经纤维支气管镜介入治疗耐多药肺结核疗效观察

目的探讨经支气管镜导管介入病灶内注药配合全身化疗治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效。方法将确诊的136例耐多药肺结核患者随机分为治疗组（64例）和对照组（72例）,均采用3VHZALP/9VHZL化疗方案治疗,治疗组经纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注入左氧氟沙星、丁胺卡那霉素,疗程6个月。结果治疗3个月、6个月时,治疗组痰菌阴转率为71.9%和81.3%均高于对照组的47.2%和55.6%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗6个月时,治疗组X线胸片空洞闭合率、病灶缩小率均较对照组有所改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论经纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注药加化疗治疗耐多药肺结核,疗效显著优于单纯化疗,且无明显不良反应,并发症少。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核的临床价值。方法：将56例耐多药空洞性肺结核患者随机分为介入治疗组（28例）和单纯化疗组（28例）,均用3KmHPThZV/18PaVThZ化疗方案治疗,介入治疗组采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗,单纯化疗组单用抗结核药物治疗,观察疗效。结果：疗程结束时,介入治疗组痰菌阴转率（82.1%）、病灶吸收率（85.7%）、空洞闭合率（57.1%）明显高于单纯化疗组的46.4%、46.4%和21.4%（P〈0.05）。两组完成疗程时痰菌阴转者经0.5～1.0年随访,介入治疗组和单纯化疗组分别复发1例和2例,复发率分别为3.6%和7.1%,两组复发率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。介入治疗组无严重不良反应。结论：CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核具有加速痰细菌学阴转、病灶吸收和空洞闭合的作用,可促进症状改善,提高患者的生活质量。是一种安全、有效的介入方法,且无明显的并发症及毒副反应,值得临床推广应用。     

抗结核Ⅰ号介入治疗耐多药肺结核73例

目的:观察抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗耐多药空洞肺结核疗效.方法:146例耐多药空洞肺结核随机分为两组各73 例,治疗组采用抗结核Ι号药物介入病灶空洞并全身抗结核治疗,对照组仅采用全身抗结核治疗,对比两组治疗效果.结果: 治疗组痰阴转率93.2%、空洞闭合率24.7%、病灶吸收好转率82.2%,均比对照组(分别为68.5%,8.2%,52.0%)高(P ＜0.01 ).结论:加用抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗,可明显提高耐多药空洞型肺结核的疗效.     

抗结核I号介入治疗耐多药肺结核73例

目的观察抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗耐多药空洞肺结核疗效.方法146例耐多药空洞肺结核随机分为两组各73例,治疗组采用抗结核Ι号药物介入病灶空洞并全身抗结核治疗,对照组仅采用全身抗结核治疗,对比两组治疗效果.结果治疗组痰阴转率93.2%、空洞闭合率24.7%、病灶吸收好转率82.2%,均比对照组(分别为68.5%,8.2%,52.0%)高(P＜0.01).结论加用抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗,可明显提高耐多药空洞型肺结核的疗效.     

抗结核Ι号介入治疗耐多药肺结核73例

目的 :观察抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗耐多药空洞肺结核疗效。方法 :14 6例耐多药空洞肺结核随机分为两组各 73例 ,治疗组采用抗结核Ι号药物介入病灶空洞并全身抗结核治疗 ,对照组仅采用全身抗结核治疗 ,对比两组治疗效果。结果 :治疗组痰阴转率 93 .2 %、空洞闭合率 2 4 .7%、病灶吸收好转率 82 .2 % ,均比对照组 (分别为 68.5 % ,8.2 % ,5 2 .0 % )高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :加用抗结核Ι号药物介入治疗 ,可明显提高耐多药空洞型肺结核的疗效     

经支气管镜局部给药治疗复治肺结核疗效观察

目的 探讨可曲性支气管镜介入治疗复治肺结核的治疗价值.方法 经可曲性支气管镜介入肺部病灶内注入异烟肼和左氧氟沙星,同时化疗复治肺结核(观察组)40例,与单纯化疗(对照组)40例进行对照研究.结果 经气管镜介入注药即观察组疗程结束后,痰菌阴转率95%,病灶吸收率90%,空洞闭合率52.5%,均显著高于对照组的50%、55%、12.5%(P＜0.05).结论 经气管镜介入注药治疗加化疗复治肺结核,疗效显著优于单纯化疗.     

含加替沙星和卷曲霉素化疗方案治疗耐多药肺结核近期疗效观察

目的观察和评价含加替沙星和卷曲霉素联合化疗方案在耐多药肺结核治疗中的疗效。方法将115例患者随机分为治疗组58例,对照组57例,治疗组以加替沙星和卷曲霉素为主,联合对氨基水杨酸异烟肼、丙硫异烟胺、吡嗪酰胺;对照组以氧氟沙星和链霉素为主,联合药物同治疗组,疗程均为21个月。结果治疗组痰菌阴转率84％,对照组痰菌阴转率60％,痰菌阴转率治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）治疗组病灶显著吸收率50％,空洞闭合率68％,对照组病灶显著吸收率27％,空洞闭合率45％。治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）结论含加替沙星和卷曲霉素化疗方案治疗MDR—PTB有助于痰菌阴转和病灶吸收,可作为耐多药肺结核化疗的主要选择方案之一。     

含环丝氨酸方案治疗耐多药肺结核18例

目的探讨环丝氨酸联合其他可配伍的抗结核药治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效。方法将36例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各18例。观察治疗前后痰结核菌抗酸染色转阴,痰结核菌培养转阴,胸部X线摄片病灶吸收、空洞闭合及药品不良反应。结果疗程结束后治疗组痰结核菌抗酸染色转阴率和痰结核菌培养阴转率均为88.89%,病灶吸收率88.89%,空洞闭合率77.78%;对照组抗酸染色转阴率、痰结核菌培养阴转率、病灶吸收率均为55.56%,空洞闭合率44.44%。两组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论环丝氨酸及与其他可配伍的结核药配伍治疗耐多药肺结核,能提高痰结核菌抗酸染色转阴率、病灶吸收好转率、空洞闭合率,且不良反应少。     

超声雾化吸入联合全身化疗治疗耐多药肺结核

目的：探讨超声雾化吸入联合全身化疗治疗耐多药肺结核（MDR）的临床疗效;方法将87例耐多药肺结核患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,所有患者均采用3ADTVEZ/15DTVE抗结核治疗,治疗组病人前二个月加用异烟肼0.2及左氧氟沙星0.2超声雾化吸入,每天一次,然后比较两组在痰菌阴转率、病灶显效率、空洞闭合率等方面的差异;结果治疗2个月、18个月时两组患者的痰菌阴转率之间存在显著性差异（p〈0.05）;治疗结束时两组患者病灶显著吸收、吸收率之间亦有显著性临床差异（p〈0.05）,治疗结束时空洞闭合、缩小率之间同样有显著性差异（p〈0.05）;结论超声雾化吸入联合全身化疗治疗MDR可促使痰菌阴转、空洞净化、闭合,且没有明显毒副作用。该方法经济、方便、有效,易于各级各类医院开展。     

胸腺五肽治疗耐多药结核病的疗效观察

目的:评价胸腺五肽在治疗耐多药结核病治疗中的作用。方法:将耐多药结核病患者随机分为对照组(单纯化疗组)和治疗组(胸腺五肽联合化疗组),观察两组痰菌阴转和病变吸收情况。结果:疗程结束后,治疗组、对照组的痰菌阴转率分别为80.6%、50.0%;病灶吸收好转率分别为87.1%、53.3%;空洞闭合率分别为74.2%、46.7%,差异均有显著性。结论:胸腺五肽能协同化疗疗效,有助于痰菌阴转、病灶吸收好转、空洞缩小,可作为耐多药结核病的安全有效辅助治疗。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.