MET14外显子跳跃突变与非小细胞肺癌

MET14外显子(METex14)跳跃突变的分子机制主要是METex14跳跃导致c-Cbl酪氨酸结合位点丢失,从而引起蛋白酶体介导的MET蛋白降解率降低,使MET信号持续激活,最终导致肿瘤发生。METex14跳跃突变在非小细胞肺癌中的发生率为3%～4%。作用于METex14跳跃突变的药物包括克唑替尼、卡马替尼、特泊替尼...     

沃利替尼治疗MET基因突变晚期非小细胞肺癌一例并文献回顾

间质-上皮细胞转化因子(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,MET)基因突变是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的少见肿瘤驱动基因.针对MET外显子 14 跳跃突变的局部晚期或转移性NSCLC患者,MET抑制剂可能具有较好的疗...     

赛沃替尼在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌中的疗效观察

目的 分析赛沃替尼在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中的治疗效果。方法 采用随机数字表法将95例MET 14外显子(METex14)跳跃突变的Ⅲ/Ⅳ期NSCLC患者分为对照组(47例)与观察组(48例)。对照组给予克唑替尼治疗,观察组给予赛沃替尼治疗。采用卡方检验分析两组临床疗效及不良反应发生情况,Kaplan-Meier生存分析评估两组患者生存情况。结果 观察组客观缓解率(ORR)和疾病控制率(DCR)分别为52.08%和87.50%,均高于对照组的31.91%和70.21%(P<0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,观察组总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(PFS)长于对照组(Log rankχ²=8.003、4.528,P=0.005、0.033);两组不良反应程度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 赛沃替尼可提高Ⅲ/Ⅳ期METex14跳跃突变NSCLC患者的治疗效果,延长患者的生存期,且患者对赛沃替尼的耐受性较好,不良反应可控。     

EGFR T790M突变丰度对奥希替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效的影响

摘 要：［目的］ 分析奥希替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效,并探索ddPCR方法外周血检测表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor,EGFR）T790M突变的丰度与奥希替尼疗效之间的关系。［方法］ 回顾性分析104例接受奥希替尼治疗的Ⅲb~Ⅳ期非小细胞癌肺癌患者,采用ddPCR法测定外周血T790M突变丰度,采用Kaplan-Meier法和Cox模型进行生存预后分析,并探索疗效相关T790M突变丰度的界值。［结果］ 外周血EGFR T790M突变丰度中位值为0.89%（0.02%~35.10%）。将突变丰度分为＜5.00%和≥5.00%两组,客观缓解率分别为46.5%和88.9%（P=0.001）,中位无进展生存期分别为8.80个月和21.83个月（P=0.039）。Cox回归分析显示,初治时基因类型（EGFR 19外显子缺失和21外显子L858R突变）、PS评分、外周血EGFR T790M突变丰度分组（＜5.00%和≥5.00%）是奥希替尼治疗患者PFS的独立影响因素。［结论］ EGFR T790M突变丰度可能可预测奥希替尼治疗的晚期EGFR T790M突变NSCLC患者的有效率和无进展生存期。     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体T790M突变的研究进展

摘 要：临床工作中表皮生长因子受体—酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor，EGFR-TKI）耐药的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）患者须进行EGFR T790M突变的检测。由于多种原因一些患者无法通过组织再活检获得满意基因检测结果，而液体活检也存在敏感性较低等限制。探索与T790M突变状态相关的临床因素、提高T790M突变再活检的技术水平有助于实现EGFR-TKI耐药后的精准诊断。T790M突变的NSCLC患者首选三代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼，但仍会不可避免地出现耐药。该文对继发性T790M突变的发生、相关检测技术的优劣、临床因素、治疗选择、奥希替尼的耐药机制及对策等研究情况进行综述，希望为患者临床再活检策略及后续治疗的选择提供帮助。     

非小细胞肺癌中EGFR和K-ras基因突变与蛋白表达相关性的研究

背景与目的：当前表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）基因靶向治疗已成为晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）治疗的研究的热点之一。本研究旨在探讨NSCLC患者中EGFR基因和K-ras（Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene）基因突变的情况,分析其与蛋白表达的相关性及对吉非替尼（gefitinib）治疗的指导意义。方法：收集200例NSCLC患者新鲜组织,采用基因测序法检测EGFR及K-ras基因突变的状态;同时采用免疫组织化学法检测EGFR和K-ras蛋白的表达。结果：200例患者中,EGFR基因突变率为33%,主要发生在19号和21号外显子;K-ras基因突变率为5.5%,主要位于第12密码子;不存在同时携带有EGFR和K-ras两种基因突变的病例。腺癌尤其是含细支气管肺泡癌（bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,BAC）病理分型的患者、非吸烟患者和女性患者EGFR突变率较高。EGFR蛋白表达阳性率为16%,与总的EGFR突变无关（P〉0.05）,但与19号外显子突变具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。K-ras蛋白表达阳性率为52.5%,与K-ras基因突变无关（P〉0.05）。15例携带有EGFR基因突变的NSCLC患者服用吉非替尼,12例（其中8例为EGFR蛋白表达阴性）有效。结论：EGFR蛋白表达与EGFR基因19号外显子突变具有一定相关性;联合检测EGFR和K-ras基因突变可用来筛选对EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI）治疗敏感的人群,并预测吉非替尼治疗晚期NSCLC的疗效及预后。     

罕见EGFR L833V/H835L复合突变的肺腺癌患者1例及文献回顾

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)发生发展过程中最常见的驱动基因,其中18-21号外显子的突变常见,尤其是19号外显子的缺失和21号外显子L858R点突变最为常见,但是EGFR L833V/H835L罕见基因复合突变的发生率非常低,患者数量很少,相关临床数据和治疗方法的证据也不足。部分EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)在治疗伴有罕见基因突变的肺癌患者方面同样具有良好疗效。本文报道了1例携带EGFR L833V/H835L罕见基因复合突变的NSCLC患者,在给予阿法替尼治疗5个月后,计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)显示肺部病灶缩小,患者对阿法替尼联合安罗替尼治疗反应良好。同时,我们还对以往报道的EGFR L833V/H835L罕见基因复合突变的NSCLC患者进行了整理,总结了该类患者的特点及应用不同种类EGFR-TKIs治疗的效果。     

2023年CSCO指南更新解读：驱动基因阳性非小细胞肺癌诊疗

靶向治疗为驱动基因阳性的非小细胞肺癌（non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者带来显著生存获益。伴随新药研发、临床试验的开展及阳性结果的获得,驱动基因阳性的NSCLC也迎来了更多的治疗选择、更优的疗效及安全性。中国临床肿瘤学会（Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO）基于过去1年的研究进展更新指南为《中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)非小细胞肺癌诊疗指南2023》。本版针对驱动基因阳性的NSCLC的更新包括：伏美替尼和莫博赛替尼在表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）突变晚期NSCLC治疗中的相关更新,布格替尼、洛拉替尼和恩沙替尼在间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK）融合晚期NSCLC治疗中的相关更新以及其他靶向药物的更新。本文将对2023年CSCO NSCLC诊疗指南中驱动基因阳性的NSCLC的诊疗更新进行详细解读。     

赛沃替尼相关不良反应管理的中国多学科专家共识

MET基因是一种原癌基因, 其编码的MET蛋白具有酪氨酸激酶活性。当MET蛋白与其配体(肝细胞生长因子)结合后, 能够诱导MET二聚化并激活下游信号通路, 在肿瘤形成及转移中发挥至关重要的作用。赛沃替尼为一种特异性靶向MET蛋白的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI), 可选择性抑制MET激酶的磷酸化, 对MET异常的肿瘤有明显抑制作用。赛沃替尼已于2021年6月22日在中国获得批准上市, 用于治疗MET 14外显子跳跃突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌。MET TKI对于MET基因扩增或MET蛋白过表达的晚期实体瘤患者同样有效, 相关的注册临床研究正在进行中。在应用赛沃替尼治疗期间, 常见的不良反应包括恶心、呕吐、外周水肿、发热以及肝不良反应等。赛沃替尼相关不良反应管理的中国多学科专家共识基于全国范围的2轮广泛调研, 旨在指导临床医师合理使用赛沃替尼, 科学防治各种不良反应, 提高患者的临床获益和生活质量。     

盐酸埃克替尼治疗晚期复发非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效

背景与目的盐酸埃克替尼是第三个在临床上应用于晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small celllung cancer,NSCLC)治疗的单靶点表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI),关于其在复发肺癌患者中的疗效及生存的临床研究报道仍甚少。本研究回顾性分析盐酸埃克替尼在晚期复发NSCLC中的疗效及安全性,并探讨影响因素。方法对2009年3月-2012年7月北京胸科医院收治的60例接受盐酸埃克替尼治疗的晚期复发NSCLC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 60例均可评价疗效,总有效率45%,疾病控制率80%,中位无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)6.7个月。女性患者的有效率、PFS优于男性(P值分别为0.014、0.013);二线治疗组的有效率和疾病控制率优于三线及以上组(P值分别为0.020、0.024);年龄65岁与<65岁,PS评分<2分与2分,埃克替尼二线治疗与三线以上治疗组患者的疗效及PFS无明显差别。EGFR敏感突变患者的有效率、疾病控制率及无进展生存均明显优于EGFR野生型患者(P值分别为0.006、<0.001、0.002);外显子19缺失突变组与外显子21L858R突变组近期疗效无明显差别,而前者PFS明显更长(P=0.020)。EGFR敏感突变、外显子19缺失突变是具明显生存优势的独立因子(P值分别为0.009、0.012)。毒副反应主要为轻度皮疹及腹泻。结论盐酸埃克替尼是治疗晚期复治NSCLC的有效药物,安全性好,尤其在携带敏感突变的患者中疗效更佳。     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.     

Temozolomide treatment in glioma--experiences in two university hospitals in Finland

Thirty-two patients with relapsing glioma were treated with temozolomide in two university hospitals in Finland. One patient (3%) had complete response and 9 (28%) partial response, with 8 patients (25%) showing stable disease. Median progression-free survival for these 18 patients (56%) was 7 months (range 2-11+). The remaining either had progressive disease (25%) or only clinical evaluation (19%). Karnofsky score improved in 34% of patients and decreased in 3%. Symptoms were alleviated in 44% and deteriorated in 9%. Grade 3-4 toxicity was detected in 9% of the patients. Only 4% of the days in treatment were spent in hospital. An average 1.8 neuroradiological investigations, 6.9 laboratory visits, and 5.3 visits to the oncologist were made. This study confirms that temozolomide has positive effects on the outcome of often heavily pretreated glioma patients. High drug costs are compensated by prolonged home care and even the possibility to maintain working capacity.