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Good sleep first needs to be learned. Not all infants manage this by themselves; some need the support of their parents. In order for this to succeed or for regulatory disorders to be intercepted, knowledge and good advice from a competent source are required. The widely available parenting books on the subject of children’s sleep, which are frequently read by desperate parents, are often not sufficient to ensure adequate information on the relationships between sleep and self-regulation. More decisive is competent counseling from medically trained specialist staff. It is important to know and be able to explain the physiological changes of sleep during the first year of life.  相似文献   

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Cholestasis in neonates and infants frequently confronts pediatricians and pathologists with diagnostic problems. A specific feature of the liver in neonates is the ability to react to different causative factors with a non-specific hepatitis-like picture, the so-called neonatal hepatitis. A diagnostic discrimination of the various diseases is histologically only possible with close attention to typical morphologic features. Thus, extrahepatic biliary obstructions, such as atresia or stenosis of the hepatic duct or choledochal cysts present with portal bile duct proliferation and signs of bile retention in the neoducts. In Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia), however, paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts is an important diagnostic feature. Metabolic disorders, such as fructosemia and galactosemia are additionally associated with steatosis. Knowledge of the clinical course and laboratory and imaging data are necessary to make the definitive diagnosis in synopsis with the morphologic findings and requires a close co-operation between the pediatrician and the pathologist.  相似文献   

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Ohne ZusammenfassungZum Schlusse dieser Mittheilungen sei es mir gestattet, meinem hochverehrten Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Langendorff, meinen Dank auszusprechen für die Anregung zu diesen Untersuchungen und für die freundliche Unterstützung während derselben.  相似文献   

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