机器人辅助腹腔镜术治疗高危前列腺癌的临床经验

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术(RALRP)在治疗高危前列腺癌中的价值,总结其临床经验。方法:回顾性分析2013年2月~2015年10月采用RALRP治疗86例高危前列腺癌患者的临床资料:平均年龄(67.3±10.5)岁。术前检查单独PSA20ng/ml者19例,单独Gleason评分≥8分9例,PSA20ng/ml并Gleason评分≥8分者58例;术前诊断为T_3期者9例。手术方式均采用经腹膜内路径机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术,同时行盆腔淋巴结清扫。结果:本组均顺利完成机器人手术,无中转开放手术者。平均手术时间(146±45)min,平均出血量(95±53)ml,术后住院时间为(7.3±2.5)d。术后6例拔管后出现尿失禁,于1周~3个月恢复控尿;术后3例漏尿,2例淋巴漏。术后病理检查显示淋巴结阳性7例;切缘阳性4例,术后控尿恢复后给予局部放射治疗。结论:对于高危前列腺癌患者,采用以RALRP为核心的综合治疗策略是安全有效的。     

保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术治疗早期前列腺癌(附手术视频)

目的:探讨保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术的初步应用。方法:2016年9~10月,入组早期前列腺癌10例,实施保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术。结果:10例手术均获成功,手术切缘均为阴性。完成手术时间170~250(196±25)min,术中出血量150~500(260±128)ml,术后住院日6~7 d,术后拔除导尿管时间14 d,仅1例患者存在尿失禁(每天1块尿垫),术后1个月完全恢复。结论:保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术安全、有效、可靠,有利于早期恢复控尿。     

机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术60例的初步结果

目的评价机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术的可行性和效果。方法利用da Vinci机器人外科手术系统对60例局限性前列腺癌患者施行机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术。患者年龄53～75岁，平均63．7岁；Gleason评分5～9，平均6；术前前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)5．5～38．3ng／ml，平均9．4ng／ml。结果术前机器人准备时间平均28(10～90)min，手术平均时间200(95～330)min。术中平均失血量355(50—1200)ml，输血7例(12％)。术后平均1d恢复正常饮食。术后平均导尿管留置时间7d，平均住院时间3d。1例发生吻合口漏尿者紧急手术探查和重新吻合，1例因膀胱颈挛缩行经尿道膀胱颈切开，1例因严重尿路感染行静脉输入抗生素。30例术前有性生活的患者术后6个月内自动恢复或经PDE5抑制剂或PGEl药物治疗后恢复性功能。术后3个月随访38例，完全控尿21例(55％)，轻度尿失禁9例(24％)，中度尿失禁8例(21％)。随访至术后6个月24例，完全控尿17例(71％)，轻度尿失禁4例(17％)，中度尿失禁3例(12％)。结论机器人经腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术术中失血少、术后患者疼痛小、恢复快、住院时间短，使盆腔内难以进行的腹腔镜手术变得简单、方便，更加灵巧和准确。     

尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的临床研究

目的:探讨尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的可行性及意义。方法:5例前列腺癌患者采用多通道套管,在经尿道途径辅助下,实施经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术。对围手术期相关资料进行分析。结果:5例患者手术均获得成功,无1例中转开放或增加通道。平均手术时间168 min;术中平均出血量120 ml;术后平均留置尿管时间15 d;无直肠等周围组织损伤并发症,术后病理示5例患者手术标本切缘均为阴性,术后病理分期2例为T2cN0M0,3例为T2bN0M0。结论:尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术是安全可行的,并且可以降低手术难度。     

新辅助内分泌治疗结合机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术治疗高危前列腺癌的优势

目的：探讨高危前列腺癌患者行新辅助内分泌治疗（neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, NHT）后,行机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术（robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, RALRP）较腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术（laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, LRP） 和耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术 （ retropubic radical prostatectomy, RRP）的优势。方法：回顾性分析我院自2010年3月-2012年1月以新辅助内分泌治疗结合根治性前列腺切除术治疗的16例高危前列腺癌的临床资料。术前采取3-6个月的LHRH-a＋抗雄药物的最大程度雄激素阻断方法（maximal androgen blockage,MAB）作为NHT方案,NHT后PSA均降至0．2μg／L以下。之后,其中5例接受RALRP,5例接受LRP,6例接受RRP。三组患者治疗前基线情况（年龄、PSA水平、Gleason评分）差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结果：手术均获成功。中位手术时间（operating time,OT）、失血量（esti-mated blood loss,EBL）、住院天数（hospital stay,HS）在RALRP组为225min（包括机器人到位15min）、600mI、7d,在LRP组为280min、900mi、7d,在RRP组为150min、675ml、14．5d。三组患者术后均无尿漏,术后3天拔除双侧引流管。术后病理均无切缘阳性。三组各有1例患者在术后3个月时因PSA复燃而接受辅助性内分泌治疗（P=1．00）。术后3个月时,除2例RRP组患者尚存压力性尿失禁,其余患者均恢复尿控（P=0．29）。结论：对于接受NHT的高危前列腺癌患者而言,相对于开放手术和腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术,机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术仍然是这些患者的更佳选择。     

保留前列腺包膜的膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术

目的 探讨保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及疗效.方法 2002年5月至2008年9月,对35例浸润性膀胱癌患者施行了保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中开放手术22例,腹腔镜手术13例.术中保留患者的前列腺包膜、精囊、输精管、神经血管束.术后对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量、排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、新膀胱压力及性功能情况等.结果 全部患者均顺利完成保留前列腺包膜和勃起神经的膀胱根治性切除一原位回肠新膀胱术.其中开放手术时间为210～330 min,平均271 min;术中出血200～800 ml,平均460 ml.腹腔镜手术时间为210～420 min,平均343 min;术中出血80～800 ml,平均377 ml.术后3个月IVU及代膀胱造影检查,显示双肾显影良好,无输尿管返流及梗阻,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约250～350 ml.术后6个月随访,所有患者均能自行排尿,2例患者有夜间尿失禁.术后71.4%(20/28)的患者保留了阴茎勃起功能.无患者出现尿道残端或前列腺包膜肿瘤复发,有2例发生盆腔淋巴结转移,1例骨转移.结论 保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除术与标准的膀胱前列腺根治性切除术相比,具有操作简单、控尿效果好、可保留勃起神经等特点,适用于对性功能要求较强、肿瘤未累及膀胱颈及前列腺的较年轻的患者.然而,其肿瘤控制效果还有待于进一步观察.     

耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术的技术改进

目的探讨耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术的技术改进,减少手术并发症。方法前列腺癌患者98例,平均年龄64岁。术前PSA 2．0～108．6 ng／ml,平均18．5 ng／ml。A期6例、B期68例、C期24例。耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术改进步骤包括：保留耻骨前列腺韧带;应用集束血管钳协助完成耻骨后血管复合体（耻骨前列腺韧带＋背静脉复合体）的结扎切断;采用“4＋1”方法行膀胱尿道吻合术（“4”指重建的膀胱颈与尿道黏膜对黏膜2、5、7和10点4针吻合、“1”指将缝扎耻骨后血管复合体的2-0缝线于重建的膀胱颈12点、距吻合缘0．5～1．0 cm处浆肌层穿过,将重建膀胱颈与耻骨后血管复合体固定）。结果98例手术顺利,平均手术时间3 h。术中平均出血量约400 ml,输血37例。3例发生直肠损伤,术中行直肠修补,均Ⅰ期愈合。术后病理报告：盆腔淋巴结阳性12例,切缘阳性12例,精囊浸润13例。术后随访3～68个月。术后3个月内PSA下降至≤0．2 ng／ml者95例。保留尿管2～3周,术后6个月有Ⅱ度以下尿失禁者8例,7例于6个月内恢复控尿,1例于术后12个月时仍有Ⅰ度尿失禁。术后发生尿道狭窄4例,通过腔内治疗治愈。3例复发后给予间断全激素阻断治疗者分别于术后57、60、64个月死于肿瘤复发与转移。结论改进的耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术可缩短手术时间、减少手术并发症,可有效切除肿瘤,同时保留控尿功能。     

腹腔镜技术在高危前列腺癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在高危前列腺癌根治术中应用的可行性和临床疗效。方法 2012年1月~2014年12月腹腔镜下对高危前列腺癌行根治性切除术48例,先行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫活检,病理检查报告阴性后行前列腺癌根治术。打开膀胱前间隙,靠近前列腺包膜切开盆底筋膜,离断耻骨前列腺韧带,"8"字贯穿缝扎阴茎背深静脉复合体,离断膀胱颈部,提起双侧输精管及精囊,打开Denonvillier筋膜,离断前列腺侧韧带,充分游离剪断尿道,重建膀胱颈,并与尿道吻合。结果 47例顺利完成手术,1例因术中输尿管开口损伤而中转开放手术。术后9~14 d拔除导尿管,35例排尿通畅,尿控良好;12例术后早期出现尿失禁,经提肛训练等辅助治疗,拔管后30~90 d恢复控尿。术后病理均为前列腺腺癌,切缘阳性13例,予以辅助内分泌治疗。45例随访6~38个月,总前列腺特异抗原降为0~2.77μg/L,未发现局部复发和远处转移。结论腹腔镜下高危前列腺癌行根治性切除术可行,疗效满意。     

保留前列腺段尿道的腹腔镜膀胱癌根治-原位回肠膀胱术的临床探讨

目的:探讨完整保留前列腺段尿道、腹腔镜膀胱癌根治-原位回肠膀胱术的临床疗效。方法:2010年3月至2015年3月为12例患者行经腹腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清扫,保留前列腺段尿道膀胱癌根治切除,小切口体外重建回肠新膀胱,腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合重建。结果:手术时间220~330 min,平均(270±60)min,术中失血量100~300 ml,平均(180±120)ml。手术切缘均为阴性。随访3~48个月,无一例复发及尿失禁,代膀胱充盈良好,容量200~450 ml,平均(320±130)ml,平均最大尿流率(7±5)ml/s。结论:保留前列腺的腹腔镜膀胱癌根治-原位回肠膀胱术创伤小、出血少、并发症少且完整保留了男性性功能,疗效满意,严格掌握手术适应证可取得较好的临床应用价值,但对肿瘤控制的远期效果尚待进一步比较观察。     

经闭孔悬吊术治疗男性压力性尿失禁的并发症

目的:评估经闭孔尿道悬吊术治疗男性压力性尿失禁并发症的预期发生率.方法:根治性前列腺切除术(n=213)、根治性膀胱前列腺切除术加回肠代膀胱术(n=2)、经尿道前列腺切除术(n=15)后假性括约肌损伤(无括约肌的直接损害)导致压力性尿失禁(SUI)并接受经闭孔尿道悬吊术治疗的230名患者.患者出现手术中、术后早期以及术后中期的并发症的平均时间为17个月(范围为4～42个月).     

Stress incontinence: a new endoscopic approach

We describe our experience in using a new endoscopic technique for suspending the bladder neck and urethra in 16 patients with stress incontinence. The procedure was started by dissecting the retropubic space, first with a sound and then with a Foley catheter before passing an absorbable suture from the abdominal fascia to the bladder neck using an elbowed needle introduced into the bladder through the neck and exteriorized through the urethra. The dissection of the retropubic space helped to form postoperative adherences which fixed the bladder neck and the urethra firmly to the pubic symphysis. The technique is simple, it does not require vaginal surgery, and the incidence of complications is minimal.     

经精囊面吊带悬吊膀胱颈技术在腹腔镜前列腺根治切除术中的应用

目的:探讨经精囊面吊带悬吊膀胱颈技术在腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中的应用,评价其效果。方法:2013年10月~2014年6月,在12例前列腺癌根治手术中采用经精囊面吊带悬吊膀胱颈技术行膀胱颈离断。记录手术时间、术中出血量、膀胱颈切缘阳性率、术后短期尿控情况及术后并发症的发生。结果:12例患者,平均手术时间(98±21.5)min,平均术中出血量(134±26.4)ml。术后病理报告示膀胱颈切缘均为阴性。术后3个月仅1例发生轻度尿失禁。无尿漏、肾积水等并发症发生。结论:经精囊面吊带悬吊膀胱颈技术用于腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中膀胱颈的离断安全性好,更好地保留了膀胱颈口,易于其与尿道的吻合,减少了术后并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和临床效果。方法:7例前列腺癌患者,腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路分离前列腺,切开膀胱颈部,分离前列腺尖部、游离精囊后顺行前列腺切除术,膀胱颈成形后与尿道吻合。结果:平均手术时间为6.7h,术中平均出血量为1385ml。术后24～48h恢复肠道功能,2～3周后拔除尿管,2例出现轻度尿失禁,无术后出血、直肠损伤、尿路狭窄等其他并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、视野清晰、出血少、康复快,是早期前列腺癌根治术的方法之一。     

Anterior bladder tube flap reconstruction of the urethrovesical neck after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Difficulty with urethrovesical neck anastomosis after radical retropubic prostatectomy led us to form an anterior bladder tube flap for anastomosis to the transected urethra in 5 selected cases. We found that combining the anterior bladder tube flap technique with radical retropubic prostatectomy facilitates the urethrovesical neck anastomosis and improves the transient postoperative incontinence sometimes encountered. Results of the 5 patients in whom this technique was used form the basis for a brief discussion of the technique.     

Colpo-wrap: a new continence procedure

OBJECTIVE: To present a new surgical method to increase bladder outlet resistance for the treatment of urinary incontinence in girls and women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six patients (mean age 9.6 years), with urinary incontinence were operated using the new technique within the last 3 years. The principle of the procedure is tightening of the bladder neck by mobilizing the anterior vaginal wall and wrapping it around the bladder neck and proximal urethra, in the sense of a vaginoplication (colpoplication). The underlying conditions and causes for urinary incontinence was neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction caused by myelodysplasia in three girls and anorectal malformation combined with a tethered spinal cord in one. In one case incontinence was caused by a cloacal anomaly and one girl had intrinsic sphincter insufficiency after repetitive Otis urethrotomies. The colpo-wrap was combined with a bladder augmentation and Mitrofanoff in three patients, the three other girls undergoing isolated procedures. RESULTS: The result of the method is a constant increase in outlet resistance and coaptation of the urethra, comparable with the effect of a vaginal sling procedure. Five patients are completely dry after surgery, one girl with cloaca needed an additional bladder neck injection with hyaluranon/dextranomer copolymer. Transurethral catheterization was possible after surgery with no problems in all patients who required intermittent catheterization. CONCLUSION: Considering the feasibility of this technique the colpo-wrap is a reasonable alternative for treating urinary incontinence in females.     

亲水性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶腔内注射治疗女性压力性尿失禁

目的 评估亲水性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(生物凝胶)经尿道腔内注射治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效。方法 24例女性压力性尿失禁患膀胱镜直视下于后尿道近膀胱开口0．5-lcm的3,6，9点处黏膜下穿刺注射生物凝胶平均12．2(6．20)ml／次。结果 腔内注射一次18例，二次5例，三次1例，累积平均注射量18．9(6—38)ml。术后尿道平均延长1．03cm，膀胱颈部尿道121周径平均缩小3．1lcm，症状消失13例，占54．2％；改善11例，占48．5％；无并发症和不良反应发生。结论 生物凝胶腔内注射治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效确切，创伤微小，可重复注射，可选择为压力性尿失禁的外科治疗方法。     

The significance of the open bladder neck associated with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects.

PURPOSE: As a result of pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects, urinary continence relies predominantly on intact bladder neck function. Hence, when cystoscopy and/or cystography reveals an open bladder neck before urethroplasty, the probability of postoperative urinary incontinence may be significant. Unresolved issues are the necessity, the timing and the type of bladder neck repair. We report the outcome of various therapeutic options in patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects and open bladder neck. We also attempt to identify prognostic factors of incontinence before urethroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 15 patients with a mean age of 30 years in whom an open bladder neck was identified before posterior urethroplasty between January 1981 and October 1997. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients 6 were continent and 8 were incontinent postoperatively. One patient underwent artificial urethral sphincter implantation simultaneously with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect repair and was dry postoperatively without sphincter activation. Average bladder neck and prostatic urethral opening on the cystourethrogram before urethroplasty was significantly longer in incontinent (1.68 cm.) than in continent (0.9 cm.) patients. Of the 8 patients who were incontinent 6 underwent bladder neck reconstruction, 1 artificial urinary sphincter and 1 periurethral collagen implant. Five patients with bladder neck reconstruction are totally continent and 1 requires 1 pad daily. The patient who underwent collagen implant requires 2 pads daily and the patient who received an artificial urethral sphincter has minor urge leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Open bladder neck before urethroplasty may herald postoperative incontinence which may be predicted by radiographic and cystoscopic features. Evaluation of the risk of postoperative incontinence may be valuable, and eventually guide the necessity and timing of anti-incontinence surgery, although our preference remains to manage the pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects and bladder neck problem sequentially. Bladder neck reconstruction provides good postoperative continence rates and is our technique of choice.     

The treatment of post-urethrotomy incontinence in pediatric and adolescent females

PURPOSE: Until 1986 many urologists performed currently outdated, redundant internal urethrotomy as standard therapy for recurrent urinary tract infection in girls. We describe the results of therapy in patients who became incontinent due to previous internal urethrotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1986 and 1995, 21 female patients with post-Otis urethrotomy incontinence have presented at our department with combined dysfunctional voiding, recurrent urinary tract infection and various types of urinary incontinence partially based on bladder instability and often provoked by abdominal straining. All cases were diagnosed by repeat video urodynamics and ultrasound of the open bladder neck. Endoscopy provided proof of scarring in the bladder neck and urethra. All patients except 1 underwent conservative treatment for at least 2 years, consisting of pharmacological therapy, physical therapy and biofeedback training. Surgical therapy to cure incontinence was performed in 14 cases, including a conventional Burch-type colposuspension in 5, modified needle colposuspension in 4 and complete endoscopic excision of the urethral scars followed by open reconstruction of the bladder neck and urethra in an abdominoperineal procedure in 5. RESULTS: Conservative treatment has been completely successful in 7 patients. Primary open or needle colposuspension was unsuccessful in 6 of 9 cases, including several requiring further surgery to achieve dryness. The results of excising urethral scars with bladder neck and urethral reconstruction were good in 4 of 5 patients at a followup of at least 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: When previous internal urethrotomy appears to be an important factor in the evaluation of incontinence, conservative therapy is the treatment of choice. Conservative therapy should consist of biofeedback reeducation of the voiding pattern and physical therapy. When surgery is needed, excision of the urethral scars with reconstruction of the bladder neck and urethra plus colposuspension is superior to colposuspension only.     

Randomized clinical trial of a bladder neck plication stitch during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

Urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is one of the most bothersome complications affecting patients’ daily lives. The efficacy of the bladder neck plication stitch technique in promoting an earlier return of continence was prospectively evaluated in 158 patients who underwent RARP for clinically localized prostate cancer by a single surgeon at our institute from March 2012 to January 2013. Patients were randomized 1:1 to undergo surgery with (n = 79) or without (n = 79) the bladder neck plication stitch, and their time to recovery from incontinence, defined as being pad free, was compared. Recovery from incontinence at 1, 3, and 6 months were observed in 22 (27.8%), 42 (53.2%), and 57 (72.2%) patients, respectively, treated with, and 23 (29.1%), 47 (59.5%), and 59 (74.7%) patients, respectively, treated without the bladder neck plication stitch, with no significant difference in time to recovery from incontinence between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that age, membranous urethral length and shape of the prostatic apex on magnetic resonance imaging were independent predictors of early recovery from urinary incontinence after RARP. The bladder neck plication stitch had no effect on time to recovery from postoperative urinary incontinence following RARP.     

The use of neobladders in women undergoing cystectomy for transitional-cell cancer

Summary Recent studies have provided us with new insights into the natural history of female bladder cancer as well as the behaviour of the isolated urethra after cystectomy. Based on more than 16 years of experience with orthotopic lower urinary tract reconstruction to the urethra in men, a similar approach was attempted in women with transitional-cell cancer of the bladder. Refinements in the technique of cystectomy and subsequent intestinourethral anastomosis based on anatomical, histological, and clinical studies are described that should improve postoperative results in women undergoing anterior exenteration and creation of an orthotopic neobladder to the urethra. Our findings in a series of 11 patients are presented and compared with data from other institutions. Improved postoperative continence and micturition without compromise of the oncological outcome may be a result of preservation of the entire lateral vaginal walls, nerve-sparing dissection of the bladder neck and proximal urethra, removal of 1 cm of proximal urethra en bloc with the cystectomy specimen, and a J-omentum flap or an additional attachment of the anastomosed intestinal pouch to surrounding pelvic structures. Taken together, our average of 90% daytime and 73% nighttime continence, 90% spontaneous residual-free micturition, and 100% patient satisfaction without compromise of the surgical oncological outcome seems to justify the creation of an orthotopic neobladder in selected women with bladder cancer.