口服喷雾干燥乳剂处方筛选

目的优化喷雾干燥乳剂处方。方法联用羟丙甲纤维素（HPMC）和蔗糖作固体载体,椰子油作油相,采用喷雾干燥工艺制备O/W型干乳剂。结果根据乳化性能及喷雾可操作性筛选出适于采用喷雾干燥法制备干乳剂的处方。即固体载体HPMC适宜黏度为3mPa.s,浓度为8%。结论HPMC的黏度和浓度对液体O/W乳剂的稳定性及经喷雾干燥制成干乳剂有一定影响,含高黏度HPMC的液体O/W乳剂不容易雾化,易堵塞雾化器的喷嘴。低黏度HPMC是一种有用的固体载体,并起到一定的乳化作用。     

药物干乳剂的研究进展

目的探讨药物干乳剂的研究现状。方法查阅近几十年的中外文献，对药物千乳剂的制备方法辅料种类及用量的选择进行了概述。并简述了药物干乳剂的质量评价项目和评价方法。结果不同的制备方法对药物干乳剂质量有一定的影响，质量可以从含量测定、包裹率测定、结晶度测定、再分散后性质指标测定来评价。结论药物干乳剂作为一种新剂型，还有待于进一步的研究和开发。     

改善难溶性药物功效的一种新型给药系统——干酏剂的研究进展

干酏剂是一种将乙醇和药物同时包裹入水溶性聚合物壳内的固态微囊.乙醇的潜溶剂作用及喷雾干燥工艺可能产生的无定形药物,有利于包裹于干酏剂中的水难溶性药物快速分散并溶解于水性介质中,从而提高其溶出速率和生物利用度.本文综合近年来干酏剂研究的主要文献,从干酏剂的制剂成型工艺及机制、对难溶性药物体外溶出、体内吸收及生物利用度的影响,以及基于干酏剂的剂型设计及应用做一综述.     

纳米技术在口服难溶性药物的研究进展

据报道,有〉70%的化学合成药物存在难溶性问题[1],约40%的新化学实体（NCEs）因其难溶性而无法进入临床试验,使其应用受到很大程度的限制[2]。口服给药不仅方便且患者顺应性高,是新药首选的给药途径之一。但对于生物药剂学分类系统中的第Ⅱ类药物（即穿膜性好,但溶解度低而言,因在胃肠道中溶解度低或溶出速率慢,可能导致口服生物利用度低。因此,解决因药物难溶性引起的口服低吸收问题,可提高这类药物的口服生物利用度。解决药物难溶性主要有两条途径：①提高溶解度,增加药物溶出：提高难溶性药物溶解度或溶出速率的常用方法有成盐、改变药物晶型、使用增溶剂或减小粒径等;②应用纳米给药系统,将药物包入载体内部,使药物以载药传递体形式被肠道吸收。     

水难溶性药物的新型载体-干乳的研究进展

通过分析、整理、归纳近几年的国内外文献,分析乳剂、微乳等脂质处方促进水难溶性药物体内吸收的原因,介绍干乳常用制备工艺及相应干乳物性研究、促进药物体外溶出和饭内吸收的情况。     

药物共晶口服递送技术研究进展

提高难溶性药物口服递送的生物利用度一直以来都是药学研究的难点和挑战。基于晶体工程学理论的药物共晶能够在不改变药物化学结构的基础上改善药物的稳定性、溶解度以及生物利用度,因而受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了近年来口服药物共晶的制备和表征方法、共晶口服吸收的影响因素、体内外相关性等最新进展。     

氢醌干乳剂的制备及稳定性研究

氢醌干乳剂的制备及稳定性研究第一军医大学南方医院药学部（５１０５１５）李国锋，侯连兵，陈业豪氢醌又名对苯二酚，是临床上治疗皮肤黑斑、黄褐斑等色素增多性皮肤病的一种有效药物。氢醌极不稳定，故许多学者从影响其稳定性的因素如光线、空气、金属离子及其介质的ｐ...     

难溶性药物口服渗透泵片工艺的研究进展

在控释制剂中 ,口服渗透泵最理想。它可避免普通口服制剂应用造成的血药浓度波动较大的现象 ,减少用药次数与全身副作用 ,提高药物的安全性和有效性 ,且释药速度不受胃肠道 ｐＨ值影响及个体差异的影响较小。渗透泵制剂的研究始于 1955年。随着药剂学理论和科学技术的发展 ,1973年Ｈｉｇｕｃｈｉ设计并申请了渗透泵专利。而Ｔｈｅｅｕｗｅｓ[1]1975年发表的有关渗透泵的基本理论 ,则奠定了渗透泵制剂在控释制剂中的特殊地位。目前开发的制剂以水溶性药物为主 ,这主要和渗透泵的释药原理有关。但如果将治疗指数小的难溶性药物制备成渗透泵 ,…     

难溶性药物口服吸收体内外相关性的研究进展

体内外相关性(in vitro-in vivo correlation,IVIVC)是将药物剂型体外的释药情况与其体内相应的应答关联起来,用数学模型描述药物体外性质(药物溶出的速率或程度)与体内特性(血药浓度或药物吸收量)的关系.它是体外溶出度和体内生物利用度参数的函数.研究某个药物制剂的体内外相关性的目的,在于建立一个可以说明生物利用度的体外质量标准和用作制剂批量生产时的质控指标.水难溶性药物制剂是中国药典规定需要进行生物利用度和溶出度测定的药物类型之一.药物的生物利用度试验操作过程较溶出度试验复杂,在实际工作中,对于具有良好体内外相关性的药物,通过测定体外溶出度来预测难溶性药物的体内生物利用度,进而筛选制剂处方和控制其质量具有重要的意义.一个制剂的改变需要进行一系列生物利用度实验,以证明新制剂与旧制剂具有生物等效性.这过程需要耗费大量的时间和金钱.而具有良好体内外相关性的药物,能很好预测体内释药特征,可以申请豁免生物等效性研究,不仅节约时间,还降低成本.影响药物体内外相关性的因素很多,主要包括体外溶出度研究,体内生物利用度试验研究和拟合模型的数学方法这3个方面.     

提高难溶性药物口服生物利用度的方法

讨论了影响自胃肠道吸收药物生物利用度的因素，对提高难溶性药物口服生物利用度的方法进行了综述。     

Enhanced oral bioavailability of dexibuprofen by a novel solid Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS)

The main objective of this study was to prepare a solid form of lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) by spray drying liquid SEDDS with an inert solid carrier Aerosil 200 to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug dexibuprofen. The liquid SEDDS was a system that consisted of dexibuprofen, Labrasol, Capryol 90 and Labrafil M 1944 CS. The particle size analysis revealed no difference in the z-average particle diameter of the reconstituted emulsion between liquid and solid SEDDS. The solid SEDDS was characterized by SEM, DSC and XRD studies. In vivo results of solid SEDDS and dexibuprofen powder in rats at the dose of 10 mg/kg showed that the initial plasma concentrations of drug in solid SEDDS were significantly higher than those of dexibuprofen powder (P < 0.05). The solid SEDDS gave significantly higher AUC and Cmax than did dexibuprofen powder (P < 0.05). In particular, the AUC of solid SEDDS was about twofold higher than that of dexibuprofen powder. Our results suggested that this solid SEDDS could be used as an effective oral solid dosage form to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug dexibuprofen.     

Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine for enhanced bioavailability of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid lutein

The objectives of this study was to prepare solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine (PC), an endogenous phospholipid with excellent in vivo solubilization capacity, as oil phase for the delivery of bioactive carotenoid lutein, by spray drying the SNEDDS (liquid system) containing PC using colloidal silica (Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma) as the inert solid carrier, and to evaluate the enhanced bioavailability (BA) of lutein from S-SNEDDS. The droplet size analyses revealed droplet size of less than 100 nm. The solid state characterization of S-SNEDDS by SEM, DSC, and XRPD revealed the absence of crystalline lutein in the S-SNEDDS. The bioavailability study performed in rabbits resulted in enhanced values of C_max and AUC for S-SNEDDS. The enhancement of C_max for S-SNEDDS was about 21-folds and 8-folds compared with lutein powder (LP) and commercial product (CP), respectively. The relative BA of S-SNEDDS compared with CP or LP was 2.74-folds or 11.79-folds, respectively. These results demonstrated excellent ability of S-SNEDDS containing PC as oil phase to enhance the BA of lutein in rabbits. Thus, S-SNEDDS containing PC as oil phase could be a useful lipid drug delivery system for enhancing the BA of lutein in vivo.     

Controlled poorly soluble drug release from solid self-microemulsifying formulations with high viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose

The objective of this work was the development of a controlled release system based on self-microemulsifying mixture aimed for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. HPMC-based particle formulations were prepared by spray drying containing a model drug (nimodipine) of low water solubility and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) of high viscosity. One type of formulations contained nimodipine mixed with HPMC and the other type of formulations contained HPMC and nimodipine dissolved in a self-microemulsifying system (SMES) consisting of ethyl oleate, Cremophor RH 40 and Labrasol. Based on investigation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction, differences were found in the particle structure between both types of formulations. In vitro release was performed and characterized by the power law. Nimodipine release from both types of formulations showed a controlled release profile and the two power law parameters, n and K, correlated to the viscosity of HPMC. The parameters were also influenced by the presence of SMES. For the controlled release solid SMES, oil droplets containing dissolved nimodipine diffused out of HPMC matrices following exposure to aqueous media. Thus, it is possible to control the in vitro release of poorly soluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms containing SMES.     

Development of a high-throughput in vitro intestinal lipolysis model for rapid screening of lipid-based drug delivery systems

PurposeTo develop a high-throughput in vitro intestinal lipolysis (HTP) model, without any means of pH-stat-titration, to enable a fast evaluation of lipid-based drug delivery systems (LbDDS).Material and methodThe HTP model was compared to the traditionally used dynamic in vitro lipolysis (DIVL) model with regard to the extent of lipid digestion and drug distribution of two poorly soluble model drugs (cinnarizine and danazol), during digestion of three LbDDS (LbDDS I–III).ResultThe HTP model was able to maintain pH around 6.5 during digestion, without the addition of NaOH to neutralize the free fatty acids (FFAs), due to an increased buffer capacity. Cinnarizine was primarily located in the aqueous phase during digestion of all three LbDDS and did not differ significantly between the two models. The distribution of danazol varied from formulation to formulation, but no significant difference between the models was observed. The triacylglycerides (TAG) in LbDDS III were digested to the same extent in both models, whereas the TAG present in LbDDS II was digested slightly less in the HTP model. No TAG was present in LbDDS I and digestion was therefore not analyzed.ConclusionThe HTP model is able to predict drug distribution during digestion of LbDDS containing poorly water soluble drugs in the same manner as the DIVL model. Thus the HTP model might prove applicable for high-throughput evaluation of LbDDS in e.g. 96 well plates or small scale dissolution equipment.     

Amorphous ternary cyclodextrin nanocomposites of telmisartan for oral drug delivery: Improved solubility and reduced pharmacokinetic variability

Despite of advancements in dosage form design and use of multifunctional excipients, improvement in dissolution characteristics of molecules like Telmisartan (TEL) having exceedingly pH dependent and poor solubility profile is still challenging. The present research work explores an innovative particle engineering approach which synergistically coalesce two principally different solubility enhancement strategies namely ternary β-cyclodextrin complexation and top-down nanonization in a unit process. The research was aimed to improve solubility and reduce in vivo variability in pharmacokinetic parameters of TEL irrespective to physiological pH conditions. Ternary β-cyclodextrin nanocomposites of TEL were prepared with high pressure homogenization using meglumine as ternary component. TEL nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized for particle size, surface topology, surface charge, inclusion complexation, crystalinity, dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetic performance in male wistar rats at fed and fasted state. TEL nanocomposites exhibited average particle size of 698 ± 23 nm. Remarkable improvement in in vitro dissolution characteristics in multimedia and biorelevant media was observed in comparison with plain drug and marketed formulation. Results of in vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed that, nanocomposites effectively bypass variation in pharmacokinetic parameters at fed and fasted states with 346%, 315%, 301% and 321% increase in relative bioavailability compared to marketed formulation and pure TEL in fed and fasted conditions respectively.     

Manufacturing of solid dispersions of poorly water soluble drugs by spray drying: Formulation and process considerations

Spray drying is an efficient technology for solid dispersion manufacturing since it allows extreme rapid solvent evaporation leading to fast transformation of an API-carrier solution to solid API-carrier particles. Solvent evaporation kinetics certainly contribute to formation of amorphous solid dispersions, but also other factors like the interplay between the API, carrier and solvent, the solution state of the API, formulation parameters (e.g. feed concentration or solvent type) and process parameters (e.g. drying gas flow rate or solution spray rate) will influence the final physical structure of the obtained solid dispersion particles. This review presents an overview of the interplay between manufacturing process, formulation parameters, physical structure, and performance of the solid dispersions with respect to stability and drug release characteristics.     

Dry adsorbed emulsions: an oral sustained drug delivery system

The oral sustained drug delivery system "dry adsorbed emulsion" was defined as an organized dispersion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles whose structure was initiated by the structure of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Sodium salicylate was dissolved in the aqueous phase of the primary W/O emulsion as an active drug. The aqueous phase of the W/O emulsion was adsorbed by a hydrophilic silica and then a hydrophobic silica was added to the preparation to obtain a stable and solid pulverulent form. The physicochemical structure of a "dry adsorbed emulsion" was described and observed by electron microscopy. The effect of different oils, castor oil and a silicone oil, on the sustained drug release was studied at two different pH values, 1.2 and 7.4, to simulate the gastric and intestinal medium, respectively. The properties of these forms were retained for more than one year at room temperature storage.     

Tocol modified glycol chitosan for the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs

The aim of this study was to develop tocol derivatives of chitosan able (i) to self-assemble in the gastrointestinal tract and (ii) to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Among the derivatives synthesized, tocopherol succinate glycol chitosan (GC-TOS) conjugates spontaneously formed micelles in aqueous solution with a critical micelle concentration of 2 μg mL⁻¹. AFM and TEM analysis showed that spherical micelles were formed. The GC-TOS increased water solubility of 2 model class II drugs. GC-TOS loading efficiency was 2.4% (w/w) for ketoconazole and 0.14% (w/w) for itraconazole, respectively. GC-TOS was non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 10 mg mL⁻¹. A 3.4-fold increase of the apparent permeation coefficient of ketoconazole across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was demonstrated. Tocol polymer conjugates may be promising vehicles for the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.