~(131)Ⅰ-HpD在小鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄

血卟啉衍生物（即HpD，定位标记为131I-HpD），经小鼠尾静脉注射后，血药浓度下降较快，全身分布迅速广泛，24至32小时变化较为平缓，32小时后几无变化。肺、脾、肝分布较多，肌肉最少，其它组织介于中间，8小时后血液、甲状腺、肺、肝、大腿肌肉等组织呈下降趋势，而肿瘤组织分布相对较多。与其它组织（肺肝除外）相比，具有相对选择性吸收和潴留作用，这种作用在24小时后较为明显。该药72小时内粪排量（57．5％）大于尿排量（42．5％）。血中放射性一时间曲线符合开放二室模型。     

厚朴酚与和厚朴酚在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的　观察厚朴酚与和厚朴酚在Wistar大鼠体内的动力学过程。方法　用实验建立的RP -HPLC法测定大鼠灌胃给予上述两种成分后不同时间各组织和体液中药物的含量及其蛋白结合率 ,并计算其在血中的药代动力学。结果　建立的方法能够良好分离两种成分 ,浓度 -色谱响应间线性相关系数均 >0 .999,平均加样回收率 >90 % ;两种成分在大鼠体内代谢符合一级消除动力学二室开放模型 ,Cmax　分别为 0 .974和 0 .5 2 2mg·L-1,T1/ 2 β　为 3.136和 3.2 84h ,T1/ 2ka　　为 0 .16 0和 0 .2 6 1h ;进入体内后 ,主要滞留于胃肠内 ,其他主要分布于肝、肺、肾组织中 ;血浆蛋白结合率分别为 6 8.5 4 %和 5 3.81% ;以粪排出为主 ,尿和胆汁排出量只有约 5 %。结论　厚朴酚与和厚朴酚吸收较差 ,进入循环后以肝代谢和肾排泄为主。     

[~3H]-乙酰紫草素在小鼠体内的组织分布、排泄及血中分布研究

目的:用氧化燃烧炉样品预处理技术研究[3H]-乙酰紫草素在小鼠体内的组织分布、排泄和血中分布.方法:小鼠单次灌服[3H]-乙酰紫草素后,收集组织、血、尿和粪样,氧化燃烧炉法进行样品预处理,液闪计数仪测定放射性水平.结果:小鼠单次灌胃给[3H]-乙酰紫草素(120 mg/kg,2.96×107 Bq/kg)后,放射性主要分布在胃、肠,其次是胆囊、肝、肾、肺,脑和脊髓分布较少.271 h后从粪中收集到给药剂量的(68.5 ± 3.3)%,尿中收集到(17.6± 3.1)%,粪尿合计(86.1 ± 5.5)%.另对乙酰紫草素在血中存在形式、血细胞和血浆中的分配比例以及与血浆蛋白结合的形式、结合率进行了探索性研究.结论:乙酰紫草素吸收较差;组织分布广泛;排泄较完全;1 h血样中没有检测到原形;血浆、血细胞药物含量分配比约为4∶ 1;人血浆蛋白结合率高;血浆蛋白的结合为共价和疏水作用两种形式并存.     

99Tcm标记双半胱氨酸-脱氧葡萄糖的小鼠实验研究

目的研究^99Tc^m标记双半胱氨酸一脱氧葡萄糖(EGDG)在正常小鼠及荷S180肉瘤小鼠体内的分布规律。方法正常小鼠及荷S180肉瘤小鼠各铝只，分8组，实验前禁食。尾静脉注射^99Tc^m-EC-DG后计算不同时间在小鼠体内的分布及肿瘤与血液、肌肉、肺、肝的放射性比值。同时，取荷瘤小鼠5只，在注射后不同时间进行显像，计算T／NT比值。结果肿瘤组织与血液、肌肉、肺的放射性比值随时间延长逐渐上升，在4h都超过1．0。显像示随时间延长瘤体周围组织放射性逐渐下降，瘤体在4h时显影清晰。结论^99Tc^m-EC-DG可用于肿瘤的葡萄糖代谢显像。     

~(131)I-木瓜胶代血浆在狗体内的存留时间和排泄途径

利用同位素示踪法,观察狗静脉输注~(131)I-木瓜胶代血浆后血浆放射性的变化,测得其在血浆中半消失时间(T 1/2)为7.9小时。~(131)I-木瓜胶主要经肾脏随尿排出,粪中亦排出一小部分。注入后10天内放射性的95％已排出体外;体内存留量约5％,其中肝内放射性占3.42％,肾占0.14％,腯、心、肺和骨髓内存留量极少。肝、肾组织学检查未见明显改变。肝、肾和甲状腺按单位重量计算,甲状腺的比放射活性居首位,并见滤泡缩小,这与~(131)I有关,与木瓜胶代血浆无关。     

~(99)Tc~m-HL91与~(99)Tc~m-MIBI在Lewis肺癌小鼠模型中的实验研究

目的　进行99Tcm 4,9 二氮 3,3,10 ,10 四甲基十二烷 2 ,11 二酮肟 (HL91)和99Tcm 甲氧基异丁基异腈 (MIBI)肿瘤显像对比研究 ,探讨99Tcm HL91诊断肿瘤的可能性。方法　各取 4只移植性Lewis肺癌小鼠分别注射99Tcm HL91或99Tcm MIBI,2、4h后进行全身后位静态显像 ,利用感兴趣区技术 ,分别计算不同时相肿瘤与头 (T/H)、胸 (T/C)、对侧部位 (T/L)的放射性比值。 4h后处死99Tcm HL91显像小鼠 4只 ,取血并剥离脏器及肿瘤组织 ,称重 ,测量放射性计数 ,计算肿瘤与各脏器放射性比值。结果　99Tcm MIBI显像组的肿瘤部位显影均不清晰 ,其中 2和 4h的T/C为 0 2 0± 0 0 8和 0 14± 0 0 7,两时相之间无明显差异。99Tcm HL91显像组各时相肿瘤显影均较清晰 ,其中 2和 4h的T/C为3 2 5± 1 2 5和 2 44± 1 0 7,两时相间无明显差异 ,而与99Tcm MIBI显像组各时相比较差异有显著性 (t=4 8～ 7 5 ,P <0 0 1)。体外测量肿瘤与脑、胸等脏器的单位重量放射性比值较高 ,肿瘤与肝、肾等腹部脏器的单位重量放射性比值较低。结论　在移植性Lewis肺癌小鼠组织中 ,99Tcm MIBI显像效果不佳 ,而99Tcm HL91吸收良好且清除缓慢。     

放射性铕在小鼠体内代谢规律的探讨

本实验指在获取放射性铕通过尾静脉和腹腔注射入小鼠体内的代谢模型 ,取成年雄性小鼠 ,分为整体代谢实验组(采取尾静脉注射 )和各组织脏器分布实验组 (腹腔注射铕氧化物溶液 ) ,取适当时间点测算滞留分数和尿粪的排除分数及各组织脏器所含剂量占体负荷分数。整体代谢实验的 3项指标的曲线呈两个时相 ,且第 1时相变化较快 ,第 2时相下降较缓 ;第 1时相有效半减期是 0 675天 ,第 2时相有效半减期是 7 91 5天。各组织脏器分布实验的 7项指标中 ,肝在 0 2 5天内 ,脾和肾在 1天内呈蓄积状态 ,肝在 0 2 5天以后 ,脾和肾在 1天以后呈排除状态 ,…     

急性百草枯中毒患者9例护理体会

百草枯是一种广泛应用于农业生产清除田间农作物杂草的化学药剂,对人体毒性较高,成人致死量为20％水溶液约5～15 mL或40 mg/kg左右.它是人类急性中毒死亡率最高的除草剂.国外已报告死亡病例多达数百例,多为口服中毒致死,其中口服20％水剂30 mL以上的49例全部死亡.国内也有不少急性中毒病例报告,其中经口服20％水剂30 mL以上者均死亡.百草枯可经完整皮肤、呼吸道和消化道吸收,但吸收并不完全,吸收后随血液分布至全身各组织器官,尤其肺中含量最高,常大于血液中含量的10～数10倍.在体内很少降解,常以完整的原形物随粪、尿排出,少量可经乳汁排出,经口中毒约30％随粪排出.百草枯对皮肤粘膜有刺激和腐蚀作用,全身中毒可引起多系统损害,尤以肺损害较严重,可引起肺充血、出血、水肿、透明膜形成和变性、增生、纤维化等改变,此外尚可致肝、肾损害并累及循环、神经、血液、胃肠道和膀胱等系统和器官.致毒机制目前尚未阐明,多数学者认为百草枯是一电子受体,可被肺Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型细胞主动转运而摄取到细胞内,作用于细胞的氧化还原反应,在细胞内活化为氧自由基是毒作用的基础,所形成的过量超氧化阴离子自由基(O=)及过氧化氢( H2O2)等可引起肺、肝及其他许多组织器官细胞膜脂质过氧化,从而造成多系统组织器官的损害[1].     

严重创伤及合并内毒素攻击后小鼠肝、肺组织巨噬细胞CD14和清道夫受体的表达及其意义

目的　进一步揭示创伤及合并内毒素攻击后 ,小鼠肝、肺组织内CD14和清道夫受体(scavengerreceptor,SR)的表达变化规律及器官间的差异性。　方法　小鼠 84只分为正常对照组 (4只 )、创伤组 (40只 )、创伤合并内毒素攻击组 (40只 )。采用双侧股骨骨折合并内毒素血症小鼠模型 ,以免疫组化方法检测肝、肺组织巨噬细胞CD14和SR在创伤后 2 ,4 ,6 ,9,13h时的动态变化。　结果　肝组织巨噬细胞CD14和SR分别在创伤后 9h发生上调和下调 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肺组织巨噬细胞CD14和SR分别在创伤后 6h发生上调和下调 (P <0 .0 5 )。创伤合并内毒素攻击后 ,肝、肺组织巨噬细胞CD14和SR均于伤后 2h分别呈显著的上调和下调改变 (P <0 .0 5和 0 .0 1) ,并呈显著负相关关系 (r=- 0 .82 3,- 0 .797,P <0 .0 1) ,而且创伤后 6 ,9,13h时肺组织内CD14和创伤后 4hSR表达变化幅度大于肝组织 (P <0 .0 5和 0 .0 1)。　结论　创伤及合并内毒素攻击后 ,肝、肺组织内CD14和SR表达发生双向调节 ,CD14表达上调和SR表达下调可能与炎症反应由“自控”向“失控”转化有关。肝、肺组织内CD14和SR表达上的差异可能与创伤及合并内毒素攻击时器官功能损害的序贯性相关。     

眼镜蛇毒因子的体内过程及药物代谢动力学研究

目的:探讨眼镜蛇毒因子的体内过程及其药物代谢动力学。方法:本文采用氯胺T氧化法,制备了~(125)Ⅰ眼镜蛇毒因子作示踪剂对“眼镜蛇毒因子(CVF)”的体内过程及药物代谢动力学进行了研究。结果:静脉注射后,大鼠体内血药浓度时间曲线为二房室模型,T_(1/2)β为18.14h。小鼠尾静脉注射1h后,各脏器(除肌肉外)放射性活性达到峰值,其值(％)大小顺序如下:肾(15.93)>脾(10.66)>心(9.38)>肝(1.32)>肺(0.77)>脑(0.38)。~(125)Ⅰ-CVF静脉注射后,72h内尿排泄率达74.3％,而粪排泄率为7.02％。结论:眼镜蛇毒因子的体内过程符合二房室模型,静脉注射后主要从尿中排泄。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.