64层螺旋CT血管造影在脑血管疾病中的应用

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT血管造影在脑血管疾病诊断中的应用价值.方法 53例脑血管病变患者行64层螺旋CT脑血管造影检查.先行平扫,后行CTA扫描,并用减影法进行后处理,重建得到VR、MIP、MPR及CPR图像,综合分析多种图像评价脑血管病变.结果 动脉瘤患者11例,其中颈内动脉至大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤2例,小脑上动脉瘤1例,后交通动脉瘤2例,前交通动脉瘤2例,基底动脉瘤1例,所有瘤体及瘤颈均得到清晰显示.动静脉畸形2例,均能显示畸形血管团,其中1例清晰显示供血动脉及引流静脉,另1例仅能显示引流静脉,供血动脉显示不清.脑血管狭窄或闭塞40例,均显示脑血管不同程度节段性、局限性狭窄或闭塞.结论 64层螺旋CT血管造影运用减影技术并综合多种重建方法能快速、准确诊断脑血管病变,有良好的临床应用价值.     

Cobb综合征的临床表现和比较影像学分析(附4例报告并文献复习)

目的:分析Cobb综合征的临床和影像学表现,并进行影像学方法比较。方法:4例患者临床表现为双下肢无力或瘫痪,查体主要见下肢肌力减退和皮肤血管瘤。4例均行64排螺旋CT和DSA检查,其中3例行MRI检查。结果:CT增强扫描可显示病变相应节段的髓内、髓外椎管内、椎旁及肌肉和皮下软组织内的血管畸形。多排螺旋CT血管造影可显示畸形血管团及其主要供血动脉和引流静脉,并可立体观察畸形血管与邻近结构的关系。MRI平扫可见髓内异常信号,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,椎管内外可见大量流空信号,呈迂曲状;肌肉和皮下软组织内可见相似病灶,增强后病变明显强化。DSA行选择性双侧椎动脉、甲状颈干和/或相应节段的肋间动脉及腰动脉造影,可清楚显示病变节段内畸形血管团、增粗扩张的供血动脉和粗大的引流静脉。结论:多排螺旋CT血管造影和MRI能无创、准确地显示Cobb综合征髓内、椎管内外、椎体和软组织内病变的形态及范围,结合皮肤表现可对该病做出确定诊断。     

颈静脉球瘤影像学诊断

目的 探讨颈静脉球瘤的影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法 8例颈静脉球瘤均经病理证实，均行MRI平扫，其中，6例行MRI增强扫描，MRA和MRV检查各2例，CT平扫2例，分析其影像学表现。结果 CT显示肿瘤密度均匀，周围骨质呈侵蚀性破坏；MRI肿瘤呈等T1长T2信号，“盐-胡椒”征为颈静脉球瘤特征性表现；MRA显示肿瘤区畸形血管及供血动脉，MRV显示静脉窦受压变细。结论 CT对显示骨性结构改变有明显优势，MRI，MRA和MRV对显示病变特征、诊断和鉴别诊断有明显意义。     

软组织血管瘤16层螺旋CT血管成像诊断

目的探讨软组织血管瘤多排CT血管成像的影像表现方法回顾性分析临床、手术及病理证实20例软组织血管瘤CT平扫、增强和CT血管成像的不同表现结果CT平扫病灶呈软组织密度,5例灶内或灶缘见斑点状或斑块状高密度钙化灶;20例增强后病灶血管成像呈不同表现,12例动脉期瘤体内呈网状血管强化并见明显的瘤体供血动脉,其中单支供血动脉4例,2支以上多支供血动脉8例,供血动脉较对侧明显增粗瘤体内明显迂曲静脉血管6例,而静脉期瘤体表现为网状血管阴影强化8例病变动脉期瘤体不强化或仅轻微强化,且无明显供血动脉参与供血,静脉期瘤体逐渐均匀一致强化结论软组织血管瘤的多排螺旋CT血管成像可清晰显示软组织血管瘤的形态、大小、供血血管     

滑膜血管瘤的影像诊断分析

目的 探讨滑膜血管瘤的影像学表现及临床诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的16例(男9例,女7例)滑膜血管瘤患者资料,其中膝关节14例,肘关节1例,髋关节1例.X线平片检查13例,CT平扫1例,MRI平扫及增强扫描15例,血管造影1例.结果 X线平片可见软组织肿胀、静脉石、软组织肿块表现.CT表现为软组织肿胀及骨质侵蚀.血管造影见毛细血管期及静脉期对比剂滞留.MRI显示肿块T1 WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈"葡萄串"样高信号或不均匀等低信号,其内见条索状或网格状低信号分隔.MRI表现各异由病理组织成分不同所决定.结论 X线平片、CT、血管造影对滑膜血管瘤定性诊断价值有限,MRI 对滑膜血管瘤的定位及定性诊断具有重要价值,是术前诊断的首选方法,对治疗方案的选择具有指导作用.     

颈动脉体瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨比较颈动脉体瘤的超声、CT、MRI、DSA的影像学表现,提高术前诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析手术病理证实的14例颈动脉体瘤的各种影像学表现及特征。结果:各种检查均可显示肿瘤部位、大小及形态,颈动脉体瘤的彩色多普勒特点为中等偏低实质回声,境界清楚,大于3.0cm的肿瘤可见管道结构,但肿瘤上缘观察欠清,14例行彩色多普勒超声其中9例可显示瘤内网状血管,有1例神经鞘瘤误诊为颈动脉体瘤,诊断符合率为93%(14/15)。14例均行CT平扫加增强,CT增强显示为富血管肿瘤,其中12例肿瘤均匀强化,2例呈明显不均匀强化,CT值150～180HU,颈内、外动脉密度与瘤体等同难以分辨,术前CT诊断符合率为100%(14/14)。11例患者行MRI及MRA检查,MRI平扫特点为瘤内见流空的血管影像,明确显示颈内、外动脉分离和紧贴或镶嵌在肿瘤后外缘及前外缘,MRA能良好显示肿瘤与颈总动脉及其分叉的关系,术前MRI诊断符合率为100%(11/11)。其中8例同时行DSA血管造影,除能明确诊断和显示供血动脉外,DSA能清晰显示其血供及与颈内、外动脉的关系,术前DSA诊断符合率为100%(8/8)。结论:彩色多普勒超声、CT和MRI对颈动脉体瘤均有很高的诊断价值,差异无显著性意义。     

CTA和MRI检查在颈髓血管网织细胞瘤中的应用（附6例报告）

目的探讨CTA和MRI在颈髓血管网织细胞瘤中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析6例经病理证实的颈髓单发血管网织细胞瘤的术前CTA和MRI平扫及增强扫描图像,观察病变引起的继发性脊髓变化、血管流空现象及肿瘤血管显示情况,并与术中所见相比较。结果 6例病变在CTA图像上均表现为明显强化的实性瘤体与供血动脉相连,MRI检查可显示肿瘤造成的颈髓中央管扩张、脊髓实质的水肿和血管流空影,术中可见瘤体的供血动脉和引流静脉。结论颈髓血管网织细胞瘤的CTA和MRI检查能分别显示不同的影像学征象,两者的综合运用能更好地显示该病的影像学特点。     

颈动脉体瘤影像学表现分析

目的 探讨颈动脉体瘤影像学表现及诊断价值.方法 33例颈动脉体瘤均经手术病理证实,均行X线平片及超声检查,其中28例经血管造影、20例行CT、16例行MRI和10例行MRA检查.回顾性分析颈动脉体瘤的各种影像学表现,评价其临床价值.结果 各种检查均可显示肿瘤部位及其形态,颈动脉体瘤的B型超声特点为中等偏低实质回声,＞3 cm的肿瘤可见管道结构,但肿瘤上缘观察欠清,2例行彩色多普勒超声显示瘤内网状血管.CT增强显示为富血管肿瘤,其中1例肿瘤均匀强化,颈内、外动脉密度与瘤体等同难以分辨.MRI的特点为瘤内见流空的血管影像,明确显示颈内、外动脉分离.MRA能良好显示肿瘤与颈总动脉及其分叉的关系.血管造影可明确显示供血动脉.结论 B超、CT和MRI对颈动脉体瘤的诊断各具一定的特征性.     

MSCTA与DSA对蛛网膜下腔出血病因的诊断

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT三维血管成像(3DMSCTA)作为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血首选病因诊断方法的临床价值。方法:回顾搜集了2002年1月至2005年3月自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者71例,均行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查和多层螺旋CT血管造影检查,比较二种影像学方法的优缺点。结果:71例中,DSA发现动脉瘤58例,其中发生在颈内动脉床突上段3例,前交通支20例,大脑前动脉2例,后交通支23例,基底动脉5例,大脑中动脉主干侧裂分叉部3例,多发小动脉瘤2例;动静脉畸形6例;动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤3例;静脉性血管异常2例;阴性2例。3DMSCTA检出大小动脉瘤61个,显示瘤体、瘤颈、载瘤动脉和与周围血管及颅骨的关系清晰、确切。显示畸形血管团的部位大小,供血动脉来源,引流静脉的分支情况,空间立体结构清晰。71例DSA检查者,CTA诊断符合者67例;2例MSCTA发现动脉瘤,DSA检查阴性;MSCTA漏诊2例;2例经CT平扫显示有蛛网膜下腔出血,而MSCTA与DSA均无阳性发现。所有患者中29例行血管内栓塞治疗,手术治疗35例,内科保守治疗7例。结论:3DMSCTA检查诊断蛛网膜下腔出血性疾病的敏感性高,是一种安全、无创、简便、快速、准确的诊断方法。     

CT增强扫描及CTA诊断肺隔离症的价值

目的探讨CT增强、CTA对肺隔离症的诊断价值.材料和方法对经手术、主动脉造影证实的23例肺隔离症患者行CT平扫及增强扫描.结果含气体或液体的囊肿或软组织肿块18例.病变为肺气肿所包裹5例.18例结节或肿块平扫密度均匀,增强扫描8例表现为无增强,5例为薄壁增强,5例为厚壁增强.螺旋CT显示异常主动脉供血血管比率(83%)高于普通CT(59%),4例CTA清楚显示供血动脉.结论肺隔离症的主要CT表现是囊肿、结节和肿块,增强CT扫描有助于显示结节和肿块内部的囊性成分及主动脉异常供血血管.CTA能立体显示供血动脉的起源、行程.     

Metastatic myxoid liposarcomas: imaging and histopathologic findings

Objective The objective was to describe the imaging and histopathologic characteristics of metastatic myxoid liposarcomas. Materials and methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and complied with HIPAA guidelines. The study group comprised 12 patients with metastatic myxoid liposarcoma who underwent MRI, CT, or FDG-PET. The location and imaging characteristics of the metastatic lesions were recorded, and the histopathology of all metastatic lesions was reviewed. Results There were 23 histologically proven metastases in 12 patients. Based on imaging criteria, there were 41 metastases. The mean time from the diagnosis of primary tumor to the first metastasis was 4.4 years. Sixty-seven percent of patients had bone and soft tissue metastases, 33% had pulmonary metastases, 33% had liver metastases, 25% had intra-abdominal, and 16% retroperitoneal metastases. CT demonstrated well-defined lobulated masses with soft tissue attenuation in all cases, without macroscopic fat component. In cases of osseous metastases, CT showed mixed lytic and sclerotic foci, with bone destruction in advanced cases. MRI demonstrated fluid-like signal intensity with mild heterogeneous enhancement in cases of soft tissue metastases. In osseous metastases, MRI showed avid heterogeneous enhancement. FDG-PET showed no significant FDG uptake for all metastases. MRI was the most useful imaging modality for osseous and soft tissue metastases. Conclusion Myxoid liposarcomas are soft tissue sarcomas, with a high prevalence of extrapulmonary metastases. The bones and soft tissues were the most common site of involvement, followed by the lungs and liver. MRI was the most sensitive modality in the detection of osseous and soft tissue metastases, and is the recommended modality for the diagnosis and follow-up of bone and soft tissue involvement.     

长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT及MRI表现

目的 分析长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT和MRI表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断.方法 28例长骨骨干骨肉瘤患者,均经手术与病理证实,其中病变位于股骨干18例、腓骨干4例、肱骨干4例、胫骨干2例.所有患者均行X线、CT和MR检查,对其影像学表现与手术病理结果进行对照,并由双盲法分析确认.结果 28例中,X线和CT显示广泛骨质破坏16例,骨膜反应22例.X线显示软组织肿块18例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化12例.CT平扫显示软组织肿块22例,增强扫描显示软组织肿块24例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化16例.MRI显示骨质破坏和骨膜反应10例,软组织肿块26例,其周围可见软组织水肿及骨髓水肿.骨膜反应在SE T1WI上呈等低信号,T2WI呈等信号.软组织肿块在T1WI为等信号,T2WI及STIR呈等高信号.软组织水肿及骨髓水肿在T2WI及STIR呈高信号.MRI增强检查显示病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿和软组织肿块均见强化.结论 X线、CT和MRI从不同方面反映长骨骨干骨肉瘤的影像病理特点,其发病率低,骨破坏范围大,无病理性骨折.成骨型骨干骨肉瘤较易诊断,溶骨型应与Ewing瘤、恶性巨细胞瘤等鉴别.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the findings of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone on X-ray,CT and MRI, and discuss their clinical features and manifestations for differential diagnosis. Methods Twenty-eight cases with diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone proved by surgery and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen tumors were located in the femur, 4 in fibula, 4 in humerus and 2 in tibia. All of the patients were examined by X-ray, CT and MRI. The imaging manifestations on X-ray, CT and MRI were analyzed, and the relationship of the imaging features with the pathological types was also observed. The imaging signs were correlated with the pathologic findings with a double blind method. Results Of the 28 cases, there were 16 cases with large bone destruction, 22 cases with periosteal reaction on X-ray and CT. On X-ray, 18 cases showed soft tissue mass and 12 cases with neoplastic bone and tumor calcification.While on CT, 22 cases showed soft tissue mass on plain scan and 2 more cases displayed soft tissue mass after the injection of contrast mediun. Sixteen cases showed neoplastic bone and tumor calcification on CT.On MRI, there were 10 cases with bone destruction and periosteal reaction with iso- and hypo-intense on T1WI and iso- signals on T2WI. Twenty-six cases showed soft tissue edema and bone marrow on MRI. The soft mass were iso-signals on T1 WI and iso-hyperintense signals on T2 WI or STIR. The soft tissue edema was found hyperintense signals on T2WI or STIR. The lesions had heterogeneous enhancement especially in bone marrow with edema and adjcent soft tissue. Conclusion The X-ray, CT and MRI can reflect the pathological changes of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone from different aspects. Lower incidence, large bone destruction and no pathological fracture were the features of diaphysial osteosarcoma. The osteogenic type is diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor of bone and so on.     

Paraffinoma of the knee

We present the case of a 90-year-old man with a swollen, painful knee and a history of paraffin injections. Radiography showed soft tissue streaky and nodular calcifications without erosions. MR imaging showed globular areas of low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images which became even more hypointense on STIR sequences, and an infiltrative hypointense region containing areas of high signal on T1-weighted, T2-weighted and STIR images. Biopsy confirmed soft tissue foreign body granulomata, fibrous reaction and areas of inflammation. We believe this to be the first report of MR imaging of paraffinoma outside the breast.     

盆部腹膜外软组织肿瘤B超、CT、MRI表现与手术对照研究之外科意义

目的:评估B超、CT、MRI、血管造影对盆部腹膜外软组织肿瘤的诊断价值.材料和方法:分析88例盆部腹膜外软组织肿瘤影像表现,并与手术病理结果对照.结果:B超、CT、MRI对肿瘤的检出率均为100%.恶性者86.7%B超、87.5%CT显示为囊实性或实性,93.3%CT显示密度不均.B超显示输尿管扩张、CT显示髂血管受累的敏感性最高,分别为88.9%、75%.MRI显示盆部血管、神经、骨骼受累的敏感性分别100%、100%、80%.结论:综合分析影像资料并紧密结合临床,是有效诊治盆部腹膜外软组织肿瘤的重要手段.     

成软骨细胞瘤的MRI表现特点

目的 分析成软骨细胞瘤的MRI表现特点.方法 对经病理证实的20例成软骨细胞瘤的MRI信号特点、病灶形态和生长方式,以及周围骨髓和软组织有无水肿、有无骨膜反应、相邻关节有无积液等征象进行分析.结果 20例病灶在T1WI和T2WI上表现为不均质的混杂信号,病灶形态为分叶状;16例病灶呈膨胀性生长;18例病灶周围出现骨髓水肿;14例病灶周围软组织水肿;6例病灶周围有骨膜反廊;7例病灶突破骨皮质向周围突出;6例棚邻的关节有关节积液.结论 成软骨细胞瘤在MRI上多表现为分叶状和膨胀性生长,病变呈不均质混杂信号,病灶周围有明显的骨髓水肿和邻近软组织水肿.     

踝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的影像学诊断

目的 探讨踝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)的影像学诊断.方法 回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的踝关节PVNS的临床及影像学资料.7例均行MRI榆查,其中1例行增强扫描,4例行X线检查,1例行CT检查.结果 X线表现:踝关节前后方脂肪垫被软组织密度影代替,邻近骨呈压迫性骨质吸收.CT表现:踝关节周围,下胫、腓联合及距下关节软组织肿块影,清晰显示邻近受压骨质的硬化边.MRI表现:7例均表现为弥漫性、分叶状软组织肿块.在T_1WI上呈低信号,脂肪抑制T_2WI上呈不均匀混杂信号,4例以低信号为主,3例见散在斑片状低信号影.5例病变包绕邻近拇长屈肌腱,3例累及距下关节.1例行增强扫描呈明显强化.结论 典型MRI表现结合临床检查能够对踝关节PVNS作出诊断.     

骨化性肌炎的多模态影像学表现

目的:探讨骨化性肌炎的X线、CT、MRI、SPECT/CT的特征性表现。方法:回顾性分析56例经病理或随访证实为骨化性肌炎患者的影像学资料,总结其影像学特征,探讨该病的鉴别要点及诊断价值。结果:56例中,位于髋关节23例,肘关节18例,其他部位15例。早期病变12例,CT或MRI表现为软组织水肿、肿胀,无明显骨化成分,可合并邻近骨骼的骨膜反应;中期病变23例,表现为软组织内分层状肿块,病灶中心呈软组织密度或信号,病灶周围呈蛋壳样、絮状骨化影,SPECT/CT表现为病灶整体显像剂异常摄取;晚期病变21例,表现为边界清楚的骨化团块,SPECT/CT显像15例,其中3例未见显像剂摄取,6例病灶中央显像剂摄取,6例病灶周围显像剂不均匀摄取。结论:骨化性肌炎早期缺乏影像学特征,中期蛋壳样骨化是其特征表现,晚期的骨化团块可表现为不同形式的显像剂摄取,多模态影像学的综合应用可提高其临床诊断价值。     

Septic arthritis

Infectious arthritis is a commonly encountered clinical problem which may result from articular contamination by a wide variety of organisms. Involvement of an articulation may occur by one of four mechanisms: hematogenous spread, spread from a contiguous source of infection, direct implantation, or postoperative contamination. Distribution is typically monoarticular with a swollen, erythematous, and painful joint. The radiographic differential diagnosis includes limited rheumatoid arthritis, gout, synovial osteochondromatosis, and pigmented villonodular synovitis. In order to prevent complications, including growth disturbances, articular destruction with ankylosis, osteomyelitis, or soft tissue extension, early diagnostic arthrocentesis is important. Radiographic abnormalities, which include soft tissue swelling, joint space loss, periarticular osteopenia, and central or marginal osseous erosions, may be delayed following clinical onset of infection. Advanced imaging techniques such as scintigraphy, CT, or MRI may allow accurate diagnosis of the infectious process at an earlier stage.     

颅内硬膜外软组织巨细胞瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨软组织巨细胞瘤(GCT-ST)的影像特点及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例经手术病理证实的颅内硬膜外GCT-ST的平扫CT、平扫和增强MRI表现并行文献复习。结果颅底CT平扫显示左侧颞部多囊性低密度影,呈分叶状,内部见高密度分隔,邻近左侧颞骨局部骨质变薄、毛糙。MRI显示左侧颞部囊性肿物,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,T2 FLAIR呈等信号,其内见低信号分隔;增强检查可见病变边缘及分隔强化。结论颅内硬膜外GCT-ST罕见,其临床和影像表现无特异性,确诊需病理组织学检查。