引起骨壁广泛破坏的上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿的发病机制、诊断及治疗.方法报告引起上颌窦骨壁广泛破坏的胆固醇肉芽肿1例,并复习有关文献.结果胆固醇肉芽肿是肉芽组织反应的一种特殊类型,好发于乳突及颞骨的气房,但发生于上颌窦者少见.结论此病的病因可能是上颌窦口阻塞,窦腔内出血或渗出致胆固醇在窦腔内或囊肿内沉积.确诊需依靠病理,建立永久的窦口鼻道通气可根治.     

上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿(附2例报告)

为探讨胆固醇肉芽肿形成的机理，报告２例发生于上颌窦的胆固醇肉芽肿。该病的常见症状是鼻阻塞，严重者可引起骨质破坏。其病因可能源于上颌窦窦口阻塞、粘膜息肉样病变内部出血或上颌窦囊肿瘤壁内胆固醇沉积。文献复习表明：窦腔通气不良，长期的炎症渗出或出血可导致胆固醇肉芽肿的形成。治疗主要是行上颌窦根治术，以达到永久治愈的目的。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的探讨

本文就３５例经病理证实为中耳乳突胆固醇肉芽肿的病例资料，对本病的发生、诊断、侵犯部位及治疗和术后复发之原因等问题进行探讨，认为中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的主要病因是咽鼓管通气受阻，好发部位主要是鼓窦入口和鼓窦、上鼓室、乳突气房及鼓室窦．     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的探讨

本文就３５例经病理证实为中耳乳突胆固醇肉芽肿的病例资料，对本病的发生，诊断，侵犯部位及治疗和术后复发之原因等问题进行探讨。认为中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的主要病因是咽鼓管通道受阻，好发部位主要是鼓窦入口和鼓窦、上鼓室、乳突气房及鼓室窦。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的诊断及治疗方法。方法对2004年以来经手术及病理诊断确诊的13例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果13例患者中,胆脂瘤型中耳炎并胆固醇肉芽肿8例,分泌性中耳炎并胆固醇肉芽肿4例,中耳胆固醇肉芽肿（蓝鼓膜）1例,均有不同程度的传导性或混合性听力下降,全部病例均经手术治疗而痊愈,术中见三种不同的中耳炎疾病均交错存在胆固醇肉芽肿病变,肉芽肿大多位于中耳乳突腔、鼓室入口、上鼓室、鼓室窦等处。结论中耳胆固醇肉芽肿常与各种中耳慢性疾病并存,病变可广泛存在于中耳各部,治疗以手术彻底清除病灶为主。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的回顾性分析

目的 探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的病因、发病机制及二者间的相互关系,并就该病的诊断及治疗方法进行讨论。方法 采用回顾性研究,总结分析我院1988年3月－2000年5月经手术和病理诊断证实的63例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者中并发胆脂瘤15例患者的临床资料。结果 15例患者均有较长时间的病史,除不同的程度的听力下降外,皆有耳溢然,其中脓血性及血性耳溢液8例;均有鼓膜穿孔,其中松弛部穿孔10例。11例颞骨CT扫描者均报告为胆脂瘤型中耳炎。15例皆行手术治疗,术中发现胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤交错存在,胆固醇肉芽肿多好发于鼓窦、上鼓室及乳突腔,6例乳突气化良好者气房内有咖啡色粘液蓄积,并有闪烁发亮的点状胆固醇结晶。12例出现鼓窦扩大、上鼓室外侧壁破坏、听骨链侵蚀、鼓室天盖及面神经水平段暴露等骨质破坏。6例咽鼓管鼓口、15例鼓峡阻塞。所有病例术后均干耳,12例行鼓室成形术者11例术后听力有不同程度的提高。结论 中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤的病理生理改变有共同之处,即均有通气受阻、引流障碍,二者可能为同一致病因素引起的两个不同且相互作用的病理过程。对慢性中耳炎患者出现不 明原因的血性耳溢液者应想到本病可能,应结合CT、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)提高术前诊断率。治疗应根据病变部位、范围和程度不同采取不同的术式,其原则是彻底清除病变、通畅引流。     

真菌性鼻窦炎的诊断及治疗（附30例报告）

目的：探讨真菌性鼻窦炎的主要病因,诊断注意点和治疗方法。方法：30例患者均作鼻窦CT扫描并接受上颌窦根治术,彻底清除病灶,扩大中鼻道引流,8例同时行筛窦开放术,9例同时行鼻中隔矫正术,部分病例术后配合抗真菌药物冲洗上颌窦,结果：术后病理报告均见真菌菌丝,随访6个月至10年,无复发。结论：鼻窦引流不畅是引起真菌性鼻窦炎的重要原因,诊断中应注意与慢性化脓性上颌窦炎,上颌窦恶性肿瘤区别,CT有重要诊断价值。手术是治疗的主要手段。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的回顾性分析

目的探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的病因、发病机制及二者间的相互关系,并就该病的诊断及治疗方法进行讨论.方法采用回顾性研究,总结分析我院1988年3月～2000月5月经手术和病理诊断证实的63例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者中并发胆脂瘤15例患者的临床资料.结果15例患者均有较长时间的病史,除不同程度的听力下降外,皆有耳溢液,其中脓血性及血性耳溢液8例;均有鼓膜穿孔,其中松驰部穿孔10例.11例颞骨CT扫描者均报告为胆脂瘤型中耳炎.15例皆行手术治疗,术中发现胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤交错存在,胆固醇肉芽肿多好发于鼓窦、上鼓室及乳突腔,6例乳突气化良好者气房内有咖啡色粘液蓄积,并有闪烁发亮的点状胆固醇结晶.12例出现鼓窦扩大、上鼓室外侧壁破坏、听骨链侵蚀、鼓室天盖及面神经水平段暴露等骨质破坏.6例咽鼓管鼓口、15例鼓峡阻塞.所有病例术后均干耳,12例行鼓室成形术者11例术后听力有不同程度的提高.结论中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤的病理生理改变有共同之处,即均有通气受阻、引流障碍,二者可能为同一致病因素引起的两个不同且相互作用的病理过程.对慢性中耳炎患者出现不明原因的血性耳溢液者应想到本病可能,应结合CT、磁共振成像(magneticresonanceimaging,MRI)提高术前诊断率.治疗应根据病变部位、范围和程度不同采取不同的术式,其原则是彻底清除病变、通畅引流.     

上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿(附3例报告)

目的 :探讨上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 :结合文献复习 ,报告 3例上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果 :3例经 Caldwell- L uc手术 ,术后结合类固醇激素及抗变态反应药物治疗 ,疗效良好 ,随访 0 .5～ 2年未见复发。结论 :上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿是一种炎症反应性病变 ;CT检查多见上颌窦骨壁侵犯 ,有类似恶性肿瘤的影像学表现。本病患者预后大多良好。     

CT拟似恶性征象的上颌窦良性肿块4例分析报告

目的 探讨ＣＴ对上颌窦肿的诊断价值。方法 报告ＣＴ显示上颌窦骨壁垒破坏而拟似恶性肿瘤的上颌窦肿块４例。结果 ３例行上颌窦根治术,术后病理分别是上颌窦息肉、囊肿及修复性巨细胞肉芽肿。１例行上颌骨部分切切除术,病理为上颌血管瘤。结论 上颌窦肿块的定性诊断必须依靠病理检查,而ＣＴ仅作参考。     

鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿24例

目的探讨鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的病因、发病机理以及治疗方法。方法回顾性总结分析1996年3月至2003年3月经手术和病理证实的24例鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果24例患者中，术前诊断为慢性鼻窦炎10例，鼻窦黏液囊肿8例，鼻息肉或出血坏死性鼻息肉5例，考虑可能为胆固醇肉芽肿者仅l例。主要症状有鼻塞(20／24)、鼻漏(18／24)、嗅觉减退(10／24)、头痛(7／24)、眼眶痛(5／24)、复视(2／24)等。鼻窦CT及MRI提示为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻窦囊肿以及鼻息肉和(或)黏膜息肉样变。所有病例均因保守治疗无效而采取外科手术治疗，即鼻内镜术或Caldwell-Luc术，仅l例行鼻侧切开术。23例手术效果良好，随访1年以上无复发；仅l例Caldwell-Luc术后2年复发，再次行鼻内镜术，术后3年未复发。结论鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因主要有三：含气腔通气受阻、引流障碍、含气腔出血。鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿似乎与鼻窦慢性炎性疾病关系密切，尤其是鼻窦黏液囊肿。术式的选择应根据病变范围和程度来决定，其原则是彻底清除病变，保持鼻窦通畅引流。     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus resembling an invasive,destructive tumor

The case of a maxillary sinus cholesterol granuloma posing as a malignant tumor is presented. The patient was referred to the authors clinic with symptoms typical of maxillary sinusitis, but physical examination suggested the presence of neoplasm. Radiology also resulted in confusing, tumor-like pictures. Histological examination of a preoperative tissue sample identified the process as a cholesterol granuloma, which was removed by a classic Caldwell-Luc operation. The patient has been symptom free since the operation. The pathogenesis of cholesterol granuloma is described, and the problems of establishing a diagnosis without preoperative histology are discussed.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the posterior ethmoid sinus mimicking meningocele

Cholesterol granuloma is usually associated with chronic middle ear disease, less common in the orbit, and rare in the paranasal sinus. Cholesterol granuloma is thought to be initiated by hemorrhage, impaired drainage, and interruption of aeration. Here we report a case of cholesterol granuloma arising in the posterior ethmoid sinus mimicking meningocele. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful for differential diagnosis, and endoscopic surgery is effective for the management of cholesterol granuloma arising in the ethomoid sinus.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the paranasal sinuses

Cholesterol granulomata of the middle ear occasionally accompany chronic middle-ear diseases with diminished ventilation. In the paranasal sinuses, especially in the frontal sinus, they have occasionally been mentioned in the literature. Disordered ventilation and impaired drainage are decisive pathogenic factors in the causation of cholesterol granuloma. Views remain divided on the source of the cholesterol and on the importance of bleeding in the development of cholesterol granuloma. Two patients with a cholesterol granuloma of the frontal sinus are presented and discussed.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus presenting as sinonasal polyp

Cholesterol granuloma is usually found in chronic middle ear diseases. However, it rarely occurs in the sinonasal regions and only a few case reports can be found in the literature. The etiology of sinonasal cholesterol granuloma is not yet known, and the clinical manifestations are nonspecific. Most patients presented with nasal discharge. Our patient is the only reported case presenting with nasal obstruction and facial pain. Here we present a patient with cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus with a nasal polyp, whose clinical, imaging, and histological characteristics were unique. The tumor was excised via the transnasal endoscopic sinus approach without recurrence after 3 years of follow-up.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary and frontal sinuses

5 cases of cholesterol granuloma are described, 3 within the maxillary sinuses and 2 within the frontal sinuses. The lesions arise from the mucosa and can be recognized on plain films and tomograms of the sinus as opacity, sometimes resembling a mucocele. Radical operation seems to give absolute cure without any recurrence. The pathogenesis is hemorrhage and/or filtration. The closed cavities of the paranasal sinuses provide favorable conditions for cholesterol to become dissociated from the lipoprotein complex and to precipitate and to give rise to a granulomatous reaction.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

The cholesterol granuloma is a particular form of granulation tissue developing as part of a variety of tissue reactions, Cholesterol granuloma is not related to cholesteatoma which may be regarded as an epidermoid cyst of the middle ear or temporal bone. Cholesterol granulomas are rarely associated with such cases (Friedmann, 1976; Gherini et al., 1985). Microscopically, the cholesterol granuloma consists of dense masses of cholesterol crystals which appear as clefts. They are surrounded by foreign body giant cells, foam cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There is frequently some fresh blood and some blood pigment (Wilhelm, 1977; Beales, 1979; Gibb, 1979). It seems probable that inflammation and prolonged obstruction of a bony cavity that is normally aerated, are the main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in the paranasal sinuses. It could be expected to be relatively frequent in the maxillary and frontal sinus, but only a few cases have been reported in the literature and only nine cases affecting the maxillary sinus have been published over the last 22 years (Milton and Bickerton, 1986). We have recently found a cholesterol granuloma arising in the maxillary antrum.     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿

目的 探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的病因、发病机制以及治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结分析我院1988年3月～2003年3月经手术和病理证实的70例(耳)中耳胆固醇肉芽肿病人的临床资料。70例(耳)中，术前诊断为胆脂瘤型中耳炎37例，骨疡型中耳炎13例，此二者之中考虑胆固醇肉芽肿者13例；中耳乳突术后感染5例，分泌性中耳炎7例，特发性血鼓室8例，其中考虑可能为胆固醇肉芽肿者2例。所有病人均有不同程度听力下降、耳闭塞感或伴耳鸣，亦可有耳溢液、头痛、头昏及其他症状。70例(耳)均接受手术治疗，依照术前检查，根据病变程度不同而选择不同术式。结果 65例(耳)干耳，随访1年以上无复发。3例(耳)行改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术，术后半年流脓，后改行乳突根治术，术后均干耳；2例(耳)行鼓室探查加鼓窦开放术，术后半年及1年又流脓伴听力下降，后改行改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术，术后干耳。结论 中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的病因主要有：含气腔通气受阻、引流障碍及含气腔出血。中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与特发性血鼓室、分泌性中耳炎及胆脂瘤关系密切。术式的选择应根据病变范围和程度来决定，其原则是彻底清除病变，保持通畅引流。