靶向RNA干扰骨桥蛋白基因的慢病毒载体对血管平滑肌细胞增殖凋亡的影响

目的 构建大鼠骨桥蛋白(OPN)基因的shRNA慢病毒表达载体,并观察其对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖和凋亡的影响.方法 针对OPN基因的不同部位设计3对shRNA的寡核苷酸片段,克隆到慢病毒载体PLKO.1中,构建靶向OPN基因的慢病毒载体PLKO.1-OPN-shRNA,检测并筛选最佳抑制效率的shRNA干扰载体.并将其转染大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测VSMCs OPN mRNA表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测VSMC OPN蛋白表达水平;噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法和流式细胞仪检测沉默OPN基因后对VSMC增殖和凋亡能力的影响.结果 靶向OPN慢病毒表达载体构建成功.重组慢病毒载体PLKO.1-OPN-shRNA转染后可显著抑制VSMCs的OPN mRNA及蛋白的表达水平,OPN蛋白表达明显下降,其中以PLKO.1-OPN2-shRNA最为明显,达到90％以上;转染PLKO.1-OPN2-shRNA后72 h的细胞增殖能力[吸光度(A)值=0.365 ±0.011]明显低于未处理组(A值=0.941±0.028)和阴性对照组细胞(A值=0.941±0.040,P＜0.05);而早期细胞凋亡率(20.44±2.69)％和晚期细胞凋亡率(16.79±1.01)％均明显高于未转染组和阴性对照组(P＜0.01).结论 成功构建并筛选最佳抑制效率的靶向OPN慢病毒表达载体PLKO.1-OPN2-shRNA,该载体能有效抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖,并促进细胞凋亡.     

猪—猴异种血管移植免疫反应初探

目的 探讨猪－猴异种血管移植超急性排斥反应（HAR）的机理。方法 猪股静脉原位异种移植于恒河猴,发生HAR后通过免疫组化检测移植血管IgG、IgG、C3及C4的沉积。结果 大量IgM、C3和C4沉积于移植静脉内皮, 未发现IgG沉积于移植血管内皮。结论 猪－猴异种移植HAR是由异种自然抗体IgM与异抗原特异结合启动,进而以经典途径激活补体系统而发生。     

人CCL5基因RNA干扰慢病毒载体的构建

目的 构建人CCL5基因RNA干扰(RNAi)慢病毒载体.方法 根据人CCL5基因信息,构建4个携带RNAi序列的pGCSIL-GFP质粒,与pHelper 1.0、Helper 2.0质粒一起利用293T细胞进行慢病毒包装.用CCL5 RNAi慢病毒载体感染人宫颈癌细胞(Hela),使用RT-PCR方法验证其干扰效率.结果 4个靶点中有3个靶点(a1、a2、a3)在Hela细胞上对CCL5基因的表达都有非常显著的敲减效果,敲减效率均达到95%以上.结论 构建的CCL5 RNAi慢病毒载体在Hela细胞中有较高的敲减效率,提示RNAi技术能够使细胞CCL5基因沉默.     

异种移植

复习异种移植中防止移植体排斥的策略及其临床应用前景     

异种器官移植的新进展

目的总结异种器官移植的新进展。方法分析近年来异种器官移植进展的文献报道。结果随着免疫生物学的深入研究,异种器官移植取得了长足的进步,并开始应用于临床,但免疫排斥反应的诸多问题仍在探寻之中。结论异种移植为解决器官衰竭患者移植器官短缺的问题展现了广阔的前景,如何更有效地抑制排斥反应及延长移植物生存期是今后研究的重点。     

异种移植排斥机理的探讨

补体的激活是超急性排斥的中心环节，为了研究经典及旁路途径在这种排斥中的作用，本研究建立了体外超急性排斥模型。选择猪血管内皮细胞为人靶，人血清为天然抗体和补体源，用四唑盐法（ＭＴＴ）行补体依赖的细胞毒反应（ＣＤＣ）。人血清能溶解５８±５％的猪血管内皮细胞。加入ＥＧＴＡ阻断经典途径后人血清的溶细胞率降为５１±３％（Ｐ〈０．０１）。同样Ｃｌｑ缺乏的人血清仅溶解３７±７％猪血管内皮细胞（Ｐ〈０．００１）。     

异种移植超急性排斥反应的研究进展

异种移植排斥反应一般分为超急性排斥（xenogeneic hyperacute rejection，HAR），延迟性排斥（又称急性血管性排斥），急性细胞性排斥和慢性排斥。     

异种移植的研究进展

目的总结异种移植的研究现状与进展。方法复习国内外关于异种移植研究的相关文献并进行综述。结果超急性异种排斥反应是异种移植面临的巨大问题,器官或组织的供体经过基因修饰后,在一定程度上可以减轻超急性异种排斥反应。由于不同的器官具有不同的特性,目前异种器官移植移植物的存活时间存在较大差异。结论通过对相关异种移植实验研究的分析,可以全面地了解异种移植的研究背景,为异种移植提供合适的研究方向。将经基因修饰的动物作为异种器官或组织的供体,有望使移植物避免或减轻超急性异种排斥反应。     

腺相关病毒和慢病毒作为小干扰RNA转运载体的比较

目的 观察以腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)和慢病毒(Lenti virus)为载体、含有针对大鼠金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)-1、具有较强抑制作用的小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)感染大鼠肝星状细胞系(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)-T6的感染效率和其对TIMP-1的表达抑制作用.方法 挑选针对大鼠TIMP-1基因具有较强抑制作用的siRNA序列,在体外构建为短发夹表达载体后,将其包装为重组AAV/siRNA-TIMP-1/GFP和Lenti/siRNA-TIMP-1/GFP,同时包装阴性对照AAV/GFP和Lenti/GFP,并以MOI=10感染大鼠肝星状细胞系HSC-T6,感染后72 h,通过流式细胞仪及荧光显微镜观察病毒的感染效率.在感染后7 d,应用Western bloting方法检测TIMP-1蛋白表达情况.结果 感染HSC-T6后细胞形态、增生速度未发生明显变化.通过流式细胞仪及荧光显微镜证实感染效率分别为:空载体AAV/GFP和Lenti/GFP组分别为72.7%和70.0%,AAV/siRNA.TIMP-1/GFP和Lenti/siRNA-TIMP-1/GFP感染组分别为64.58%和61.86%.与正常细胞相比,感染后7 d,siRNA感染组TIMP-1蛋白表达均下降约40.0%,但两组siRNA感染组下降幅度无统计学意义.结论 构建的重组AAV/siRNA-TIMP-1/GFP和Lenti/siRNA.TIMP-1/GFP均可有效感染大鼠HSC-T6,感染效率相近,且均可在短期内有效抑制大鼠肝星状细胞系HSC-T6 TIMP-1蛋白的表达.     

猪血管内皮细胞与人血清反应早期PGI2和TXA2的变化

目的 探讨在猪与人异种移植超急性排斥反应中血管内皮细胞的作用。方法 用体外培养的猪血管内皮细胞和不同人的血清共同反应,建立猪与人异种移植超急性排斥反应的体外实验模型。用放射免疫法检测上清液中前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）和血栓素Ａ２（ＴＸＡ２）的稳定代谢产物（ＰＧＦ１α和ＴＸＢ２）含量,将其作为评定血管内皮细胞激活和损伤的标志。结果 各组血清与猪血管骨皮细胞反应０．５ｈ后,正常人血清组ＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２比     

Antibody binding to endothelial and epithelial antigens triggers pig-to-rabbit xenograft rejection and its absence results in atypical complement deposition

In pig-to-rabbit kidney xenograft (PRKX), endothelial antigen determinants (EAD) are immediately recognized by IgG and IgA, while IgM does not react with them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the different roles of IgG, IgA, IgM, and complement in the hyperacute rejection of a PRKX model. Nine isolated Landrace pig kidneys were each perfused with 10 ml normal New Zealand rabbit serum. Perfusates (serum A) were collected after discarding the first 0.5 ml. Serum A and rabbit complement were then incubated for 30 min with frozen sections of normal pig kidney. After washing with buffer solution all the specimens were treated for immunohistochemistry. Three frozen sections of normal Landrace pig kidney and three samples of normal New Zealand rabbit serum were used as controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of the nine perfused kidneys demonstrated IgG, IgA and C3 deposition on the peritubular and glomerular vascular endothelium. No IgM reactivity was shown. In the frozen sections exposed to serum A, immunofluorescence showed minimal IgG, IgA and C3 reactivity while IgM deposition was clearly evident on the tubular epithelium. Immunofluorescence of frozen sections exposed to rabbit complement, done by fluorescein-labeled goat anti-rabbit C3 antibodies were positive only in the glomerular endothelium. The same rabbit complement was active in antibody dependent cytotoxicity on human T cells. Our results indicated that in the PRKX model, IgG and IgA acted as preformed antibodies recognizing endothelial EAD. IgM did not bind to any endothelial molecules, but recognized antigens located on the brush border of the tubular epithelium. Furthermore, in this model, absence of antigen-antibody complexes resulted in atypical complement deposition.     

水苏糖在猪到猴异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应中的作用（附视频）

目的观察水苏糖在猪到猕猴异位心脏移植超急性排斥反应中的作用。方法采用猪到猕猴腹腔内心脏异位移植模型。根据是否经水苏糖处理分为实验组及对照组,每组3只猕猴,观察移植心脏移植后24h内持续搏动时间和组织形态学变化。结果对照组移植心脏持续搏动时间分别为5、15、20min;心肌间质弥漫性出血、水肿,血管扩张,内皮细胞肿胀、坏死。实验组移植心脏持续搏动时间分别为50min、97min和24h;心肌间质未见出血、坏死,血管内皮细胞未见肿胀。结论水苏糖可能对猪到猕猴异位心脏移植的超急性排斥反应有抑制作用。     

Inhibition of platelet aggregation by the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist Reopro does not significantly prolong xenograft survival in an ex vivo model

Effects on hyperacute rejection were studied in a discordant model with the platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist Reopro. Pig kidneys perfused with human blood survived median 118 min in the Reopro group and 103 min in the controls (P = 0.22). Platelet and leukocyte counts decreased, whereas plasma thrombospondin and soluble as well as platelet membrane P-selectin increased significantly in both groups without significant intergroup differences. beta-Thromboglobulin and myeloperoxidase increased significantly more in the control group than in the Reopro group (P = 0.009 and P = 0.02, respectively). The classical complement pathway was substantially and similarly activated in both groups. Light and electron microscopy revealed arterial thrombi and numerous glomerular platelet aggregates in the control group in contrast to the Reopro group. In conclusion, Reopro reduced platelet aggregation, and platelet and leukocyte activation to some extent, but had no effect on complement activation and did not significantly prolong xenograft survival, even though better preservation of morphology was shown.     

猪到人异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应实验模型的建立：人血体外灌注猪冠状动脉系统

目的建立一种猪到人异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应实验模型。方法 8只广西巴马猪正中切口锯开胸骨进胸,肝素化,完整剪取猪心脏,用4℃生理盐水反复冲洗各心腔及心脏表面,用改良圣托马斯液经主动脉灌注,冲洗冠状动脉系统后,建立人血液体外灌注猪游离心脏冠状动脉系统,记录各模型心脏搏动的持续时间,1h后对灌注心脏进行免疫组织化学（测定IgG及IgM的沉积）及病理学分析。结果 8个人血液体外灌注猪心脏冠状动脉系统实验模型均成功建立,灌注心脏平均搏动时间为（9.25±1.90）min;心肌间质弥漫性出血、水肿,血管扩张,内皮细胞肿胀、坏死;心肌血管内皮细胞有IgG及IgM沉积。结论通过人血液体外灌注猪心脏冠状动脉系统建立的猪到人异种心脏移植实验模型能模拟超急性排斥反应,操作简单,容易复制。     

人α1,2-岩藻糖苷转移酶和衰变加速因子基因转移克服异种移植急性血管排斥反应的研究

目的 观察人α1,2-岩藻精苷转移酶(HT)和衰变加速因子(DAF)基因转移对抑制血管内皮细胞激活从而克服异种移植急性血管排斥反应的能力.方法 通过显微注射建立转基因小鼠动物模型,Southern印迹杂交和流式细胞汁数筛选出人HT和/或DAF基因整合与表达阳性的子代转基因小鼠.研究表达不同目的 基因的转基凶小鼠血管内皮细胞与15%人血清孵育后溶破细胞的百分数,免疫细胞化学染色检测细胞核因子(NF)-κB的激活,流式细胞计数检测细胞表面血管细胞黏附分子(VCAM)-1的表达.结果 子代小鼠血管内皮细胞人HT/DAF共基因表达7只,人HT与DAF单基因表达分别为6只和8只.与15%人血清孵育后,人HT/DAF共表达组细胞的溶破细胞百分数(4±2)%低于人HT表达组细胞(25±10)%、人DAF表达组细胞(31±11)%及正常组细胞(76±24)%(P均＜0.05).转双基因抑制细胞NF-κB激活的能力强于转入HT或DAF单基因,且转双基因细胞表面VCAM-1的表达较转单基因细胞显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 人HT/DAF基因联合转移具有部分抑制血管内皮细胞激活从而克服异种移植急性血管排斥反应的能力.     

Humoral Human Xenoreactivity Against Isolated Pig Pancreatic Islets

It is widely believed that the hyperacute rejection of vascularized xenografts in the pig-to-human combination is triggered by the binding of human preformed natural antibodies (PNAbs) to the Galα.(1,3)Gal epitope in pig endothelium and the subsequent activation of complement. However, it remains poorly defined whether xenogeneic pig pancreatic islets are damaged by antibody and complement-mediated mechanisms. We examined the expression of Galα(1,3)Gal on isolated adult pig islets and the presence of PNAbs in normal human sera directed against islets, using immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The pig islets were not stained with Galα(1,3)Gal-specific lectin GSIB4; however, the exocrine cells reacted strongly with GSIB4, indicating that the Galα(1,3)Gal epitope was highly expressed on exocrine cells, but not on islets. Human sera showed weak reactivity of IgM and IgG class PNAbs to the islets, but strong reactivity to the exocrine cells. Furthermore, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of human serum on pig islets using an in vitro model of pig-to-human islet transplantation. The incubation of pig islets with normal human sera for 45 min resulted in less than 10% specific lysis despite the binding of PNAbs, whereas exposure of porcine aortic endothelial cells to the same human sera caused 56% complement-mediated lysis, determined using a MTT cytotoxic assay. These results support the view that pig islets might not undergo early antibody and complement-mediated rejection in humans. Received: July 8, 1999 / Accepted: May 30, 2000     

In Vivo and In Vitro Optimization of Depletion of IgM and IgG Xenoantibodies by Immunoadsorption Using Cell Membrane Proteins

Abstract: A system of immunoadsorption was developed for in vitro depletion of xenoreactive natural antibodies of classes IgG and IgM from monkey and human plasma. Porcine endothelial cell membrane proteins, platelet membrane proteins, and endothelial cells were used as affinity ligands, and cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 6 Fast Flow and Sepharose CL4B gels were used for chromatography. Adsorption capacity was evaluated by means of ELISA, immunonephelometry, and cytotoxicity testing. Several consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles were performed. Different parameters influencing immunoadsorption were examined: ligand density on the column gel, adsorbent-plasma contact time, ratio of plasma volume to immunoadsorbent volume, desorption conditions, and temperature. After 2 adsorption-desorption cycles, 99% and 82 to 85% of IgG and IgM antipig antibodies were adsorbed, respectively. Furthermore, there was a 74 to 77% decrease in cytotoxicity. In vivo, we observed that after one adsorption-desorption cycle, 97% of antipig IgG antibodies and 96% of antipig IgM antibodies were adsorbed, and there was an 85% decrease in cytotoxicity. The immunoadsorption method studied and optimized in vitro and in vivo therefore efficiently depleted xenoantibodies and reduced the cytotoxicity. Thus, it can be used in xenotransplantation experiments without eliminating nonspecific antibodies.