共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Objective
To compare the modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling method and ordinary acupuncture method in the effects of improving the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to determine the advantage of the modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling method for KOA.Methods
One hundred KOA patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group by using the random number table, with 50 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by the modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling method, and the control group was given ordinary acupuncture. The two groups were observed before and after the treatment to determine the changes in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid, and the clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups.Results
The total effective rate and clinical recovery rate were 97.9% and 52.1% respectively in the treatment group, versus 85.1% and 25.5% in the control group, and the between-group differences were statistically significant (both P<0.01). After the treatment, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid changed significantly in both groups (all P<0.01); there were significant differences in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid between the two groups (all P<0.01).Conclusion
The modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling is an effective method for KOA and it can significantly improve the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid.2.
Objective
To observe the clinical efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus tuina in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA) due to cold-dampness blocking collaterals.Methods
Forty-eight KOA patients were randomized into 2 groups by their visiting sequence, 24 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by warm needling moxibustion plus tuina, while the control group was treated with acupuncture plus tuina. The two groups were both treated once a day, 30 min for each session, 10 d as a treatment course, totally for 3 treatment courses. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Lysholm knee scoring scale (LKSS) were observed before and after the treatment to evaluate the clinical efficacy.Results
After 3 treatment courses, the VAS and LKSS scores were significantly changed in the two groups (P<0.01), and the between-group differences were also statistically significant (P<0.01). The markedly-effective rate was 83.3% in the treatment group versus 66.7% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion
Warm needling moxibustion plus tuina can produce a more significant efficacy than acupuncture plus tuina in treating KOA due to cold-dampness blocking collaterals.3.
Objective
To observe the clinical effect of moxibustion combined with Duhuo Jisheng decoction for middle-aged and elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and its impact on serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels.Methods
A total of 90 eligible KOA patients were randomized into an observation group (n=45) and a control group (n=45). Cases in the observation group received moxibustion plus oral administration Duhuo Jisheng decoction, while cases in the control group received Duhuo Jisheng decoction. Then the hs-CRP, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were examined and the clinical effect was evaluated.Results
Before treatment, the hs-CRP, IL-1β and TNF-α levels showed no between-group statistical differences (all P>0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment, the hs-CRP, IL-1β and TNF-α levels all dropped significantly in both groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the treatment group showed more substantial changes than the control group (all P<0.05). The total effective rate was 97.8% in the treatment group, versus 86.7% in the control group, showing a statistical difference (P<0.05).Conclusion
Moxibustion plus Duhuo Jisheng decoction has a good clinical effect for middle-aged and elderly KOA patients, and the effect may relate to the decreased hs-CRP, IL-1β and TNF-α levels.4.
Objective
To observe the short-term efficacy of massaging quadriceps on knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Methods
Totally 30 KOA patients were enrolled and treated mainly with massaging quadriceps, 20 min for each session, once a day, 2 weeks as a treatment course, and for 2 courses in total. After treatment, the changes of visual analogue scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) were observed.Results
The VAS and WOMAC scores dropped after treatment, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). After a course of treatment, the recovery rate was 33.3% and the total effective rate was 86.7%; after 2 courses, the recovery rate was 60.0% and the total effect rate was 96.7%.Conclusion
Massaging quadriceps can alleviate pain, improve the function of knee joint, and produce a significant short-term efficacy in treating KOA.5.
程建明 《针灸推拿医学(英文版)》2016,14(1):50-54
Objective
To observe the clinical effect of electroacupuncture (EA) plus self-made Jiawei Jinhuanggao (Supplemented Golden Yellow Paste) for gouty arthritis.Methods
A total of 80 cases with gouty arthritis were randomly allocated into an observation group (n=40) and a Western medication group (n=40). Cases in the observation group received EA and external application of self-made Jiawei Jinhuanggao (Supplemented Golden Yellow Paste), whereas cases in the Western medication group took Colchicine and Allopurinol tablets orally. After 10 d of treatment, the pain, joint swelling and uric acid in blood were observed. In addition, the follow-up was conducted 6 months after end of the treatment to evaluate the long-term effect.Results
After treatment, there were no between-group statistical differences in pain and uric acid in blood (P>0.05); and there were between-group statistical differences in joint swelling and relapse rate (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 97.5% in the observation group, versus 95.0% in the Western medication group, showing no statistical difference (P>0.05).Conclusion
EA plus Jiawei Jinhuanggao (Supplemented Golden Yellow Paste) has safe and long-term efficacy for gouty arthritis efficacy.6.
Objective
To observe the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at local points plus point injection on House-Brackmann facial nerve function classification grade (H-B) and facial disability index (FDI) in pregnant women with Bell palsy (BP).Methods
A total of 40 eligible BP patients during pregnancy were randomized into a treatment group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). The treatment group was intervened by EA at Sizhukong (TE 23), Tongziliao (GB 1), Sibai (ST 2), Quanliao (SI 18), Yifeng (TE 17), Dicang (ST 4), Jiache (ST 6) and point injection at Zusanli (ST 36) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) on the affected side, 30 min every time, 10 sessions as a course, for 2 courses in total while control group by EA with the same points, manipulation and courses as the treatment group.Results
After the treatment, the H-B classification in the treatment group was better than that in the control group, with a significant inter-group difference (P<0.05); after the treatment, the change of FDI score in the treatment group was significantly different from that in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion
EA at local points plus point injection can produce a more significant efficacy than EA in the treatment of BP during pregnancy.7.
Objective
To observe the effect of acupuncture plus thunder-fire moxibustion on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in cartilage of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) rats, and to explore the mechanism of acupuncture plus thunder-fire moxibustion in the treatment of KOA.Methods
Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group and an acupuncture-moxibustion group by random digits table, 10 rats in each group. Rats in the model group and the acupuncture-moxibustion group were injected with papain in the right posterior knee joint to prepare the models. The levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in rat synovium of each group were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after 2 weeks of treatment. The level of TGF-β1 was determined by Motic B5 Micro-camera system.Results
The levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in the cartilage of the model group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (all P<0.01); the levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in the acupuncture-moxibustion group were lower than those in the model group, and the between-group differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in the acupuncture-moxibustion group were higher than those in the blank control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The level of TGF-β1 in cartilage tissues of the model group was significantly lower than that in the blank control group (P<0.01); the level of TGF-β1 in the acupuncture-moxibustion group was higher than that in the model group (P<0.05), but it was lower than that in the blank control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion
Acupuncture plus thunder-fire moxibustion can effectively recover the abnormal expressions of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in KOA model rats and somewhat up-regulate TGF-β1, which may be one of its mechanisms of acupuncture plus thunder-fire for KOA.8.
Objective
To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on anxiety and depression in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) in remission.Methods
Sixty CD cases were randomly allocated into an EA group (n=30) and an herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group (n=30) using the random number table by the ratio of 1:1. In addition, 30 healthy subjects were included in a control group. Bilateral Tianshu (ST 25), Qihai (CV 6) and Zhongwan (CV 12) were used in the EA and herbal cakepartitioned moxibustion groups. The treatment was done 3 times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. The efficacy was evaluated using self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scores.Results
Before treatment, the SAS and SDS scores in CD patients were remarkably higher than those in healthy subjects. After EA or herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion treatment, the SAS and SDS scores were significantly decreased in both groups, showing significant intra-group differences (P<0.05); the symptom scores of abdominal pain (severity, frequency and duration), bowel sounds/flatus and general fatigue were significantly decreased, showing significant intra-group differences (P<0.05); however, there were no between-group statistical differences (P>0.05).Conclusion
Both EA and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion can significantly decrease abnormally high SAS and SDS scores in CD patients as well as TCM symptom scores. The two therapies share similar effects in alleviating common symptoms and improving anxiety and depression.9.
Objective
To observe the clinical effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at four sacral points on overactive bladder syndrome.Methods
A total of 120 female patients with overactive bladder syndrome were allocated to a treatment group of 80 cases and a control group of 40 cases on a voluntary basis. The patients in the treatment group received EA at four sacral points, and the treatment was given three times a week for 6 consecutive weeks, while the patients in the control group received oral administration of M-receptor antagonist tolterodine tartrate, which was given 4 mg each time, once a day for 6 consecutive weeks. Then the symptom scores were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results
At the end of treatment, the symptom scores showed statistical significant differences in comparing with those before treatment in both groups (both P<0.01); the symptom score in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).Conclusion
EA at four sacral points is an effective method for overactive bladder syndrome.10.
Objective
To explore the clinical effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST 36) and Fenglong (ST 40) in treating senile dementia.Methods
A total of 74 patients were randomly divided into an EA group and a medication group based upon the random digital table, 37 cases in each group. EA at Zusanli (ST 36) and Fenglong (ST 40) was given in the EA group, once every day, for six treatments per week. Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets were given to the medication group, 5 mg per time and once a day in the former four weeks, 10 mg per time and once a day after 4 weeks, oral administration before sleep at night. The courses of the treatment were 12 weeks in both groups. The scores of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Barthel index (BI) were observed before and after the treatment, for processing the comparative analysis of the clinical effects after the course of the treatment.Results
The total effective rate was 86.5% in the EA group and 70.3% in the medication group. The therapeutic effect was better in the EA group than that in the medication group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). MMSE and BI scores after the treatment in the two groups were all elevated than those of the same groups before the treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01). The improving situation was obviously better in the EA group than that in the medication group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion
EA at Zusanli (ST 36) and Fenglong (ST 40) is affirmative in the therapeutic effect for senile dementia and can also improve the cognitive function and enhance the patients’ quality of life.11.
Objective
To investigate the clinical efficacy of Zhang’s acupoint pressure therapy plus electroacupuncture (EA) in treating post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.Methods
A total of 98 eligible patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis were divided into group A and B by the random number table, 49 cases in each group. Group A was intervened by Zhang’s acupoint pressure therapy plus EA; group B was given medicinal fumigation. The clinical efficacies of the two groups were compared.Results
The markedly effective rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B.Conclusion
Zhang’s acupoint pressure therapy plus EA can produce a satisfactory clinical efficacy in treating post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis, and is worth promotion.12.
Objective
To observe the effect of reward alteration following acupuncture for morphine withdrawal rats on the behavior and neuronal discharges in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).Methods
The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into a model group, a confinement group, an electroacupuncture (EA) group, and a control group. Rats with morphine addiction were made by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (same dose injection of saline for rats in the control group), followed by a 2-week morphine withdrawal. Acupuncture and confinement were completed during the morphine withdrawal period. Upon withdrawal, the rats received conditioned place preference (CPP) training and open field test. The multi-channel neural signal processor was used in the electrophysiological experiment to measure the neuronal discharges in different subareas of prefrontal cortex in CPP box and aversion box.Results
Rats in the model group and the confinement group spent longer period of time in CPP box than those in the EA group and the control group (all P<0.01); there was no statistically significant difference between the EA group and the control group. The total distances of movement by rats in the model group and the confinement group were longer than those in the EA group and the control group (all P<0.01). The mPFC neuronal discharge frequencies were compared between morphine preference box and aversion box. The mPFC neuronal discharge frequencies in the model group and the confinement group were higher than those in the EA group and the control group (all P<0.05); there was no statistically significant difference between the EA group and the control group.Conclusion
Acupuncture can effectively interfere with the reward alteration following morphine withdrawal, possibly because of its involvement with the mPFC neuronal discharges.13.
Objective
To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points plus hydro-acupuncture with sinomenine hydrochloride for low back pain caused by compression fractures in the elderly.Methods
Ninety-five elderly in-patients with low back pain caused by compression fractures were randomly divided into an observation group and an EA group according to the visit sequence. Both groups received the same basic treatment. In the EA group, 48 cases were treated with EA at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points plus the basic therapy; 47 cases in the observation group received the basic treatment plus EA and hydro-acupuncture with sinomenine hydrochloride at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points. The levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in peripheral blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and at the 21st day of treatment in both groups. Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were used to analyze the clinical efficacy.Results
After treatment, the OPG content in the observation group was higher with statistical significance compared with that before treatment in the observation group and after the treatment in the EA group, respectively (both P<0.05); the content of IL-1β, ODI and VAS scores were lower than those before treatment in the observation group and after treatment in the EA group with statistical significances (all P<0.05).Conclusion
The combination of EA and hydro-acupuncture with sinomenine hydrochloride at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points is effective for low back pain caused by compression fractures in the elderly, and is superior to EA at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points alone.14.
Objective
To explore the action mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in improving the gastric motility of rats with diabetic gastroparesis (DGP).Methods
Forty-eight healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a normal group (group A), a model group (group B), a group of EA at acupoints (group C), and a group of EA at non-acupoints (group D), 12 rats in each group. The animal model of DGP was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) plus high glucose and fat diet. The blood glucose, urine glucose and gastric emptying rate (GER) were observed. The content of insulin (INS) in serum and ghrelin in gastric antrum tissue were detected by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). The expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor mRNA (GHSR mRNA) in gastric antrum tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results
Compared with group A, blood glucose and urine glucose increased significantly (P<0.01), GER, content of serum insulin, the content of ghrelin and expression of GHSR mRNA in gastric antrum tissue decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in group B. Compared with group B, blood glucose and urine glucose decreased significantly (P<0.05), GER, the content of insulin in serum, the content of ghrelin and expression of GHSR mRNA in gastric antrum tissue increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in group C.Conclusion
EA at acupoints can down-regulate the content of blood and urine sugar, and promote gastric emptying, which is possibly related to the regulation of serum insulin, and the expressions of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA in gastric antrum.15.
Objective
To observe the clinical efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus functional exercises in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Methods
Totally 108 eligible KOA patients were intervened by warm needling moxibustion plus functional exercises. The warm needling moxibustion was given 3 times a week, successively for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was adopted to evaluate the pain intensity of the knee joint. After 4-week treatment, the change of VAS score, range of motion (ROM) of knee, and Lysholm score were observed, and the clinical efficacy was also estimated.Results
After treatment, the VAS score dropped obviously, and the ROM and Lysholm score increased markedly; the total effective rate was 83.3%.Conclusion
Warm needling moxibustion plus functional exercises is effective in treating KOA, as it can relieve the knee joint pain and improve the joint motion.16.
Objective
To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Methods
A total of 50 AD patients were randomly allocated into a Western medication (WM) group (n=25) and an acupuncture plus medication (APM) group (n=25). Patients in the WM group took oral huperzine A capsules. In addition to huperzine A capsules, patients in the APM group also received EA at Shenting (GV 24), Baihui (GV 20), Dazhui (GV 14), Fengfu (GV 16), Mingmen (GV 4) and Yongquan (KI 1). The needles on the above points were connected to G6805-II electric stimulator [3 pairs: Shenting (GV 24) and Baihui (GV 20); Dazhui (GV 14) and Fengfu (GV 16); and bilateral Yongquan (KI 1)]. The needles were retained 25 min. The treatment was done once a day, and 10 times made up a course of treatment. The patients received a total of 3 treatment courses. There was a 3-day interval between two courses. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Hasegawa dementia scale revised (HDS-R) were conducted before and after treatment. The clinical efficacies were evaluated when the treatment was completed.Results
Before treatment, there were no between-group statistical differences in MMSE and HDS-R scores (both P>0.05). After treatment, the MMSE and HDS-R scores in the APM group were significantly higher than those in the WM group (both P<0.05). The total effective rate in the APM group was 88.0%, versus 76.0% in the WM group, showing a statistical difference (P<0.05).Conclusion
EA is effective for AD and can improve clinical symptoms in AD patients.17.
Objective
To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) of different frequencies on the expression levels of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the colon of rats with slow transit constipation (STC).Methods
One hundred healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a low-frequency EA group, a high-frequency EA group and a variable-frequency EA group, with 20 rats in each group. The rats in the normal group were fed with normal diet. The rats in the other groups were fed with phenethylpiperidine in the diet at a dose of 8 mg/(kg·bw) per day, for 120 d, to establish the STC model. Rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive any treatment; rats in the low-frequency EA group were treated with 2 Hz continuous wave EA, rats in the high-frequency EA group were treated with 100 Hz continuous wave EA, and rats in the variable-frequency EA group were treated with 2 Hz/100 Hz sparse-dense EA. The current intensity of the EA was determined by the slight vibration of the rat limbs without painful screaming. The intervention was performed once a day, 15 min/time for continuous 15 d. After treatment, the intestinal transit function and the expression levels of SP and VIP in the colon of the rats in each group were determined.Results
After treatment, the defecation duration of the first dark stool in the model group was significantly longer than that in the normal group (P<0.05); the defecation durations of the first dark stool in the low-frequency EA group, high-frequency EA group and variable-frequency EA group were significantly shorter than the duration in the model group (all P<0.05); compared with the low-frequency EA group, the first dark stool defecation duration of rats in the variable-frequency EA group was significantly shorter (P<0.05); compared with the normal group, the SP and VIP expression levels in the colon of the model group were significantly decreased (both P<0.01); the SP and VIP expression levels in the colon of the low-frequency EA group, the high-frequency EA group and the variable-frequency EA group were significantly higher than those in the model group (all P<0.05); compared with the high-frequency EA group, the SP expression levels in the colon in the low-frequency EA group and the variable-frequency EA group were significantly increased (both P<0.05); compared with the low-frequency EA group, the VIP expression levels in the colon in the high-frequency EA group and the variable-frequency EA group were significantly increased (both P<0.05).Conclusion
EA improves the intestinal function of STC model rats by regulating the expression levels of SP and VIP in rat colon. The EA stimulation with 100 Hz continuous wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz sparse-dense wave shows a better improvement in the colonic transit function in STC rats, followed by 2 Hz continuous wave.18.
Objective
To observe different efficacies of low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) on pancreatic endocrine system in male and female patients with simple obesity due to spleen deficiency-related dampness.Methods
A total of 80 simple obesity patients were assigned to a male group (n=37) and a female group (n=43). Both groups received a 30-minute low-frequency EA at Yinlingquan (SP 9), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Fenglong (ST 40), Quchi (LI 11), Tianshu (ST 25), Zhongwan (CV 12), Shuifen (CV 9), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4). The treatment was done once a day, and 10 times made up a course of treatment. Patients in both groups were treated for 2 courses. Then the changes in body mass index (BMI), serum insulin, insulin antibodies and leptin level in the two groups were observed and analyzed.Results
After treatment, the BMI, serum insulin, insulin antibodies and leptin levels were significantly reduced in both groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05); the BMI and serum insulin concentration were more significantly reduced in the male group than those in the female group (both P<0.01); and the leptin level was more significantly reduced in the female group than that in the male group (P<0.01).Conclusion
EA can significantly regulate BMI and pancreatic endocrine system in both men and women with simple obesity; however, there is a gender difference: better effect for men in reducing BMI and serum insulin and better effect for women in reducing serum leptin level.19.
Objective
To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Neiguan (PC 6) and Baihui (GV 20) by observing the changes of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein(C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 gene expressions in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and explore whether the apoptosis pathway of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is involved in the protective mechanisms of EA.Methods
Sixty rats were randomly assigned to five groups (12 in each group): a normal control group (group A), a sham-operation group (group B), an operation group (group C), an Edaravone group (group D) and an EA group (group E). The cerebral IRI rat model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using intraluminal monofilament. 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was adopted in the measurement of cerebral infarction volume. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the mRNA expressions of CHOP and caspase-12.Results
Compared with group A and group B, the volume of cerebral infarction and mRNA expressions of CHOP and caspase-12 in group C, group D and group E were increased, with statistical significances (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with group C, the volume of cerebral infarction and mRNA expressions of CHOP and caspase-12 in group D and group E were decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01); there were no significant differences between group D and group E in comparing the above items (P>0.05).Conclusion
EA at Neiguan (PC 6) and Baihui (GV 20) can effectively suppress the volume of cerebral infarction. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of EA at Neiguan (PC 6) and Baihui (GV 20) is possibly related to the down-regulation of CHOP and caspase-12 mRNA expressions, so as to decrease cell apoptosis.20.
柳晓霞 《针灸推拿医学(英文版)》2016,14(5):353-356