拜虫杀对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊毒杀效果的实验观察

目的观察拜虫杀对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的毒杀效果。方法采用拜虫杀10、15、20mg/m2(有效成分)浸泡棉纱布和尼龙纱布,以实验室饲养的中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊为试虫,进行击倒力、致死力和持效观察。结果采用拜虫杀10、15、20mg/m2浸泡两种材料蚊帐,中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊接触药帐后的半数击倒时间(KT50)在3.98~7.30min之间,被击倒的蚊虫恢复饲养24h,死亡率均为100%;接触药帐3min,恢复饲养24h,蚊虫死亡率均>90%;杀虫剂浸泡过的蚊帐悬挂180d后,对媒介按蚊的击倒力仍在8.57~16.31min之间,且恢复饲养24h,死亡率仍为100%。结论拜虫杀对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊有很强的杀灭效果,持效可达180d以上。     

大灭微粒胶囊杀虫剂浸泡蚊帐杀灭中华按蚊的效果观察

目的观察微粒胶囊杀虫剂在浸泡尼龙蚊帐上的残效。方法用10、15、20mg/m^2的大灭悬浮剂（2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯）和15mg/m^2拜虫杀悬浮剂（12.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯）浸泡尼龙蚊帐;采用WHO推荐的接触筒强迫接触法,观察中华按蚊接触药帐后每分钟的蚊虫击倒数和24h后死亡率。结果大灭悬浮剂10、15、20mg/m^2浸泡尼龙蚊帐180d后对中华按蚊的击倒中时（Kt50）分别为21.40、16.20、15.70min,24h后死亡率均为100%;拜虫杀15mg/m^2浸泡尼龙蚊帐120d后对中华按蚊的Kt50为16.06min,24h后死亡率为100%。结论2种杀虫剂浸泡的蚊帐均能够有效杀灭疟疾媒介按蚊,但微粒胶囊悬浮剂在尼龙蚊帐上的持效时间较长,效果更好。     

浸帐灭蚊杀虫剂的选择及成本-效果分析

拟除虫菊酯是一类高效低毒的杀虫剂 ,由于其对人类的安全性和对昆虫的迅速毒杀作用以及较长的持效 ,被广泛用于浸泡蚊帐防制疟疾媒介。目前生产拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的厂家和剂型很多 ,为确保有限的疟防经费收到较好的浸帐灭蚊效果 ,本研究对各厂家提供的溴氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯不同剂型浸泡蚊帐后的灭蚊效果及其价格进行了成本 效果分析 ,旨在为选择最佳性价比的浸帐灭蚊药物提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1 .1　杀虫剂品种和来源　 1号 :2 .5%溴氰菊酯胶悬剂 (江门农药厂提供 ,批号 1 995.5.5) ;2号 :2 .5%溴氰菊酯悬浮剂 (商品名 :克…     

溴氰菊酯药帐对人体毒性的初步观察

溴氰菊酯属第三代拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂,具高效、低毒。其特点是用量小,具有较高的生物活性。我国于1979年开始对各类害虫进行大规模的防治试验。近年来,国内用于浸泡蚊帐来防制蚊虫,取得了良好的效果,不仅提高了防蚊的效能,而且起到杀灭蚊虫的作用。 溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐（以下简称药帐）的防蚊,经各地使用,灭蚊效果是肯定的,但人群长期接触后是否会引起危害,为此,我们对使用药帐的人群除观察一般毒性反应,并作了人外周血淋巴细胞微核测定。     

按蚊对拟除虫菊酯抗药性的检测

在人房内用拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂浸泡蚊帐是防制蚊的有效措施。因在蚊的防制和农业上大量使用拟除虫菊酯,按蚊可能对其产生抗药性。近年WHO研制了二氯苯醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯的标准抗性测试盒,暴露时间定为1h。但拟除虫菊酯的快速击倒作用可引起测试结果的不稳定。此外,瓶的放置方法对测试结果也有影响,被击倒的蚊在竖放的瓶中可     

拟除虫菊酯浸泡蚊帐对按蚊残效的实验观察

目的 观察不同剂型的拟虫菊酯浸泡棉蚊帐和尼龙蚊帐对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的效果。方法 采用WHO推荐的接触筒强迫接触法。结果 棉蚊帐和尼龙蚊帐浸药后180d，拜虫杀（SC12．5％高效氟氯氰菊酯）12.5mga.i/m^2；杀飞克（EW5％氟氯氰菊酯）15mga.i/m^2；克敌（SC2．5％高效氟氯氰菊酯）12．5mga.i/m^2；,凯素灵（EC2．5％溴氰菊酯）15mga.i/m^2和奋斗呐（WP2．5%试氯氰菊酯）25mga.i/m^2对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的毒效仍达100％。结论 在疟疾流行季节前，用杀虫剂浸泡蚊帐1次，能够对媒介按蚊起到有效防制。     

杀飞克、拜虫杀处理蚊帐的灭蚊防疟效果

在四川省洪雅县中山镇采用杀飞克（５％ 氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂）及拜虫杀（１２５％ 氟氯氰菊酯悬浮剂）喷洒、浸泡蚊帐,控制疟疾,两实验区蚊帐处理后无当年新感染病例发生,且蚊虫密度和叮人率较对照区明显降低。生物测试表明,嗜人按蚊、中华按蚊对该杀虫剂的两种剂型较致乏库蚊更敏感,且持效维持到整个流行季节。采用浸泡或喷洒两种方法处理蚊帐,对控制媒介按蚊无统计学意义     

氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊的效果观察

目的　观察氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊效果。　方法　在疟疾暴发流行点 ,以 12 .5 %氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂按 15mg/m2 帐面的剂量 ,对居民的蚊帐实施浸泡 ;定时、定点室内晨间帐内、室外人诱和猪舍内捕蚊观察按蚊密度 ;通过疟史调查了解疟疾发病情况。　结果　浸帐后连续 2年居民帐内嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊密度分别较浸帐前下降了10 0 .0 0 %和 99.93 %。浸帐当年未浸泡居民帐内仍可捕到两种按蚊 ;室外人诱及猪舍内嗜人按蚊密度有所回升 ,但室外人诱该蚊占按蚊的比率显著下降。第 2年后两种捕蚊方法未再捕到嗜人按蚊 ,而中华按蚊则维持较高密度 ,显示浸帐对降低中华按蚊种群数量的效果不佳。疟疾发病率从浸帐前 (1999年 )的 2 1.0 1%下降至 2 0 0 1年的 1.3 8%。　结论　一次氟氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐 ,可明显降低嗜人按蚊密度 ,能有效控制疟疾的暴发流行。     

氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊的效果观察

目的观察氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊效果。方法在疟疾暴发流行点，以12．5％氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂按15mg／m^2帐面的剂量，对居民的蚊帐实施浸泡；定时、定点室内晨间帐内、室外人诱和猪舍内捕蚊观察按蚊密度；通过疟史调查了解疟疾发病情况。结果浸帐后连续2年居民帐内嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊密度分别较浸帐前下降了100．00％和99．93％。浸帐当年未浸泡居民帐内仍可捕到两种按蚊；室外人诱及猪舍内嗜人按蚊密度有所回升，但室外人诱该蚊占按蚊的比率显著下降。第2年后两种捕蚊方法未再捕到嗜人按蚊，而中华按蚊则维持较高密度，显示浸帐对降低中华按蚊种群数量的效果不佳。疟疾发病率从浸帐前(1999年)的21．01％下降至2001年的1．38％。结论 一次氟氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐，可明显降低嗜人按蚊密度，能有效控制疟疾的暴发流行。     

杀飞克,拜虫杀处理蚊帐的灭蚊防疟效果

在四川省洪雅县中山镇采用杀飞克及拜虫杀喷洒,浸泡蚊帐,控制疟疾,两实验区蚊帐处理后无当年新感染病例发生,且蚊虫密度和叮人率较对照区明显降低。采用浸泡或喷洒两种方法处理蚊帐,对控制媒介按蚊无统计学意义。     

奋斗呐浸泡蚊帐防制蚊媒和控制疟疾的效果

1992年应用奋斗呐浸泡蚊帐方法,在江浦、六合、仪征3县(市),现场观察其防制蚊媒和控制疟疾的效果,并与溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐、DDT室内滞留喷洒作了平行比较,同时设了空白对照。结果显示,奋斗呐浸泡蚊帐使当地蚊媒密度下降71.58％,室内蚊帐持效达4个月以上,同时使当地疟疾发病率下降72.73％,灭蚊抗疟效果与溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐相似,略好于DDT室内滞留喷洒。由于奋斗呐价廉无味,群众更易接受,值得现场推广使用。     

江苏省传疟按蚊对菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性的监测

目的了解连续多年采用菊酯类杀虫剂处理蚊帐灭蚊后媒介按蚊的抗性情况.方法采用WHO成蚊滤纸接触法,以全国蚊类抗性监测网提供的区分剂量法来判定抗性级别.结果连续采用菊酯类杀虫剂处理蚊帐5年以上地区的中华按蚊对溴氰菊酯和二氯苯醚菊酯均已产生初级抗性,5年以下地区中华按蚊对这两种杀虫剂尚未产生抗性;连续灭蚊5年以上地区未捕获嗜人按蚊,5年以下地区嗜人按蚊对菊酯类杀虫剂仍较敏感.结论嗜人按蚊对溴氰菊酯和二氯苯醚菊酯尚未产生抗性,中华按蚊虽已产生抗性,但抗性水平仍较低,在今后的疟疾防治工作中应注意加强监测.     

异盘并殖吸虫第一中间宿主的发现

在广西那坡县异盘并殖吸虫流行区，从采集的拟钉螺（种名待定）体内首次检获子雷蚴和尾蚴，感染率为０．１１％（４／３５３０）。经用异盘并殖吸虫毛蚴感染正常的拟钉螺获得成功，其子雷蚴和尾蚴与自然感染者一致，证实该地拟钉螺是该虫自然界第一中间宿主。     

Malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated bed nets in a cantonment area at Allahabad (U. P.)

The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets on malaria incidence, mosquito density, any adverse side effect among users and collateral effects on bed bugs and houseflies. A field trial was carried out over a period of three years in two adjacent military stations at Allahabad (UP), keeping one as a trial and other as a control station. During first year, baseline data were collected and during next two years residual spray was replaced with use of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets in trial station. The use of deltamethrin-treated bed nets resulted in a significant decline in malaria incidence and annual parasite index (API). The average mosquito density of anopheline mosquitoes decreased by 67.8% and culicine by 49.7%. The insecticide was found safe for use amongst troops and had favourable collateral effects against bed bugs and flies. Use of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets has beneficial impact on integrated control of malaria.     

安徽省中华按蚊地区疟疾传播因素的调查

目的了解沿淮和淮河以北中华按蚊分布区疟疾流行因素和特征,为制定相应的防治措施提供依据。方法根据地理分布及疟疾发病情况,选择近年来疟疾发病率较高的怀远县褚集镇、固镇县新马桥镇、墉桥区大店镇、蒙城县立仓镇和涡阳县龙山镇作为疟疾监测点,调查居民疟疾发病情况,疟疾症状及防蚊措施情况,蚊虫密度及叮人率等相关因素。结果调查15个行政村,5 987户,24 433人,有纱门、纱窗690户,蚊帐6 727顶,蚊帐拥有率27.53%;使用蚊帐10 260人,蚊帐使用率为41.99%;经常使用蚊香及杀虫剂灭蚊户分别占68.33%和27.98%。血检疟原虫阳性1 308人(均为间日疟),平均阳性率为9.17%。2005年监测点共发生疟疾1 277例,比2004年同期上升48.48%。通宵帐内中华按蚊平均密度为0.42只/顶.次,平均叮人率为0.22只/人.夜;半通宵帐内人饵诱蚊密度为3.78只/h,叮人率为5.66只/人。疟疾病人发病后及时接受抗疟治疗者仅占3.97%,隔日治疗者占11.53%。结论沿淮和淮河以北中华按蚊分布区的疟疾疫情回升受多种因素影响,疟疾病人得不到及时发现和治疗是主要原因。     

Malaria control through impregnated bednets--a pilot project in selected villages in Lao PDR

In 7 villages on the foothills of the Houayxai district of the Bokeo Province in Lao PDR between midyear 1995 to midyear 1997 an attempt was made to test the acceptability and use of DDT impregnated bed nets as well as environmental and behavioral risk factors. About 380 women between 15 to 45 years old and their children in the age range of 1 to 14 years had been studied. A pre-tested questionnaire had been applied and blood from women and children was taken from the finger prick and a conventional thick and thin blood smear was performed, fixed Giemsa stained and examined for malaria parasites. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) impregnated mosquito nets were distributed in the intervention villages. The availability of mosquito nets increased statistically significant from approximately 50% to 70% for all family members in the intervention area between 1995 and 1997 and statistically significant decreased in the control area from 79% to 45.1%. There was a statistically significant decrease in malaria attacks as claimed by the females for the intervention area but not for the control villages. The proportion of positive blood smears did decrease overall for women and children in between 1995 to 1997. Occupation, location of the house and use of mosquito nets had been determined as the most important risk factors.     

Malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets/ insecticide treated bed nets: experience in armed forces

The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets on malaria incidence, mosquito density, any adverse side effect among users. A field trial was carried out over a period of three years in two adjacent military stations at Allahabad (UP), keeping one as a trial and other as a control station. During first year, baseline data were collected and during next two years residual spray was replaced with use of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets in trial station. The use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets/insecticide treated bed nets resulted in a significant decline in malaria incidence and Annual Parasite Index (API). The average mosquito density of Anopheline mosquitoes decreased by 67.8% and Culex by 49.7%. The insecticide was found safe for use amongst troops. Use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets has beneficial impact on integrated control of malaria.     

α-氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐控制疟疾及其媒介的现场试验

１９９０年在疟疾中度地方性流行区河南省固始县进行了α－氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐控制疟疾及其媒介的社区干预试验。实验结果显示浸泡蚊帐后疟疾人年发病率下降２．０％，显著低于对照区的３．６％，其保护效能为４３％；１０岁以下儿童原虫率浸泡区为对照区的１／４。嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊的室外叮人率分别下降７０．３％和２９．３％，停息于蚊帐内的按蚊数接近于０。在使用浸泡蚊帐的人群中没有发现副反应。实验还发现，α－氯氰菊酯浸泡涤纶蚊帐的效果优于棉纱蚊帐且残效持续１年以上。α－氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐是控制疟疾的一种经济有效的措施。     

Trial of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets for the control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles anthropophagus

In 1985-1987, a field trial of malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets was carried out with 4,450 people in the Buji district, Bao'an County, Guangdong Province, China. The vectors were exophilic Anopheles sinensis (80%) and the endophilic and anthropophilic An. anthropophagus (20%). The first impregnation of the nets was in June 1985 and the second in April 1986. About 87% of the population slept under treated nets. The indoor vector density decreased by 93% and remained at the same level during the second year. During the second year the average monthly malaria incidence was 1.3% for January-June, a decrease of 74.6% as compared with pretreatment data, and 0.85% from July to December, a decrease of 92.7%. In April 1986 and April 1987, the treatment was extended to the whole Buji District, which has a total population of approximately 40,000. The average monthly malaria incidence (April-December 1986 and 1987) was 0.54% and 0.17%, a decrease of 64.7% and 89% respectively as compared with the same period for the previous year.     

福建省嗜人按蚊防制措施与效果

经调查发现福建省嗜人按蚊主要分布于闽西北南平和三明地区及闽中永泰等 15县 (市、区 ) 6 1个乡 (镇 )2 5 9个村。南平和三明两地区 14县 (市、区 )嗜人按蚊分布区采取 DDT室内滞留喷洒和溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐的防制措施 ,有效地控制了嗜人按蚊。反复查灭是清除嗜人按蚊的主要措施 ,灭蚊后 95 .34%的分布点经复查均未再捕获嗜人按蚊 ,其中复查 2次以上的分布点占 5 8.4% ,最多复查次数达 12次 ,显示嗜人按蚊在闽西北地区已基本被清除 ,疟疾发病数从防制前 1980年的 12 92 1例降至 1998年的 8例 ,有效地控制了疟疾流行。 1996～ 1998年 ,未再发现当地疟疾继发感染者 ,基本阻断了闽西北地区疟疾的传播