Correcting the short nose in revision rhinoplasty

The scope of this article is directed toward strategic planning and surgical treatment of the postoperative short nose deformity. Emphasis is placed on controlled repositioning of the central compartment of the nose (tip and columella), followed by moving the nostrils back into a more natural position with the use of autologous grafting techniques. The overall goal is to achieve the desired esthetic transformation while maximizing nasal function with good long-term results.     

Corrective rhinoplasty for post-traumatic deformity of nose

From 1981 to 1986 the author has used osteotomy technique for corrective rhinoplasty in 15 cases. They were localized depression or deviation of the nose. The depression deformity was treated by osteotomy and elevating by making cuts along the midline of the nose and on each lateral cartilage. Then the dorsum of the nose was repositioned. All 15 cases obtained satisfactory cosmetic result without any complication.     

复杂性鞍鼻的综合整形术

目的：探讨复杂性鞍鼻的综合整复方法。方法：采用鼻翼软骨重塑改善鼻端形态，人中推进皮瓣加长鼻小柱，硅胶假体充填降鼻，以及鼻翼沟埋线缝合塑形加强鼻端部轮廓等综合技术，对10例复杂性鞍鼻进行整复。结论：经3个月至2年的随访，所有患者鼻背隆起，鼻尖抬高，鼻小柱延长，形态稳定，效果满意。结论：该综合整复术对复杂性鞍鼻可以得到较好的效果，手术方法简单易行，创伤小，易推广。     

Management of the middle nasal third in revision rhinoplasty

The middle nasal third is often the source of both aesthetic and functional problems with primary rhinoplasty. Weakness of the middle nasal vault can occur from overresection of the upper lateral cartilages or cartilaginous nasal septum, malposition of the upper lateral cartilages, or from secondary scarring from the primary rhinoplasty. These functional and aesthetic problems can be avoided by maintaining an adequate infrastructure to the middle nasal vault. If secondary problems occur in the middle nasal third, precise anatomic reconstruction can be performed in the form of cartilage grafting and/or suture reconstitution. This reconstruction requires an in-depth knowledge of the functional nasal anatomy and the ability to re-create the infrastructure so that it withstands the forces of scarring and wound contraction. This article outlines the anatomy of the middle third of the nose, the conditions that cause secondary middle-third problems, and the surgical management of these deformities.     

Structure rhinoplasty of the long nose

Rhinoplasty modifies the aesthetic appearance and functional properties of the nose with operative manipulation of the skin, underlying cartilage, bone, and linings. A long nose is an aesthetically undesired feature disturbing the harmony of the face. The underlying pathology of the long nose may be due to either a long septum that invades the lip or dislocation of the alar cartilages downward from the aponeurotic attachments to the septal angle. The increase in the nasal height due to a dorsal nasal hump may give an illusion of a long nose. An absent or shallow frontonasal angle also gives the illusion of a long nose. With the introduction of the dynamics of the nasal structures and dynamics in rhinoplasty, recreation of a straight nasal dorsum and a normal frontonasal angle dynamically shortens the long nose. This study presents a multicenter experience (three centers) in rhinoplasty of long noses. The study included 138 patients who complained of having a long nose. The study employed the concept of structure rhinoplasty to address the three-dimensional nasal structures contributing directly or indirectly to the appearance of the long nose rather than the traditional excisional techniques. Based on objective and subjective evaluation, shortening of the nose was achieved in 122 patients (88.4%) with better overall nasal aesthetics. The study concluded that structure rhinoplasty, which addresses the three-dimensional nasal anatomy, maximizes the aesthetic and functional outcomes when treating the long-nose deformity.     

Psychological considerations in revision rhinoplasty

Revision rhinoplasty is a unique challenge. In addition to the technical considerations that are inherently more difficult than those of primary cases, the surgeon must also be mindful of the psychological considerations that revision rhinoplasty presents. These patients are by definition unhappy with their prior rhinoplasty experience, and this perception of a suboptimal result is both legitimate and real, even if the surgeon is not in agreement. Tantamount to any intraoperative technique, the preoperative ability of the surgeon to sift through the myriad psychological and psychosocial issues is critical to achieving satisfactory outcomes for both patient and surgeon. Reasons for dissatisfaction with a primary surgery, reasons for seeking revision surgery, and the psychological profiles of revision rhinoplasty patients can differ from those related to other facial cosmetic procedures. This article attempts to provide the reader with a better understanding of the complex interplay of these issues and with this understanding help the reader to distinguish one who is a favorable surgical candidate from one who is best left unrevised.     

Ethical considerations in revision rhinoplasty

The problems that arise when reviewing another surgeon's work, the financial aspects of revision surgery, and the controversies that present in marketing and advertising will be explored. The technological advances of computer imaging and the Internet have introduced new problems that require our additional consideration.     

Septal considerations in revision rhinoplasty

Abnormalities of the nasal septum subsequent to septorhinoplasty include structural deficits connected with incorrect excision of the cartilaginous portion, the persistence of deviation to varying degrees, and deformity of the supratip region. In the course of revision, the correction of septal anomalies constitutes an indispensable preliminary stage upon which the end result depends. A straight, sturdy, and flexible supporting septal structure is, in fact, an essential prerequisite if satisfactory results are to be obtained. The authors describe some techniques used to achieve this objective and provide guidelines for their selection. The septum is also involved in the repair strategy of revision operations. It constitutes a primary source of material for structural grafts to reconstruct numerous components of the nasal pyramid.     

Tip grafts in revision rhinoplasty

In the patient who undergoes revision rhinoplasty, tip grafts are used often when overresection has resulted in structural deficit of deformity. As a result, the last 20 years have witnessed a progressive movement toward more conservative handling of the nasal tip. Still, as some surgeons have not adopted that philosophy and because many more surgeons have not adopted that philosophy and because many more surgeons now take on difficult primary tip problems because of the advent of the external approach, major tip problems continue to plague the final result. Despite these potential variables, when used correctly, the tip graft is critical in achieving the successful reconstruction of the nasal tip region. This article reviews the indications and techniques for tip grafts in revision rhinoplasty and explores how these indications and techniques for tip grafts in revision rhinoplasty and explores how these indications could be prevented in the primary setting.     

Auricular cartilage in revision rhinoplasty

Revision rhinoplasty is a challenge in reconstruction to the rhinoplasty surgeon, both in the techniques of repair and the choice of implant material for augmentation grafting. Often, patients seeking revision or reconstructive rhinoplasty have previously undergone septoplasty with sacrifice of major amounts of septal cartilage. These situations confront the surgeon with the need for a decision about the material that will be used for structural grafting. The senior author follows the time-tested approach of generations of surgeons who have used exclusively autogenous material for nasal reconstruction because of its superior long-term survival characteristics, its ready availability in the head and neck region, its resistance to infection and resorption, and its bendability and flexibility when implanted in the nose. With this in mind, the subject of this article is the use of auricular cartilage in revision rhinoplasty. Careful strategic planning must be undertaken to get the maximal and ideal benefit from the auricular cartilage. The revision rhinoplasty surgeon must understand the anatomy of the external ear and must be able to manage the precious cartilage supply to get the maximum use of it in reconstructive rhinoplasty.     

Functional considerations in revision rhinoplasty

The development of nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty is associated with significant patient dissatisfaction. Correction of nasal obstruction requires a thorough evaluation to determine the ANATOMIC EPICENTER of obstruction. The offending structure can usually be traced to abnormalities in the internal nasal valve, intervalve area, or the external nasal valve and may be static or dynamic. Surgical correction of the internal nasal valve using spreader grafts, flaring sutures, and butterfly grafts has been shown to increase the cross-sectional area of this nasal valve, improving nasal airflow and patient satisfaction. External valve dysfunction from cicatricial stenosis may be addressed with local flaps; however, larger stenoses may require composite grafts. Alar base malposition can be addressed by repositioning of the alar base with local island flaps. Intervalve dysfunction involves the important area between the external and internal valves, under the supra-alar crease, and is the most common site of obstruction. Its correction often involves alar batten grafts and reconstruction of the lateral crura. Inferior turbinate hypertrophy and concha bullosa may be addressed as adjunctive therapy to increase nasal airflow. This article on nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty emphasizes the precise anatomic diagnosis and describes successful methods used to correct the dysfunction.     

Revision rhinoplasty for the Asian nose

Revision rhinoplasty of the Asian nose requires a combination of cultural sensitivity and unique surgical strategies to achieve a successful outcome. Cultural sensitivity means understanding some of the folkloric motivations to undergo rhinoplasty and divergent ethnic standards of beauty. Basic techniques for Asian rhinoplasty are reviewed as a prerequisite knowledge for revision rhinoplasty of the Asian nose, specifically a combination technique of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene for bridge augmentation and autogenous cartilage tip grafting. Revision Asian nose surgery oftentimes involves removal of a previously placed solid silicone implant, which remains the most popular option for augmentation rhinoplasty in Asia. Strategies for revision rhinoplasty in the Asian nose are then reviewed.     

Swimmer's nose deformity

This is the first published report of the swimmer's nose deformity. This common athletic deformity has a characteristic, asymmetric dorsolateral nasal hump that progressively develops over years during a competitive swimming career and persists after cessation of the sport. The cause is thought to be bone and soft tissue remodeling in response to repetitive trauma chronically inflicted by a swimmer's goggles during the water reentry phase of breathing.     

Psychological considerations in the revision rhinoplasty patient

The nose contributes greatly to the facial aesthetic. Derangements in nasal cosmesis, whether from surgery, trauma, or natural causes, have a plethora of implications for the emotional well-being of the individual. Rhinoplasty and revision rhinoplasty are both facial cosmetic operations that have potentially profound cosmetic, and therefore psychological, implications for the patient. Although many revision rhinoplasty patients have hopeful yet realistic surgical expectations, there is a subset of revision rhinoplasty patients having underlying psychological disturbances that may negatively affect the surgical outcome, no matter how favorable the surgical improvement. In this article, the various psychological disorders impacting revision rhinoplasty patients will be discussed. In addition, this article will familiarize the revision rhinoplasty surgeon with many of the hallmark characteristics of psychopathology, as well as the typical emotional presentation of the well-adjusted revision rhinoplasty patient, to facilitate differentiation between these seemingly similar, but distinctly different patient groups.     

Psychologic aspects of revision rhinoplasty

This article is designed to provide some utility in identifying favorable prospective patients for revision rhinoplasty having balanced yet slightly divergent views, expectations, and more importantly, unfavorable candidates who are best left unrevised. The management after-the-fact of the few patients who meet with and unsatisfactory outcome is also discussed.     

Difficult revision case: Foreshortened nose and severe alar retraction, two prior rhinoplasty surgeries

This article reviews the case of a patient who had undergone two previous rhinoplasties and presented with a foreshortened nose and severe left alar retraction. She underwent excision of a skin lesion just above the left alar groove resulting in severe alar retraction.     

Corrective rhinoplasty of the congenital deviated nose

From 1981 to 1986, a total of 11 cases of crooked nose were treated. The method include resection of the excessive portion of deviated lateral cartilage, and reduction of significantly dislocated lower part of septum, otherwise correction could not be radical.     

半开放式驼峰鼻整形术

目的:设计一种新的驼峰鼻整形的综合式手术方法。方法:驼峰去除及鼻下端修整采用鼻孔外进路的鼻孔缘切口,不做能产生明显瘢痕的鼻小柱部位的横行切口,而鼻背缩窄部分则采用的是鼻孔内进路的上颌骨梨状窝边缘的小切口。结果:本组驼峰鼻患者,驼峰截除满意,效果良好,鼻尖下垂及鹰钩矫正基本达到手术目的,且瘢痕隐蔽。结论:用此方法做的驼峰鼻整形术,操作简单,效果良好、持久,鼻部切口不明显,为年轻、瘢痕体质就医者所接受,是一个值得推广的鼻整形方法。     

Reconstruction of short nose deformity using nasolabial flaps pedicled on the infraorbital vessels.

Bilateral nasolabial flaps pedicled on the infraorbital vessels, and costal cartilage grafts were used to reconstruct a severe nasal deformity caused by Wegener's granuloma. We believe this flap is another useful method for nasal reconstruction, when nasolabial flaps pedicled on the angular vessels cannot be used.     

Deprojection of the nasal tip in revision rhinoplasty

Overprojection in revision rhinoplasty can be the result of underaddressed anatomic variations, iatrogenic causes including overresection of the nasal dorsum, or the healing process. Management of nasal tip overprojection in revision rhinoplasty can be very difficult, and the revision rhinoplasty surgeon must have a multitude of techniques available to treat the various causes of nasal tip overprojection. An algorithm is presented to properly approach and treat nasal tip overprojection.