干张开角的大小,研究了SHR高血压建立前后胸主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态的变化,并于SHR高血压形成前,给予口服型ETA型受体拮抗剂BMS-182874,研究了内源性ET在SHR主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态变化中的作用.结果发现,在未建立高血压的SHR(4周),主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角与同龄WKY相比,都没有显著的变化.在高血压已建立的SHR(16周),主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角分别为69.0±27.0°和114.2±42.2°,显著大于同龄的WKY大鼠(45.9±25.7°和70.2±30.4°).给予SHRBMS-182874(4～16周),SHR主动脉张开角未发生明显变化(62.8±25.6°),而肾动脉主干的张开角显著减小(66.6±41.54°).结果表明,在已建立高血压的SHR,主动脉和肾动脉主干都存在非均匀生长,其残余应力、应变大于同龄的WKY,内源性ET在SHR肾动脉零应力状态的改变中起重要作用.     

犬冠状动脉的零应力状态

用计算机图像分析技术测量了6例杂种犬左、右冠状动脉主干全长的张开角以及时间对它们的影响.结果表明,冠状动脉主干的张开角范围在65°±12°至112°± 30°之间;张开角大小和动脉直径大小无关.冠状动脉零应力状态的观测应该在血管环切开20分钟后进行.冠状动脉在无载荷时存在残余应力,其无载荷状态不能作为血管力学特性分析的参考状态;血管的生理状态,在体是承载生理压力状态,离体即为零应力状态.在血管壁组织形态研究中,应考虑血管的残余应力,应该取血管的生理状态进行组织固定.     

主动脉零应力状态与种属的关系:猪与鼠

把血管壁用垂直于其纵轴的两平面截出一段环,再将此环沿某一径向放射状剖开,管壁就会张开一定角度。这说明血管的零应力状态并不是圆管形,而是某一开口形状。这一开口形状内表面中点至内表面两端连线间的夹角定义为开放角。以往已对鼠主动脉的开放角做了许多研究,本文报告了猪主动脉的最新测试结果,以期揭示其种属差异。二者都在主动脉弓段沿130°线剖开时有最大开放角,但在胸主动脉区有显著差异。在胸主动脉中段,猪主动脉开放角几乎不变,约为60°;而鼠主动脉开放角变化较大,其下端降到10°。     

猪胸主动脉血管各向异性力学性能的实验研究

目的 研究猪胸主动脉血管各向异性的力学特性。 方法 收集21条猪胸主动脉血管并分成3组。沿每条血管的轴向剖开并展成平面,以展开后血管的长方向（即血管轴向）0°为起始角,逆时针方向分别切取30°、 45°、 60°、90°、120°、 135°、 150°、180° 8个角度方向的样本。以1、5、10 mm/min的加载速率分别对3组样本进行单轴拉伸测试,以获得血管样本在8个不同方向及3种加载速率下的弹性模量和极限应力。 结果 不同角度样本的应力 应变曲线呈现出不同的黏弹性行为;随着样本角度的变化,从30°开始,弹性模量逐渐增大,到90°时弹性模量最大,然后逐渐减小,直到180°;极限应力与弹性模量的变化规律基本一致。不同加载速率对弹性模量和极限应力的结果具有明显的影响,但对血管的各向异性度影响较小。结论 猪主动脉血管呈现较强的各向异性,研究结果为有限元分析建模中材料属性的赋值提供参数参考,对理解血管生物力学特性具有重要的意义。     

人体四肢血管零应力状态的实验研究

血管在不受血压作用时，存在残余应力和残余应变。血管的零应力状态指它既不受外载，又没有内部残余应力的状态。先将血管切为短圆环，再将短圆环沿其径向剪开，即可释放其中的残余应力。剪开后的血管环迅速展开成“Ｃ”形，并逐渐趋于一个稳定状态，即零应力状态。零应力状态用其张开角来描述。本文研究了人体四肢主要动脉和静脉的零应力状态。结果表明，股动脉的零应力状态张开角在１１０°左右；而肱动脉、桡动脉、动脉和胫前动脉的零应力状态张开角在１３０°～１６０°之间；锁骨下动脉、髂动脉和胫后动脉的零应力状态张开角在８０°～１１０°之间。下肢静脉的零应力状态张开角明显比相应动脉分支的小。股静脉、静脉和胫后静脉的零应力状态张开角约在４０°～９０°之间；大隐静脉的零应力状态张开角较大，约是１５０°。     

狗主动脉弓无载荷状态与零应力状态的实验研究

目的 通过测量计算狗主动脉弓无载荷状态和零应力状态的几何参数,研究狗主动脉弓无载荷状态和零应力状态的几何形态和残余应变分布.方法 实验解剖取出3只狗的胸主动脉弓试样,结合计算机图像测量技术,用统计学方法得到狗主动脉弓的几何形态,用弧长分析法研究狗主动脉弓残余应变.结果 拟合得到无载荷状态和零应力状态下的主动脉内、外边界,获取了血管的弧长、厚度、张开角等信息,得到主动脉弓几何特征和残余应变的分布规律.结论 主动脉弓部血管是内外边界为椭圆状的均匀厚壁筒;主动脉张开角不沿主动脉环向坐标变化,动脉壁内的残余应变是均匀的.     

主动脉弓几何参数及残余应变分布变化的实验研究

提出了分析无载荷状态下动脉壁残余应变的弧长分析法.通过动物实验,图像测量白兔主动脉弓无载荷状态下动脉环长短半轴、平均壁厚和零应力状态下动脉弧内外边界弧长、平均壁厚等几何参数,并在此基础上,计算无载荷状态下主动脉弓周向残余应变的分布.结果表明:主动脉弓弯管段动脉壁无载荷状态几何形状近似为椭圆,而直管段近似为圆;不论在零应力状态还是在无载荷状态,动脉壁厚度均在弯管处变化较大,而直管段变化较小,同时,沿圆周方向厚度均匀;张开角沿主动脉弓的轴向分布与残余应变的轴向分布一致,在弯管段变化较大,而直管段变化较小;不论弯管段还是直管段,张开角和残余应变沿环向没有变化.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.