Epidemiological role of arthropods detectable in health facilities.

A total of 161 arthropod specimens were collected from 55 sites in a health care facility during July and September 1990. Of the 116 bacterial isolates obtained from their body surfaces 6% were from parasites (mosquitoes), 59% from eusynanthropic arthropods (Tenebrionid beetles, flies, German cockroaches, wasps), 16% from hemisynanthropic arthropods (ants, spiders) and 19% from occasionally encountered insects (non-biting midges, moths, beetles). Most (88%) of the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative rods of the species E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Gram-positive cocci accounted for 13% of isolates and were primarily represented by coagulase-negative staphylococci. The highest isolation rates were from body surfaces of flies, German cockroaches, non-biting midges (Chironomids) and Tenebrionid beetles. About one third of all isolates were resistant to more than three antimicrobials using a standard disc diffusion assay. The presence of multiple resistance to antibiotics was observed in two thirds of Enterobacter isolates, namely those of Enterobacter cloacae from the body surface of Germany cockroaches, in 13% of Citrobacter spp and in 8% of Klebsiella spp as well as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains. Strains of Morganella and Hafnia species were very infrequent but all of them shared resistance to the antibiotics tested. In contrast, strains of Serratia spp were relatively antibiotic-sensitive. The group of isolated Gram-positive organisms was represented by two strains of Staphylococcus hominis and one strain of Enterococcus sp, all of them were multiply-resistant to antimicrobials.     

新生儿败血症的病原菌株及药物敏感性分析

目的 探讨新生儿败血症菌株的变迁及药敏试验的临床意义。 方法 严格无菌操作,取双份血作血培养,血培养结果生长同一细菌列为分析对象。 结果 菌株分布第1位为葡萄球菌,占61.9%(65/105),其中凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌占86.2%(56/65),凝固酶阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌占13.8%(9/65);第2位为链球菌,占10.5%(11/105);克雷伯氏菌占5.7%(6/105);大肠埃希氏菌占5.7%(6/105);绿脓杆菌占4.8%(5/105);枯草芽孢杆菌占3.8%(4/105);蜡样芽孢杆菌占1.9%(2/105);以及其它菌株占5.7%(6/105)。药敏试验结果示,细菌对有青霉素G、苯唑西林、氨苄青霉素和红霉素普遍不敏感,耐药率>50%,对头孢类的头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮以及青霉素类的哌拉西林,阿米卡星,环丙沙星敏感性高,耐药率不超过21.0%。 结论 本组新生儿败血症患儿条件致病菌占绝大多数,其中表皮葡萄球菌占首位。抗生素选择时,头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮以及哌拉西林可列为首选,然后,根据药敏结果进行调整,以提高疗效。     

铜陵地区细菌耐药性监测与分析

目的　研究铜陵地区临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药特征。方法　收集 2 0 0 0年 1月 1日至 2 0 0 1年12月 31日在铜陵地区 3所综合性医院临床分离的致病菌。采用Kirby -Bauer法进行药敏试验 ,按照美国临床实验标准委员会 2 0 0 0年判断标准分析结果。结果　 2年共收集致病菌 2 4 5 9株 ,包括革兰阳性球菌 911株(37.0 % ) ,革兰阴性杆菌 14 75株 (6 0 .0 % ) ;致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌属多见。有 79.9%的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和 5 0 .3%的金黄色葡萄球菌耐苯唑西林 ,对其它药物耐药率亦高。铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯氏菌属、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类的耐药性均有显著增高。结论　合理用药和控制滥用是当务之急     

头孢西丁纸片法检测mecA基因介导的MRS

目的评价应用头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测mecA基因介导的耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)。方法分别用头孢西丁纸片法扩散法、苯唑西林纸片扩散法、苯唑西林琼脂稀释法、VITEK微生物自动分析系统及聚合酶链反应(PCR)mecA基因检测4种方法对MRS进行检测比较,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定应用VITEK微生物自动分析系统GPS卡。结果96株葡萄球菌属(金黄色葡萄球菌16株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌80株)中苯唑西林纸片法扩散法、苯唑西林琼脂稀释法、VITEK微生物自动分析系统3种方法检出MRS菌株54株(金黄色葡萄球菌2株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌52株),而PCR法检出mecA基因48株(金黄色葡萄球菌2株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌46株),头孢西丁纸片法扩散法与PCR法一致。结论头孢西丁纸片扩散法与mecA基因检测法高度一致,是筛选和确认mecA基因介导的MRS一种可靠的方法。     

儿科院内临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查儿科临床常见致病菌的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法(苛养菌用浓度梯度法),耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果2002年1月~2003年12月共收集儿科医院患者首次分离2 303株,其中革兰阳性菌占29.7%,革兰阴性菌占70.3%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的9.7%与67.6%,无万古霉素耐药株;肠球菌耐万古霉素株4.1%;11.9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为49.7%和63.1%。结论细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应重视开展儿科抗感染治疗中耐药性监测工作,同时合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措施控制其传播也是非常重要的。     

Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Sfax hospitals, Tunisia (1999-2005)

OBJECTIVES: The authors wanted to assess the prevalence and to monitor the trends of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins among various species of enterobacteria in the region of Sfax (Tunisia). METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in the microbiology laboratory at the Habib-Bourguiba Teaching Hospital in Sfax. Data concerning a seven-year period (1999-2005) were analyzed with the Whonet 5.4 software. All clinical isolates of enterobacteria were identified with the API 20 E system. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion on Mueller Hinton agar according to CA-SFM recommendations. RESULTS: During the study period, 24,702 non-duplicate clinical strains of enterobacteria were identified. Fifteen percent (3,826) clinical isolates showed acquired resistance to third generation cephalosporins (3rdGC). The overall frequency of resistance increased from 10% in 1999 to 18% in 2005. This increase was statistically significant. High prevalence rates of 3rdGC resistance have been observed in intensive care units (48%), hematology and oncology wards (27%) and pediatric wards (25%). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Indole positive Proteus and Enterobacter showed high prevalence rates of broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high rate of 3rdGC resistance enterobacteria in our region, particularly in intensive care units. The frequency of acquired resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins seemed to be increasing. Implementation of infection control measures and identification of the mechanism responsible for third generation cephalosporins resistance are necessary to limit the spreading of these resistant enterobacteria in hospitals and community settings.     

多西环素、米诺环素和糖肽类药物对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的抗菌活性研究

目的 观察多西环素对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(coagulase-negative staphylococci，CNS)的体外抗菌活性。方法 采用二倍琼脂稀释法对224株表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌等CNS进行体外抗菌实验，并与米诺环素和糖肽类药物进行抗菌效果对比。结果多西环素对：124株表皮葡萄球菌和42株溶血葡萄球菌的MIC90分别为2mg／L和4mg／L，米诺环素、糖肽类药物对42株溶血葡萄球菌的MIC90均为4mg／L。表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌对多西环素的敏感率分别为96．77％和100％。结论 多西环素和米诺环素对CNS均有较好的抗菌效果。     

随机扩增DNA多态性技术在粘质沙雷菌分型研究中的应用

目的应用随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)技术对医院感染的粘质沙雷菌进行基因分型。方法对心外科ICU病房5例术后发热患者血液中分离出的粘质沙雷菌，用VITEK细菌全自动分析仪进行系统生化鉴定，K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验，用2条不同的随机引物进行RAPD基因分型。结果5株粘质沙雷菌药敏谱全部一致，2条随机引物中一条引物未能分型，另一条引物可分为2个基因型。其中，4株菌扩增出相同带谱，为同基因型；1株菌有独特的带谱为另一种基因型。结论本次调查的5株粘质沙雷菌有2种RAPD基因型，其中4株为相同基因型，证实存在感染流行。     

革兰阳性球菌耐药性监测研究

目的　监测临床分离革兰阳性球菌的耐药情况 ,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法　采用K -B方法和微量肉汤稀释法 ,对 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月临床分离的 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌进行药敏试验。结果　 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌中 ,金黄色葡萄球菌占 2 0 5 % ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占 4 2 8% ,肠球菌占 32 9%。 2 0 0 3年 ,甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为 19 4 %和 81 1% ,高于 1999年的检出率(17 1%和 6 5 4 % ) ;其中 ,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5。未发现对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 ,有 4株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对替考拉宁耐药。 1999～ 2 0 0 3年 ,万古霉素耐药肠球菌检出率分别为 9 8% ,7 7% ,5 0 % ,4 1%和 6 7% ,无明显增加。 6 7 1%～ 76 7%粪肠球菌对氨苄西林敏感 ,但耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌发生率较高 (6 6 7%～ 89 7% )。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,耐替考拉宁的肠球菌分别为 2 1% ,3 5 %和5 5 %。结论　 2 0 0 3年 ,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌与 1999年比有增加趋势。     

黄山市蟑螂携带肠道菌种多样性初探

目的了解黄山市蟑螂携带肠道菌种多样性,为开展蟑螂综合防治提供科学依据。方法在黄山市的屯溪区、汤口镇、风景区3个样区采用粘捕法开展调查采样,选取优势种德国小蠊和黑胸大蠊作为检测对象,每种随机挑选10只蟑螂作为1组,每盒捕获数量少于10只的粘蟑盒,全部采集作为1组,共78组541只。结果对蟑螂样品筛检、纯化出的203株菌落,通过微生物自动检测仪(VITEK2-compact)进行菌种鉴定,分析检测出了198株菌株,鉴定出宋内志贺菌和鸡沙门氏菌2种肠道致病菌和37种条件致病菌,包括粘质沙雷氏菌(带菌率34.62%/检出率21.21%)、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(带菌率19.23%/检出率10.61%)、阴沟肠杆菌(带菌率11.54%/检出率6.57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种(带菌率11.54%/检出率4.55%)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(带菌率10.3%/检出率6.06%)、蜂房哈弗尼亚菌(带菌率8.97%/检出率6.06%)、泛菌属(带菌率8.97%/检出率5.05%)等优势菌种。室内优势蟑螂德国小蠊、黑胸大蠊携带的肠道菌种多样性不同,且肠道菌群带菌率差异具有统计学意义(t=2.435,df=39,sig.=0.020)。超市(20组)和宾馆(9组)采集样本带菌率最高,均为100%;农贸市场(35组)的样本带菌率次之,为97.14%;餐饮店(9组),带菌率为88.89%;居民区(3组)和医院(2组)带菌率最低,分别为66.67%和50%。不同生境蟑螂携带肠道菌种及多样性有差异,但生境间蟑螂携带肠道菌群的带菌率差异性不具有统计学意义[(t农贸-超市=0.284,df=31,sig.=0.778)、(t宾馆-餐饮=-1.046,df=17,sig.=0.310)]。结论蟑螂携带有宋内志贺菌和鸡沙门氏菌等肠道致病菌和条件致病菌。适时开展环境卫生学监测和蟑螂防治工作,对促进黄山市旅游产业可持续健康发展和推动卫生城市创建工作十分必要。     

整形外科患者感染的细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解整形外科手术患者术后细菌感染的菌株分布和对药物敏感趋势进行监测,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法通过对我院2001年1月1日~2004年12月30日临床细菌感染患者的标本进行分离培养,对其进行鉴定分析和药敏监测。结果临床患者标本中共分离出153株细菌,主要致病菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌;耐药性菌株以耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,未发现其他耐药菌株。结论我院感染菌株数量虽然少于其他医院,但菌株对各类药物耐药率并不低于其他医院,所以要合理使用抗生素以降低菌株耐药性的产生。     

Prevalence of peritonitis-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

The predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci as normal skin flora is thought to be a factor in their association with episodes of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We investigated the prevalence of peritonitis-associated strains on the skin of 28 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated organisms, comprising 47% of peritoneal dialysis fluid isolates and 59% of body site isolates. A total of 142 coagulase-negative staphylococci were speciated, tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity and slime production, and identified by phage typing and plasmid-profile analysis. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly identified species from both peritoneal dialysis fluid (73%) and body sites (53%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was common, and the greater proportion of isolates were resistant to methicillin; 63.6% of peritoneal dialysis fluid isolates and 61.7% of body-site isolates. S. haemolyticus isolates were significantly more resistant to methicillin than other species. By phage typing and plasmid-profile analysis it was shown that peritonitis was rarely caused by skin-colonizing strains. In only 3 of 14 patients were peritonitis-associated strains isolated as skin colonizers, and no patients developed peritonitis due to organisms previously isolated as skin colonizers.     

综合医院护理人员手部病原菌调查分析

目的调查综合医院护理人员手部病原菌种类,探讨预防与控制措施。方法对2006年8月医院呼吸科、心内科、消化科、妇产科、胸外科、器官移植中心的27名护理人员进行静脉输液过程中手部病原菌的采样,所有样本进行细菌和真菌培养。结果护理人员手部病原菌不仅检出不动杆菌属、棒杆菌属、成团泛菌(聚团肠杆菌)、大肠埃希菌等条件致病菌,同时还检出金黄色葡萄球菌等致病性较强的细菌,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌在手部大量存在。结论综合医院护理人员操作中手部污染状况较严重,应予高度重视,切实做好医院感染的预防与控制工作。     

医院获得性细菌性脑膜炎120例次临床分析

目的了解医院获得性细菌性脑膜炎的临床特征、病原学分布和细菌耐药性,为临床诊治提供参考。方法按照卫生部医院感染诊断标准对脑脊液培养阳性的患者进行回顾性病史分析;按常规方法进行细菌分离、鉴定;细菌药物敏感试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法。结果1995~2004年共有109例120例次医院获得性细菌性脑膜炎,绝大部分患者有近期或远期颅脑手术史,发热见于所有患者,颈部抵抗和昏迷的患者发生率约50%,脑脊液多呈化脓性改变,120株病原菌中革兰阳性菌占35.8%;革兰阴性菌占64.2%,最常见的6种病原菌依次为不动杆菌属(24.2%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(22.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(10%)、阴沟肠杆菌(8.3%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.5%);脑脊液分离病原菌对常用抗菌药物普遍耐药。结论医院获得性细菌性脑膜炎绝大多数发生于颅脑术后患者,致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌和葡萄球菌属为主,对常用抗菌药物普遍耐药。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测

目的监测神经外科患者脑脊液致病菌流行病学分布及耐药状况。方法收集北京天坛医院神经外科2000年1月～2004年12月，送检脑脊液标本中分离的致病菌及药敏鉴定结果，统计致病菌分布和抗菌药物敏感率。结果分离到致病菌438株，其中革兰阳性球菌316株，占72．1％；革兰阴性杆菌122株，占27．9％；排名前5位的致病菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（53．7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（10．5％）、肠杆菌属（6．2％）、不动杆菌（6．2％）、铜绿假单胞菌（3．7％）；对革兰阴性菌的总体敏感率为亚胺培南86．9％、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦77．4％、阿米卡星68．0％、头孢吡肟63．9％、头孢他啶63．1％，其余抗菌药物的敏感率均〈60％。结论神经外科患者颅内感染以革兰阳性菌多见，尤其是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌，本研究结果将为神经外科手术部位感染的预防和经验性抗菌药物治疗提供基本数据资料。     

Cockroaches as potential vectors of nosocomial infections.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the possible role of cockroaches in the epidemiology of nosocomial infections. DESIGN: Epidemiologic investigation of bacteria and fungi in cockroaches and evaluation of the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria isolated from the insects. SETTING: Ninety hospitals in Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County in Taiwan. METHODS: Cockroaches were collected in clinical and nonclinical areas and microorganisms were isolated from their external surface and alimentary tract. The susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus species to 17 antibiotics were tested. RESULTS: Cockroach infestation was found in 46.7% of the hospitals studied. Two hundred three cockroaches were collected (139 Periplaneta americana and 64 Blattella germanica). Periplaneta americana was found more often in nonclinical areas (64.5%) and B. germanica in clinical areas (78.1%). There was no statistically significant difference between Periplaneta americana (98.6%) and B. germanica (96.9%) regarding overall isolation rate (P > .05). However, 33 species of bacteria and 16 species of fungi were isolated from Periplaneta americana and only 23 and 12, respectively, from B. germanica. Resistance to ampicillin (13.7% to 100%), chloramphenicol (14.3% to 71.4%), tetracycline (14.3% to 73.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14.3% to 57.1%) was found in two gram-positive and five gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION: Because cockroach infestation occurred in more than 40% of the hospitals and nearly all of the cockroaches harbored bacteria with multidrug resistance and fungi, cockroaches may play a potential role in the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in those hospitals.     

In vitro activity of ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins against 602 clinical isolates of staphylococci from geographically diverse medical centers

The in vitro activity of ceftriaxone and six additional antimicrobial agents (ceftizoxime, cefoperazone, cefuroxime, fleroxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was assessed or 602 recent clinical isolates of staphylococci from six geographically distinct medical centers in North America. All seven antimicrobial agents were active (90–100% of strains susceptible) against oxacillin-susceptible (OS) strains of Staphylococcus aureus (OSSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (OSCNS) but had limited activity against oxacillin resistant (OR) staphylococci. Our assessment of the in vitro antistaphylococcal activity of ceftriaxone against contemporary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci indicates that the activity versus OS staphylococci has not changed over the past decade despite widespread use of the drug. It appears that these agents will continue to be useful for empiric therapy in those centers in which OR strains are uncommon.Corresponding author.     

血液培养中葡萄球菌分布及药物敏感性变迁

目的:了解2003～2006年安徽医科大学第一附属医院血液培养293株葡萄球菌分布及敏感性变迁情况,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法:BACTEC 9120全自动血培养仪进行培养,MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物鉴定仪及配套阳性菌药敏复合板进行鉴定和药敏试验.结果:2003～2006年血液培养葡萄球菌属的分布主要为表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌人亚种、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)以及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例逐年上升.病区分布主要为儿科、血液内科、消化内科、皮肤科、心内科等;所有分离株对万古霉素敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对四环素的敏感性呈上升趋势(71.43～94.44%),对其它抗生素敏感性呈下降趋势;CNS对大多数抗生素敏感性呈下降趋势,其中甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑敏感性显著下降(P＜0.05).2006年CNS苯唑西林、庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑等敏感性显著低于金黄色葡萄球菌(P＜0.05).结论:血液培养葡萄球菌属中CNS以及MRCNS逐年升高,对临床常用抗生素的敏感性低且呈下降趋势,应根据药敏试验选择抗菌药物.合理使用抗菌药物以延缓细菌耐药性的产生非常重要.     

Controlled trial of a Y-set dialysis delivery system to prevent peritonitis in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Peritonitis rates were compared in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) via either a Y-set dialysate delivery system or a standard system. Forty patients in each arm of the trial were matched for age (range 20-67 years, mean 49 years), and remained in the study for similar periods (range 3-36 months, mean 14.1 months). The observation time was 564 patient-months for each arm of the trial. There were 22 episodes of peritonitis in nine out of 40 patients using the Y-set and 57 episodes in 21 out of 40 patients using the standard system (P = 0.005 Wilcoxon signed rank test for episodes, P = 0.02 McNemar's chi 2 test for patients). Peritonitis rates were one episode per 25 patient-months in the Y-set group, and one episode per 9.7 patient-months in the standard group. In the Y-set group there were significantly fewer episodes caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and Acinetobacter spp. There was no difference in the rate of episodes caused by Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, enterococci, corynebacteria, enterobacteria or pseudomonads. There was no difference in the incidence of catheter exit wound infections. The Y-set dialysis delivery system is effective in reducing peritonitis rates in CAPD patients caused by organisms derived from the commensal skin flora, principally coagulase-negative staphylococci, but does not reduce peritonitis caused by other organisms.     

A multicentre study:Staphylococcus andEnterococcus susceptibility to antibiotics

A multicentre study to evaluate the susceptibility of Gram-positive cocci isolated from clinical samples, was performed by six centres working in different areas of Italy. We examined 4,544 strainsof Staphylococcus aureus, 4,381 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 2,478 strains of enterococci. The following antibiotics were tested: penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin, imipenem, oxacillin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, rifampicin, clindamycin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci confirmed their susceptibility to many other antimicrobial agents while oxacillin-resistant strains confirmed their multiple and frequent resistance to antibiotics. Resistance to oxacillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol was more frequent in coagulase-negative staphylococci than inStaphylococcus aureus. Aminoglycosides, rifampicin and quinolones were more active against coagulase-negative staphylococci than againstStaphylococcus aureus. Enterococci were susceptible to penicillins and imipenem, and moderately susceptible to cipro-floxacin. Susceptibility of 70–79% was observed with high levels of aminoglycosides. Excellent results against staphylococci and enterococci were observed with vancomycin and teicoplanin.