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1.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the cervical flexion
angle when using a smart phone on muscle fatigue of the cervical erector spinae (CES) and
upper trapezius (UT). [Subjects] This study recruited 12 healthy adults. [Methods] Each
subject sat on a chair, with his/her back against the wall and held a smart phone with
both hands. Fatigue of the neck and shoulder muscles at different cervical flexion angles
(0°, 30°, and 50°) was measured by electromyography. The following muscles were assessed:
the right upper trapezius (RtUT), left upper trapezius (LtUT), right cervical erector
spinae (RtCES), and left cervical erector spinae (LtCES). A cervical range of motion
instrument was attached to the subjects’ heads to measure the cervical angle during the
experiment. [Results] The RtUT and LtUT showed the highest muscle fatigue at a cervical
flexion angle of 50° and the lowest fatigue at an angle of 30°. There was no significant
difference in the muscle fatigue of the RtCES and LtCES at any of the cervical flexion
angles. [Conclusion] UT muscle fatigue depends on the cervical flexion angle when using a
smart phone.Key words: Smart phone, Muscle fatigue, Cervical flexion angle 相似文献
2.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the flexion angle of
the knee joint and the abduction angle of the hip joint on the activation of the cervical
region and abdominal muscles. [Subjects] A total of 42 subjects were enrolled 9 males and
33 females. [Methods] The bridging exercise in this study was one form of exercise with a
knee joint flexion angle of 90°. Based on this, a bridging exercise was conducted at the
postures of abduction of the lower extremities at 0, 5, 10, and 15°. [Result] The changes
in the knee joint angle and the hip abduction angle exhibited statistically significant
effects on the cervical erector spinae, adductor magnus, and gluteus medius muscles. The
abduction angles did not result in statistically significant effects on the upper
trapezium, erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles. However, in
relation to the knee joint angles, during the bridging exercise, statistically significant
results were exhibited. [Conclusion] When patients with both cervical and back pain do a
bridging exercise, widening the knee joint angle would reduce cervical and shoulder muscle
activity through minimal levels of abduction, permitting trunk muscle strengthening with
reduced cervical muscle activity. This method would be helpful for strengthening trunk
muscles in a selective manner.Key words: Bridging exercise, Knee and hip joint angle, Muscle activation 相似文献
3.
Ryo Fujitani Takumi Jiroumaru Shinichi Noguchi Wachi Michio Hitoshi Ohnishi Mika Suzuki Takuya Ozawa 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2021,33(3):295
[Purpose] The purpose of the current study was to reveal the association between posture control and muscle activity by measuring the trunk and hip joint muscle activities in the upright and slump sitting positions in both the healthy participants and patients with recurrent lower back pain. [Participants and Methods] We recruited eleven patients of recurrent lower back pain and ten healthy participants. During the maintenance of the two types of posture, upright and slump, we collected the surface electromyography data. We assessed the following muscles: rectus abdominis, external oblique, thoracic erector spinae, lumbar erector spinae, internal oblique, lumbar multifidus, iliacus, serratus anterior, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae, and gluteus maximus. We studied the differences in spinal–pelvic curvature and muscle activity between the upright and slump positions in each group. [Results] In the healthy group, comparison of the muscle activity in upright and slump positions for both the trunk (external oblique, internal oblique, lumbar erector spinae, and lumbar multifidus), and the hip muscles (iliacus and gluteus maximus) showed a significant decrease in activity in the slump position. In the group with recurrent lower back pain, although the external oblique, lumbar erector spinae and lumbar multifidus showed reduced activity in slump position, these values were smaller when compared to those in the healthy group. [Conclusion] This study aimed to clarify the relationship between posture (upright and slump) and the activity of the trunk and hip joint muscles in the healthy participants and the patients with recurrent lower back pain. The results indicated that postural changes caused by recurrent lower back pain significantly affected the activity of the muscles involved in controlling the posture.Key words: Sitting posture, Muscle control, Low back pain 相似文献
4.
Byung-Joon Park Joong-Hwi Kim Jang-Hwan Kim Byeong-Ho Choi 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2015,27(10):3137-3139
[Purpose] This study was performed to provide evidence for the therapeutic exercise
approach through a compative analysis of muscle activities according to climbing wall
inclination. [Subjects and Methods] Twentyfour healthy adult subjects without climbing
experience performed static exercises at a therapeutic climbing at with various
inclination angles (0°, 10°, 20°), and the activities of the trunk muscles (rectus
abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis, erector spinae) were
measured using surface electromyography (EMG) for 7 seconds. [Results] Significant
differences were found between the inclination angles of 10° and 0°, as well as 20° in the
rectus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis, right obliquus externus abdominis, and
right erector spinae. [Conclusion] Based on measurements of trunk muscle activity in a
static climbing standing position at different angles, significant changes in muscle
activity appear to be induced at 10 degrees. Therefore, the results appear to provide
clinically relevant evidence.Key words: Climbing, Trunk muscle activity 相似文献
5.
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify the effects of initial position of the
hip joint with changes in the hip joint angle on the respective muscle activities of the
bilateral erector spinae (ES), unilateral gluteus maximus (GM), and biceps femoris (BF)
and the amount of pelvic anterior tilt during prone hip extension (PHE). [Subjects]
Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. [Methods] The subjects performed
PHE in three positions: neutral, 20°, and 45° flexed hip joint. The activities of the ES,
GM, and BF were measured using surface electromyography, and kinematic values for pelvic
anterior tilt were calculated using a motion capture system. [Results] There was a
significant decrease in muscle activity of the contralateral ES at 45°, and an increase in
the GM muscle activity and decrease in the BF muscle activity at 20°. The amount of pelvic
anterior tilt was lower at 20°. [Conclusion] These results suggest that a hip flexion
position of 20° would have an advantage over the other measured positions.Key words: Electromyography, Joint position, Prone hip extension 相似文献
6.
Yoshiaki Endo Akihiro Ito Syota Hotta Akihiro Yakabi Ko Onoda Hiroaki Tani Akira Kubo 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2021,33(3):283
[Purpose] This study aimed to clarify the required number of measurements to calculate trunk muscle thickness at each position. [Participants and Methods] The participants were 30 elderly males aged >65 years. The right lumbar multifidus (L2), lumbar multifidus (L5), erector spinae, transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscle thicknesses were measured on longitudinal images obtained using ultrasonography in the lying, sitting, and standing positions. Two measurement values for each muscle thickness was used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient (1.1–1.5). [Results] The intraclass correlation coefficients of the abdominal muscle thickness measurements with “great reliabilities” were as follows: 1.3–1.5 for the external oblique muscle and 1.2–1.5 for the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles in the lying position; 1.3–1.5 for the external oblique and transversus abdominis muscles and 1.2–1.5 for the internal oblique muscle in the sitting position; the intraclass correlation coefficient in the standing position was 1.5 for the external oblique muscle 1.1–1.5 for the internal oblique muscle and 1.3–1.5 for the transversus abdominis muscle. In all the positions, the intraclass correlation coefficient of the measurements of the back-muscle thicknesses ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 for the right lumbar multifidus (L2), lumbar multifidus (L5), and erector spinae. [Conclusion] Depending on the posture, the abdominal muscles require multiple measurements, whereas the back muscles only require a single measurement.Key words: Intraclass correlation coefficient, Trunk muscle thicknesses, Ultrasonography 相似文献
7.
Snijders CJ Hermans PF Niesing R Jan Kleinrensink G Pool-Goudzwaard A 《Manual therapy》2008,13(4):325-333
The study consisted of biomechanical modelling and in vitro experiments. The objective of the study was to find a mechanical cause of acute low back pain (LBP) in everyday situations. The precise mechanism producing LBP is still under discussion. Most biomechanical studies link the concepts of stooped postures and buckling instability of the spine under high compressive load. No biomechanical model addresses situations with small or neglectable compressive spinal load. The proposed conceptual model describes strain on the iliolumbar ligaments (ILs) when slouching from standing upright. Delayed or absent recruitment of back muscles that protect against hyperkyphosis of the lumbar spine is a conditional factor. Erector spinae and multifidus muscle forces are included, representing a bifurcation in back muscle force: one part acting on the iliac bones and one part acting on the sacrum. The multifidus muscle action on the sacrum may produce nutation which can be counteracted by pelvic floor muscles, which would link back problems and pelvic floor problems. The effect of simulated muscle tension on the ILs and the L5-S1 intervertebral disc angle was measured using embalmed specimens. Forces were applied to simulate erector spinae and sacral part of multifidus tension, bilateral up to 100 N each. Strain gauge sensors registered elongation of the ILs. Explorative biomechanical model calculations show that dynamic slouching, driven by upper body weight and (as an example) rectus abdominis muscle force may produce failure load of the spinal column and the ILs. The quasi-static test on embalmed specimens showed a significant increase of IL elongation with simulated rectus abdominis muscle force. Adding erector spinae or multifidus muscle tension eased the ILs. Sudden slouching of the upright trunk may create failure risk for the spine and ILs. This loading mode may be prevented by controlling loss of lumbar lordosis with erector spinae and multifidus muscle force. 相似文献
8.
AbstractBackground:Lumbar posture has a significant impact on the functional biomechanics of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles, which has implications for the loads placed on the tissues of the lumbar spine.Objectives:The objective of this review is to discuss the effects of lumbar posture on the functional biomechanics of the different divisions of the erector spinae and the multifidus muscle and its importance when developing clinical interventions.Methods:This review used the search engines PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL and SCOPUS to identify studies investigating erector spinae and multifidus muscle architecture and the influence of lumbar posture on the biomechanical properties of these muscles and the resulting impact on spinal loading.Results:Changes in lumbar curvature alter muscle fascicle obliquity, lever arm distances, the length–tension relationships and muscle volume of the different divisions of erector spinae and multifidus, which impact on the spine's ability to resist moments and shear forces.Conclusion:Changes in lumbar posture influence the functional biomechanics of the different divisions of erector spinae and the multifidus muscles. Therapists should develop low back interventions that avoid end range of lumbar postures and optimise the functional biomechanics of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles and minimise loading on the lumbar spine. 相似文献
9.
Jung-Gyu Yoon 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2014,26(12):1937-1939
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine correlations between muscle activities
and strap length and type of the school bag during walking. [Subjects and Methods] The
subjects of this study were 20 healthy students. An 8-channel electromyograph (8-EMG)
(Pocket EMG, BTS, Italy) was used to measure the muscle activities of the right upper
trapezius, left upper trapezius, right erector spinae and left erector spinae during
walking with the bag. The collected data were analyzed using Kendall’s coefficient of
concordance. [Results] The muscle activities of the right upper trapezius, left upper
trapezius, right erector spinae and left erector spinae were significantly higher when
walking with a shoulder bag than when walking with a backpack. No significant correlations
were found between muscle activities and strap lengths of the bag. [Conclusion] While
carrying a bag, the activities of the trunk muscles were influenced more by the type of
the bag than by the strap length. These results indicate that a backpack is a better
method of carrying a load than a shoulder bag.Key words: Muscle activity, Strap length, Bag type 相似文献
10.
Effects of the posterior pelvic tilt sitting posture on thoracic morphology
and respiratory function
Yoshihiro Aramaki Fujiyasu Kakizaki Shinichi Kawata Takuya Omotehara Masahiro Itoh 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2021,33(2):118
[Purpose] We investigated how differences in pelvic angle in the posterior pelvic tilt sitting posture simultaneously affect the thoracic morphology and the respiratory function. [Participants and Methods] The participants were 18 healthy young males. We positioned the pelvis at 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30° of posterior tilt, following which the thoracic expansion volume ratio, thoracic spine tilt angle, and respiratory function were measured. We calculated the thoracic volume and thoracic spine tilt angle by measuring the amount of displacement of reflective markers attached to the thoracic area using the Vicon MX 3D-analysis system. Respiratory function was measured by spirometry. [Results] The expansion volume ratio decreased significantly in response to 10–30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting at the mid-thorax and 30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting at the lowest thorax. The upper thoracic spine level showed a change in anterior tilt at 10–30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting, whereas the lower thoracic spine level showed a change in posterior tilt at 30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting. Respiratory function was significantly lower at 30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting than at 0° posterior pelvic tilt sitting. A positive correlation between thoracic expansion volume ratio and respiratory function was found at 30° posterior pelvic tilt sitting. [Conclusion] Changes in thoracic spine tilt angle due to posterior pelvic tilt sitting may restrict the expansion of thoracic motion during respiration, thereby affecting respiratory function.Key words: Posterior pelvic tilt sitting posture, Thoracic morphology, Respiratory function 相似文献
11.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the shoulder flexion
angle on the muscle activities of the upper extremities when performing the push-up plus
exercise (PUPE) on an unstable surface with the forearm in the external rotation position.
[Subjects] The subjects were conducted on 15 normal male adults. [Methods] A sling device
was used for the unstable surface, and PUPE was performed with the forearm in the external
rotation position. The shoulder flexion angles measured in the sagittal plane were 110°,
90°, and 70°. Electromyography was used for a comparitive analysis of the muscle
activities of the serratus anterior (SA), the pectoralis major (PM), and the upper
trapezius (UT). [Results] In the intra-group comparison, the muscle activity of SA was
statistically the highest when the shoulder-flexion angle was 110°. [Conclusion]
performing PUPE on an unstable surface, the muscle activity of the SA is activated the
most when the shoulder flexion angle is 110° and the forearm is in the external rotation
position. 相似文献
12.
Jung-Gyu Yoon 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2013,25(8):1023-1025
[Purpose] This study examined the correlation between the muscle activities and joint
angle of the hip and knee according to the changes in stance width during a lifting task.
[Subjects and Methods] The subjects of this study were 15 healthy students. A
three-dimensional motion analyzer (SMART-E, BTS, Italy) was used to measure the joint
angles of hip and knee during lifting. An 8-channel electromyograph (8-EMG) (Pocket EMG,
BTS, Italy) was used to measure muscle activities of the erector spinae, gluteus maximus,
rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior during lifting. The collected data were analyzed
using the Pearson-test and SPSS 18.0. [Result] The muscle activity of the tibialis
anterior was significantly decreased by increasing the stance width (r= −0.285). Muscle
activity of the erector spinae was significantly decreased by increasing the knee angle
(r= −0.444). The muscle activity of the gluteus maximus was significantly increased by
increasing the muscle activity of the tibialis anterior (r= 0.295). [Conclusion] Efficient
lifting is possible when stance width and knee flexion are increased, which results in
reduced muscle activity of the tibialis anterior and the erector spinae. Lifting is
facilitated when the muscle activities of the gluteus maximus and tibialis anterior are
correlated.Key words: Muscle activity, Joint angle, Lifting 相似文献
13.
Tadashi Ito Yoshihito Sakai Eishi Nakamura Kazunori Yamazaki Ayaka Yamada Noritaka Sato Yoshifumi Morita 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2015,27(7):2247-2251
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the
paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and the relative proprioceptive weighting ratio
during local vibratory stimulation of older persons with lumbar spondylosis in an upright
position. [Subjects] In all, 74 older persons hospitalized for lumbar spondylosis were
included. [Methods] We measured the relative proprioceptive weighting ratio of postural
sway using a Wii board while vibratory stimulations of 30, 60, or 240 Hz were applied to
the subjects’ paraspinal or gastrocnemius muscles. Back strength, abdominal muscle
strength, and erector spinae muscle (L1/L2, L4/L5) and lumbar multifidus (L1/L2, L4/L5)
cross-sectional areas were evaluated. [Results] The erector spinae muscle (L1/L2)
cross-sectional area was associated with the relative proprioceptive weighting ratio
during 60Hz stimulation. [Conclusion] These findings show that the relative proprioceptive
weighting ratio compared to the erector spinae muscle (L1/L2) cross-sectional area under
60Hz proprioceptive stimulation might be a good indicator of trunk proprioceptive
sensitivity.Key words: Relative proprioceptive weighting ratio, Erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area, Older persons with lumbar spondylosis 相似文献
14.
Won-gyu Yoo 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2013,25(10):1357-1358
[Purpose] The purpose of this paper is to report the effect of individual strengthening
exercises for the anterior pelvic tilt muscles on back pain, pelvic tilt angle, and lumbar
ROM of a low back pain (LBP) patient with flat back. [Subject] A 37 year-old male, who
complained of LBP pain at L3-5 levels with flat back, participated. [Methods] He performed
the individual strengthening exercises for anterior pelvic tilt muscles (erector
spinae,iliopsoas, rectus femoris). [Results] Pelvic tilt angles of the right and left
sides were recovered to normal ranges. His lumbar ROMs increased, and low back pain
decreased. [Conclusion] We suggest that individual resistance exercises are a necessary
approach for effective and fast strengthening of pelvic anterior tilt muscles in LBP with
flat back.Key words: Anterior pelvic tilt, Flat back syndrome, LBP 相似文献
15.
Jeheon Moon Insik Shin Myoungsoo Kang Yeonghun Kim Kunwoo Lee Jaewoo Park Kyungnam Kim Daehie Hong Dohoon Koo David O'sullivan 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2013,25(10):1299-1301
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in muscle activation
patterns of the biceps brachii (BB) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles, while
measuring the resultant force (RF) at different shoulder flexion angles. [Subjects]
Thirteen healthy males (age 24.85±3.4 years, weight; 77.8±7.9 kg; height, 1.7±0.05 m) were
enrolled in this study. [Methods] The resultant force was measured by a force transducer .
The elbow angle remained constant and the flexion shoulder angle was changed (30°, 45°,
60°, 75° and 90°). [Results] The results of the surface EMG show the largest muscle
activities occurred at a shoulder flexion of 75° for BB and 90° for FCR. The largest
resultant force was measured at a shoulder flexion angle of 75°. We conclude, that when
performing the biceps curl exercise using an arm curl machine, the shoulder should be
flexed at 75° to maximize the focus of the exercise for the BB. [Conclusion] These results
are useful from the perspective of design as they highlight the differences in the muscle
activation of BB and FCR with postural change. Ultimately this knowledge can be used in
the design of rehabilitation training for the shoulder as they show that posture can
affect muscle activation. 相似文献
16.
[Purpose] This study compared the effects of sling exercises with and without vibration
on the muscular activity of the internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominis (RA), multifidus
(MF), and erector spinae (ES) muscles of healthy adults. [Methods] Eleven healthy
university students (11 men) with a mean age of 22.8 years were enrolled in this study.
Subjects performed supine and prone bridge exercises with the knees flexed using a sling
suspension system with and without vibration. The amplitudes of the EMG activities of
selected trunk muscles (internal oblique, rectus abdominis, erector spinae, multifidus)
were recorded. Two types of exercise conditions were executed in a random sequence for 5
seconds each. The signals detected from the middle 3 seconds (after discarding the signals
of the first and the last one seconds) were used in the analysis. A 3-minute break was
given after each exercise to minimize muscle fatigue. [Results] During the supine bridge
exercise with vibration, the activities of the IO, RA, MF, and ES muscles were
significantly higher than those of the supine bridge exercise without vibration.
Additionally, during the prone bridge exercise with vibration, the activities of the IO,
RA, MF, and ES were significantly higher than those of the prone bridge exercise without
vibration. [Conclusion] Sling exercises with vibration improved the trunk muscle
activities of healthy adults compared to the sling exercises without vibration. The
information presented here is important for clinicians who use lumbar stabilization
exercises as an evaluation tool or a rehabilitation exercise.Key words: Sling exercise, Vibration, Trunk muscle 相似文献
17.
[Purpose] This study compared the activity of trunk and hip muscles during different
degrees of lumbar and hip extension. [Subjects] The study enrolled 18 participants.
[Methods] Two exercises (hip and lumbar extension) and two ranges (180° and <180°) were
studied. [Results] Differences in degree of extension affected the percentage maximal
voluntary isometric contraction of the lumbar erector spinae and biceps femoris muscles,
with significantly higher average values at >180° than at 180° lumbar extension. No
significant differences were found in gluteus maximus activity according to exercise type
or range. [Conclusion] Hip extension may be more effective and safer for lumbar
rehabilitation than lumbar extension.Key words: EMG, Hip extension, Lumbar extension 相似文献
18.
Taewook Kang Youngjoon Seo Jaehoon Park Eunseok Dong Byungdo Seo Dongwook Han 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2013,25(9):1133-1136
[Purpose] This research investigated the effect of angular variation of flexion of the
elbow joint on the muscle activation of elbow flexor muscles. [Subjects] The research
subjects were 24 male college students with a dominant right hand who had no surgical or
neurological disorders and gave their prior written consent to participation with full
knowledge of the method and purpose of this study. [Methods] The subjects'' shoulder joints
stayed in the resting position, and the elbow joint was positioned at angles of 55°, 70°,
and 90°. The angle between the pulley with weights and forearm stayed at 90°. Surface
electromyography was used to measure muscle activities. Three measurements were made at
each elbow angle, and every time the angle changed, two minutes rest was given. [Result]
The muscle activities of the elbow flexors showed significant changes with change in the
elbow joint angle, except for the biceps brachii activities between the angles of 55° and
70° of elbow flexion. The muscle activities of the biceps brachii and brachioradialis
showed angle-related changes in the order of 55°, which showed the biggest value, followed
by 70° and 90°. [Conclusion] In order to improve muscle strength of the elbow flexor using
a pulley system, it seems more effective to have a 90° angle between the pulley with
weights and the forearm when the muscle is stretched to a length 20% greater than its
resting position.Key words: Pulley with weight exercise, Joint angle, Muscle activation 相似文献
19.
[Purpose] This study investigated and compared the discomfort experienced during car
egress with the car door opened at different angles and muscle activation in drivers with
hemiplegia following stroke and non-disabled drivers. [Subjects and Methods] The
participants were five drivers with hemiplegia and five non-disabled drivers. The
discomfort experienced during car egress was measured using the nine-point Likert scale
when the door was opened wide and when it was opened 45°. Muscle activation was measured
using the TeleMyo 2400T G2 electromyography system. Electromyograph electrodes were placed
on the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris muscles. [Results] In the
non-disabled drivers, there was no significant difference in the discomforts they
experienced during car egress when the door was opened wide and when it was opened 45°.
However, the discomfort experienced by drivers with hemiplegia when the door was opened
45° was significantly higher than that experienced when it was opened wide. There was a
significant difference in the activation of the erector spinae, but no difference in the
activation of the rectus abdominis or rectus femoris muscles. [Conclusion] This study will
help to understand the difficulties experienced by drivers with hemiplegia following
stroke during car ingress and egress.Key words: Car egress, Driving, Muscle activation 相似文献
20.
Sang-Yeol Lee Seon-Chill Kim Myoung-Hee Lee Young-Ik Lee 《Journal of Physical Therapy Science》2013,25(10):1231-1233
[Purpose] This study aims to improve the safety for caregivers and avoid musculoskeletal
diseases by examining the shoulder and trunk muscle activity depending on wheelchair
handle height as the caregiver provides propulsion to a wheelchair for wheelchair-bound
patients. [Subjects] The participants were caregivers who met the criteria for this study
(n=30). [Methods] To determine the activity of the shoulder and trunk muscles of
caregivers depending on the handle height, the muscle activity was measured as a
wheelchair was being pushed under three height conditions. [Results] According to the
study results, the deltoid middle fiber, serratus anterior muscle, rhomboid muscle, and
erector spinalis of lumbar part showed significantly low muscle activity at a height that
produced an elbow joint flexion angle of 30°. Caregivers are highly likely to develop
musculoskeletal disease if the handle height is excessively low. In addition, the burden
on the shoulder and back muscles can be reduced at heights that lead to flexion of 30°.
[Conclusions] As a caregiver pushes a wheelchair, the handle height has a close
relationship with the burden on the shoulder and back muscles. If the handle height is
excessively low, the caregiver is highly likely to develop musculoskeletal disease.Key words: Caregiver, Muscle activation, Wheelchair handle height 相似文献