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1.
It is well-established that genetic factors account for large proportions of individual differences in multiple cognitive
abilities. It is also well-established that individual differences in performance on many different cognitive ability measures
are strongly correlated. Recent empirical investigations, however, have suggested two interesting qualifications to these
well-established findings: Genetic variance in cognitive abilities is higher in richer home environments (gene-by-environment
interaction), and common variance in different cognitive abilities is lower at higher levels of overall ability (nonlinear
factor structure). Although they have been investigated independently, these two phenomena may interact, because richer environments
are routinely associated with higher ability levels. Using simulation we demonstrate how un-modeled nonlinear factor structure
can obscure interpretation of gene-by-environment interaction. We then reanalyze data from the National Collaborative Perinatal
Project, previously used by Turkheimer et al. (2003; Psychol Science), with a two-step method to model both phenomena.
相似文献
Elliot M. Tucker-DrobEmail: |
2.
Randomizing visual feedback in manual aiming: reminiscence of the previous trial condition and prior knowledge of feedback availability 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Cheng DT Luis M Tremblay L 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,189(4):403-410
A trial-by-trial analysis was used to systematically examine the influence of switching visual conditions on visual feedback
utilization for a manual aiming movement. In experiment one, vision was randomly manipulated from trial to trial with no more
than four consecutive trials in the same visual condition. In experiment two, participants were provided with certainty of
visual feedback availability prior to every trial. Results of both studies revealed that movement endpoint variability was
most associated with visual feedback availability on the previous trial. Furthermore, correlation analyses comparing movement
trajectory at 25, 50 and 75% with movement end (i.e. 100%) revealed that the efficiency of online corrections also depends
on the availability of visual feedback on the previous trial. These results suggest that the accuracy of an aiming movement
is highly dependent on processing of offline visual information from the preceding trial.
This study was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) awarded to
Luc Tremblay.
相似文献
Darian T. ChengEmail: |
Luc Tremblay (Corresponding author)Email: |
3.
Trempe M Proteau L 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,189(1):11-21
One can adapt movement planning to compensate for a mismatch between vision and action. Previous research with prismatic lenses
has shown this adaptation to be accompanied with a shift in the evaluation of one’s body midline, suggesting an important
role of this reference for successful adaptation. This interpretation leads to the prediction that rotation adaptation could
be more difficult to learn for some directions than others. Specifically, we hypothesized that targets seen to the right of
the body midline but for which a rotation imposes a movement to its left would generate a conflict leading to a bias in movement
planning. As expected, we observed different movement planning biases across movement directions. The same pattern of biases
was observed in a second experiment in which the starting position was translated 15 cm to the right of the participants’
midline. This indicates that the “straight ahead” direction, not one’s midline, serves as an important reference for movement
planning during rotation adaptation.
相似文献
Luc Proteau (Corresponding author)Email: |
4.
Young SJ Pratt J Chau T 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,192(1):121-132
Research has suggested that prospective motor decisions are consistent with actual motor action. In a study that we recently
published (Young et al. in Exp Brain Res 185:681–688, 2008), however, participants demonstrated a preference for closer targets that was inconsistent with the predictions of Fitts’s
law. With a pair of experiments, the present paper investigates the underlying basis of this non-optimal behaviour. Participants
showed a similar deviation from Fitts’s law when imagining movements—believing that movement duration increased with distance
within the same index of difficulty. Participants did not behave similarly, however, in a perceptual version of the decision
task. These results suggest that imagined movements and motor decisions are linked, as well as demonstrating one situation
in which both show a similar deviation from the patterns of actual movement duration.
相似文献
Scott J. YoungEmail: |
5.
D. Fuentes J. T. Oden K. R. Diller J. D. Hazle A. Elliott A. Shetty R. J. Stafford 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2009,37(4):763-782
An adaptive feedback control system is presented which employs a computational model of bioheat transfer in living tissue
to guide, in real-time, laser treatments of prostate cancer monitored by magnetic resonance thermal imaging. The system is
built on what can be referred to as cyberinfrastructure—a complex structure of high-speed network, large-scale parallel computing
devices, laser optics, imaging, visualizations, inverse-analysis algorithms, mesh generation, and control systems that guide
laser therapy to optimally control the ablation of cancerous tissue. The computational system has been successfully tested
on in vivo, canine prostate. Over the course of an 18 min laser-induced thermal therapy performed at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC)
in Houston, Texas, the computational models were calibrated to intra-operative real-time thermal imaging treatment data and
the calibrated models controlled the bioheat transfer to within 5 °C of the predetermined treatment plan. The computational
arena is in Austin, Texas and managed at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES). The system is designed
to control the bioheat transfer remotely while simultaneously providing real-time remote visualization of the on-going treatment.
Post-operative histology of the canine prostate reveal that the damage region was within the targeted 1.2 cm diameter treatment
objective.
相似文献
R. J. StaffordEmail: |
6.
7.
Communicating bad news is never easy and for physicians these interactions may be a significant source of stress. To examine
the characteristics that make delivering of bad news stressful, two studies were conducted. In the first study, 37 physicians
generated 192 responses describing the characteristics that influence how difficult it is to break bad news. After sorting
the responses in terms of common themes, six categories were identified: Physician, Patient, Institutional, Illness, Relationship,
and Mishap. In Study 2, 115 physicians rated the degree of stress associated with each factor. Using principle component and
reliability analyses, empirical support was found for six categories. A higher-order factor analysis suggested the existence
of one over-arching factor. Items in the Mishap category were rated on average as the most stressful. Stress scores were largely
unrelated to years in practice, experience delivering bad news or training.
相似文献
J. T. PtacekEmail: |
8.
In addition to multiple health benefits, participation in physical activity can enhance cognitive functioning. Less clear
is how reducing physical activity levels affects cognition, an issue potentially addressed by bed rest studies having included
cognitive tests. Detailed and reviewed here are 17 such studies, featuring 251 subjects, bed rest for 7–70 days, and tests
of cognition ranging from reaction time to executive functions. The reported effects of bed rest on cognitive performance
vary considerably, from a generally expected worsening to an improvement. Practice effects could be implicated in the performance
improvements, and reports of worsening are often of limited interpretability or the results were not replicated. Any cognitive
effects of bed rest thus remain to be established. Detrimental effects could influence the in-progress plans for human spaceflights
to Mars (simulated by bed rest), and have implications for medical conditions promoting inactivity and lifestyles that are
largely sedentary.
相似文献
Darren M. LipnickiEmail: |
9.
I. Südhoff J. A. de Guise A. Nordez E. Jolivet D. Bonneau V. Khoury W. Skalli 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2009,47(6):579-587
Patient-specific muscle geometry is not only an interesting clinical tool to evaluate different pathologies and treatments,
but also provides an essential input data to more realistic musculoskeletal models. The protocol set up in our study provided
the 3D-patient-specific geometry of the 13 main muscles involved in the knee joint motion from a few selected magnetic resonance
images (MRIs). The contours of the muscles were identified on five to seven MRI axial slices. A parametric-specific object
was then constructed for each muscle and deformed to fit those contours. The 13 muscles were obtained within 1 h, with less
than 5% volume error and 5 mm point-surface error (2RMS). From this geometry, muscle volumes and volumic fractions of asymptomatic
and anterior cruciate ligament deficient subjects could easily be computed and compared to previous studies. This protocol
provides an interesting precision/time trade-off to obtain patient-specific muscular geometry.
相似文献
W. Skalli (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
Using a combined sample of adolescent twins, biological siblings, and adoptive siblings, we estimated and compared the differential
shared-environmentality for high cognitive ability and the shared-environmental variance for the full range of ability during
adolescence. Estimates obtained via multiple methods were in the neighborhood of 0.20, and suggest a modest effect of the
shared environment on both high and full-range ability. We then examined the association of ability with three measures of
the family environment in a subsample of adoptive siblings: parental occupational status, parental education, and disruptive
life events. Only parental education showed significant (albeit modest) association with ability in both the biological and
adoptive samples. We discuss these results in terms of the need for cognitive-development research to combine genetically
sensitive designs and modern statistical methods with broad, thorough environmental measurement.
相似文献
Robert M. KirkpatrickEmail: |
11.
Hughes CM Franz EA 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,188(4):541-550
Our primary objective was to examine the possible interplay of the end-state comfort effect and bimanual temporal and spatial
coupling constraints in a grasp-to-place task. Unimanual and bimanual grasping and placing tasks were employed with manipulations
on initial comfort (by use of potentially interfering obstacles) and target goals (using various demands on end goal object
orientations). Confirming previous temporal findings, incongruent bimanual tasks were considerably slower in initiation time
and movement time than congruent ones, reflecting costs in conceptualizing, planning, and completion of the task. With respect
to spatial constraints, when the same goal was present for both hands there was strong evidence of the influence of both end-state
comfort and bimanual constraints. This was often not the case when the task demands differed for the two hands, although the
primary task goals were still attained. We suggest that the implementation of constraints is not based on a strict hierarchy;
rather, certain constraints become dominant depending on the task and situation.
相似文献
Elizabeth A. FranzEmail: |
12.
In this study we analyzed the etiology of the relationship between personality traits and retrospectively recalled family
environment. The data of 226 identical and 168 fraternal twin pairs reared together from the Jena twin study of social attitudes
were available. Personality traits were measured using the self- and peer report versions of the German NEO-personality inventory-revised.
A German version of Blocks Environmental Questionnaire was applied to measure two broad dimensions of the family environment
retrospectively: support and organization. We could replicate earlier findings that retrospective reports of these family
environment dimensions were in part genetically influenced. A total of 66% of the genetic variance in support and 24% in organization
could be accounted for by heritable variance in self-rated personality. That was replicated by using peer reports of personality,
41% explained genetic variance in support and 17% in organization. Environmental mediations were negligible. This indicates
that the relationship between personality and retrospectively recalled family environment is largely genetically mediated.
相似文献
Christian KandlerEmail: |
13.
Perception of affordances for standing on an inclined surface depends on height of center of mass 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Regia-Corte T Wagman JB 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,191(1):25-35
We investigated whether perception of affordances for standing on an inclined surface depended on the height of center of
mass of the perceiver-actor. Participants adjusted the angle of inclination of a surface until they felt that it was just
barely possible for them to stand on that surface. They performed this task while wearing a backpack apparatus to which masses
were attached in one of three configurations—high-mass, low-mass, and no-mass. Moreover, participants performed this task
by viewing the inclined surface or by probing it with a hand-held rod (while blindfolded). Perception of affordances for standing
on the inclined surface reflected the changes in center of mass brought on by the weighted backpack apparatus (the perceptual
boundary occurred at a smaller angle of inclination in the high-mass condition than in the low-mass condition and in the no-mass
condition). Moreover, perception of this affordance reflected such changes both when the surface was viewed and when the surface
was probed with a hand-held rod (while blindfolded). The results highlight that perception of affordances is dynamic and task-dependent
and suggest that the stimulation patterns that support perception of affordances are invariant and modality-independent.
相似文献
Jeffrey B. WagmanEmail: |
14.
Adaptations of lateral hand movements to early and late visual occlusion in catching 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Dessing JC Wijdenes LO Peper CL Beek PJ 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,192(4):669-682
Recent studies suggested that the control of hand movements in catching involves continuous vision-based adjustments. More
insight into these adjustments may be gained by examining the effects of occluding different parts of the ball trajectory.
Here, we examined the effects of such occlusion on lateral hand movements when catching balls approaching from different directions,
with the occlusion conditions presented in blocks or in randomized order. The analyses showed that late occlusion only had
an effect during the blocked presentation, and early occlusion only during the randomized presentation. During the randomized
presentation movement biases were more leftward if the preceding trial was an early occlusion trial. The effect of early occlusion
during the randomized presentation suggests that the observed leftward movement bias relates to the rightward visual acceleration
inherent to the ball trajectories used, while its absence during the blocked presentation seems to reflect trial-by-trial
adaptations in the visuomotor gain, reminiscent of dynamic gain control in the smooth pursuit system. The movement biases
during the late occlusion block were interpreted in terms of an incomplete motion extrapolation—a reduction of the velocity
gain—caused by the fact that participants never saw the to-be-extrapolated part of the ball trajectory. These results underscore
that continuous movement adjustments for catching do not only depend on visual information, but also on visuomotor adaptations
based on non-visual information.
相似文献
Joost C. DessingEmail: |
15.
Buonocore A McIntosh RD 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,191(1):117-122
The remote distractor effect is a robust finding whereby a saccade to a lateralised visual target is delayed by the simultaneous,
or near simultaneous, onset of a distractor in the opposite hemifield. Saccadic inhibition is a more recently discovered phenomenon
whereby a transient change to the scene during a visual task induces a depression in saccadic frequency beginning within 70 ms,
and maximal around 90–100 ms. We assessed whether saccadic inhibition is responsible for the increase in saccadic latency
induced by remote distractors. Participants performed a simple saccadic task in which the delay between target and distractor
was varied between 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 ms. Examination of the distributions of saccadic latencies showed that each distractor
produced a discrete dip in saccadic frequency, time-locked to distractor onset, conforming closely to the character of saccadic
inhibition. We conclude that saccadic inhibition underlies the remote distractor effect.
相似文献
Robert D. McIntoshEmail: |
16.
Kasem Kulkeaw Chiyo Mizuochi Yuka Horio Noriko Osumi Kohichiro Tsuji Daisuke Sugiyama 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):175-180
The normal development of mouse embryo in vivo could be maintained in vitro up to 72 h in the presence of rat serum which is continuously supplied with the appropriate concentration of O2 and CO2. There are several applications of the whole mouse embryo culture model for study of cellular dynamics in hematopoiesis and
its interaction with vasculogenesis. In this protocol, we have described details of manipulation techniques in combination
with the whole embryo culture and also some advance techniques applied to the mouse embryo such as intra-cardiac inoculation
of acetylated low density lipoprotein for cell-specific labeling and engraftment of donor yolk-sac from different genotype/phenotype
mouse embryo onto the yolk-sac of host mouse for study of the dynamic distribution of hematopoietic cell.
相似文献
Daisuke SugiyamaEmail: |
17.
Diederich A Colonius H 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,186(1):1-22
In a focused attention task saccadic reaction time (SRT) to a visual target stimulus (LED) was measured with an auditory (white
noise burst) or tactile (vibration applied to palm) non-target presented in ipsi- or contralateral position to the target.
Crossmodal facilitation of SRT was observed under all configurations and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) values ranging from
−500 (non-target prior to target) to 0 ms, but the effect was larger for ipsi- than for contralateral presentation within
an SOA range from −200 ms to 0. The time-window-of-integration (TWIN) model (Colonius and Diederich in J Cogn Neurosci 16:1000,
2004) is extended here to separate the effect of a spatially unspecific warning effect of the non-target from a spatially specific
and genuine multisensory integration effect.
相似文献
Hans ColoniusEmail: |
18.
Sappinia diploidea is known as a free-living amoeba of worldwide distribution and has also been reported as causative agent of a brain infection
in an immunocompetent young man. In the current study, we were able to isolate eight strains of S. diploidea-like amoebae identified by light microscopy from different habitats. Cultures of all strains were established successfully
for molecular characterization. The small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of all strains were sequenced and compared to one another,
to the neotype of S. diploidea, and to strains of Sappinia pedata, the only other Sappinia species known to date, from GenBank by multiple sequence alignment and cluster analysis. Altogether, the phylogenetic position
of the genus Sappinia within the Thecamoebidae was corroborated; however, it was shown that the genus splits into several well-separated clusters
making the establishment of new species within this genus inevitable. Furthermore, two of the S. diploidea-like strains were actually more closely related to S. pedata than to S. diploidea, although the diagnostically relevant standing form which seems to be characteristic for S. pedata was not observed in either of the two strains.
Claudia Wylezich and Julia Walochnik have contributed equally to this work.
相似文献
Claudia Wylezich (Corresponding author)Email: |
Rolf MichelEmail: |
19.
Dana Maslovat Anthony N. Carlsen Romeo Chua Ian M. Franks 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,195(3):383-392
For synchronous bimanual movements, we have shown that a different amplitude can be prepared for each limb in advance and
this preparation improves with practice (Maslovat et al. 2008). In the present study, we tested whether an asynchronous bimanual movement can also be prepared in advance and be improved
with practice. Participants practiced (160 trials) a discrete bimanual movement in which the right arm led the left by 100 ms
in response to an auditory “go” signal (either 80 dB control stimulus or 124 dB startle stimulus). The startle stimulus was
used to gauge whether inter-limb timing could be pre-programed. During startle trials, the asynchronous bimanual movement
was triggered at early latency suggesting the entire movement could be prepared in advance. However, the triggered movement
had a shorter between-arm delay and a temporally compressed within-arm EMG pattern, results that we attribute to increased
neural activation caused by the startling stimulus. However, as both startle and control trials improved over time, it does
appear response preparation of interval timing can improve with practice.
相似文献
Ian M. Franks (Corresponding author)Email: |
20.
Brandon N. Kyle Daniel W. McNeil Benjamin J. Weinstein James D. Mark 《Journal of behavioral medicine》2009,32(4):360-370
While stimulus intensity obviously affects degree of pain responding, presentation order effects of stimuli of different intensities
on acute pain responses are under-researched. The present study examined the effects of manipulating presentation order of
lower and higher pain stimulus intensity. Using 96 undergraduates, this investigation employed a 2 × 2 mixed research design,
with pain stimulus sequence as a between-subjects variable and pain stimulus trial as a repeated measure. When the greater
pain stimulus intensity was presented last, verbal report of pain was higher. Also, performance of a cognitive task was interrupted
the least when the lower stimulus intensity was presented last. Heart rate, however, was highest when the greater stimulus
intensity was presented first, and pain tolerance was greatest when the lower stimulus intensity was presented first. Results
are discussed in relation to adaptation-level effects, and implications for pain experienced in clinical settings are suggested.
相似文献
Daniel W. McNeilEmail: |