Complex decongestive physical therapy and low-level laser therapy for the treatment of pediatric congenital lymphedema: a case report

[Purpose] We report the case of a pediatric patient with congenital lymphedema treated with complex decongestive physical therapy and low-level laser therapy. [Subjects and Methods] The patient was a 2 year-old girl who had lymphedema in the left upper limb since birth. Complex decongestive physical therapy and low-level laser therapy were administered for 7 sessions. [Results] The circumferences of the middle of the forearm, elbow joint, wrist, and hand of the left upper limb decreased 0.5, 3, 0.5, and 2 cm, respectively. The moisture content of the left upper limb decreased 70 mL (6.66%), while moisture ratio increased by 0.007%. [Conclusion] Complex decongestive physical therapy and low-level laser therapy are effective for reducing lymphedema in pediatric patients.Key words: Lymphedema, Complex decongestive physical therapy, Low-level laser therapy     

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the modulation of the mitochondrial activity of macrophages

BACKGROUND:

Macrophages play a major role among the inflammatory cells that invade muscle tissue following an injury. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has long been used in clinical practice to accelerate the muscle repair process. However, little is known regarding its effect on macrophages.

OBJECTIVE:

This study evaluated the effect of LLLT on the mitochondrial activity (MA) of macrophages.

METHOD:

J774 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon - gamma (IFN-γ) (activation) for 24 h to simulate an inflammatory process, then irradiated with LLLT using two sets of parameters (780 nm; 70 mW; 3 J/cm² and 660 nm; 15 mW; 7.5 J/cm²⁾. Non-activated/non-irradiated cells composed the control group. MA was evaluated by the cell mitochondrial activity (MTT) assay (after 1, 3 and 5 days) in three independent experiments. The data were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS:

After 1 day of culture, activated and 780 nm irradiated macrophages showed lower MA than activated macrophages, but activated and 660 nm irradiated macrophages showed MA similar to activated cells. After 3 days, activated and irradiated (660 nm and 780 nm) macrophages showed greater MA than activated macrophages, and after 5 days, the activated and irradiated (660 nm and 780 nm) macrophages showed similar MA to the activated macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results show that 660 nm and 780 nm LLLT can modulate the cellular activation status of macrophages in inflammation, highlighting the importance of this resource and of the correct determination of its parameters in the repair process of skeletal muscle.     

Effect of low-level laser therapy on postoperative endodontic pain: An updated systematic review

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment.MethodsThe PICOS strategy was used to identify randomized clinical trials comparing low-level laser therapy and mock laser therapy to manage postoperative pain after endodontic treatment, retreatment, and endodontic surgery. An electronic search was performed in MEDLINE through PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus and Cochrane Library, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias. The quality of evidence was rated on the basis of the GRADE approach.ResultsTwelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Within the 12 studies, 7 articles were classified as “low risk of bias,” 4 studies were considered “unclear risk of bias” and 1 study was considered "high risk of bias." Six studies evaluated the postoperative pain after primary root canal treatment, two studies after root canal retreatment and four after periapical surgery. Most of the studies reported significantly less postoperative pain after LLLT in different time periods; two studies found no differences. The certainty of evidence was classified as low and very low to treatment / retreatment and endodontic surgery, respectively.ConclusionsBased on the limited quality evidence, most of the included studies reported significantly less postoperative pain after LLLT. However, the lack of standardization in laser parameters, use of medications and the certainty of evidence classified as low and very low indicate the need for further studies.     

Comparing the effects of minimal handling protocols on the physiological parameters of preterm infants receiving exogenous surfactant therapy

Background

The practice of minimal handling is recommended for preterm infants (PTIs). However, few studies have investigated the effects of this practice among these infants or the time needed to ensure greater physiological stability, especially after exogenous surfactant treatments.

Objective

The current study compared the effects of two protocols of minimal handling on the physiological variables of PTIs after surfactant therapy.

Method

An exploratory prospective observational study was performed with 40 PTIs weighing less than 1,500 g. The infants were divided into two groups and monitored for 72 hours. One group received the standard minimal handling procedure during the first 12 hours after surfactant therapy; the other group (i.e., the modified group) received minimal handling within 72 hours after surfactant therapy. Infant heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the adverse events associated with changes to these variables were monitored every 10 minutes.

Results

Significant between-group differences were not found with regard to the occurrence of the adverse events associated with physiological changes (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The practice of minimal handling among very low birth weight infants did not alter their physiological stability when performed either 12 or 72 hours after surfactant therapy.     

Initial effects of low-level laser therapy on growth and differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells

Low-level laser therapy is a clinically well established tool for enhancement of wound healing. In vitro studies have also shown that low level laser therapy has a biostimulatory effect on cells of different origin. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the initial effect of low-level laser therapy on growth and differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells. SaOS-2 cells were irradiated with laser doses of 1 J/cm2 and 2 J/cm2 using a diode laser with 670 nm wave length and an output power of 400 mW. Untreated cells were used as controls. At 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post irradiation, cells were collected and assayed for viability of attached cells and alkaline phosphatase specific activity. In addition, mRNA expression levels of osteopontin and collagen type I were assessed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Over the observation period, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteopontin and collagen type I mRNA were slightly enhanced in cells irradiated with 1 J/cm2 compared with untreated control cells. Increasing the laser dose to 2 J/cm2 reduced cell viability during the first 48 h and resulted in persistently lower alkaline phosphatase activity compared with the other two groups. The expression of osteopontin and collagen type I mRNA slightly decreased with time in untreated controls and cells irradiated with 1 J/cm2, but their expression was increased by treatment with 2 J/cm2 after 72 h. These results indicate that low-level laser therapy has a biostimulatory effect on human osteoblast-like cells during the first 72 h after irradiation. Further studies are needed to determine the potential of low-level laser therapy as new treatment concept in bone regeneration.     

Comparison of different en bloc holmium laser enucleation of the prostate techniques to reduce the rate of postoperative transient urinary incontinence

ObjectiveTo investigate postoperative risk factors for transient urinary incontinence (TUI) after different en bloc holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) techniques.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 169 consecutive patients who underwent HoLEP using the original en bloc technique (n = 41), en bloc with early mucosal strip detachment technique (n = 72), and three horseshoe-shaped incisions technique (n = 56) to treat bladder outlet obstruction from January 2017 to October 2019. Preoperative variables and surgical quality indexes were compared between the groups. TUI was defined as any hygienic or social problem caused by involuntary loss of urine at 2 weeks postoperatively. The postvoid residual urine volume, maximum urinary flow rate, and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) were assessed.ResultsAmong all three techniques, the three horseshoe-shaped incisions technique was significantly associated with the lowest incidence of TUI and the lowest IPSS. Although not statistically significant, the three horseshoe-shaped incisions group also showed a trend toward a faster enucleation time. No life-threatening intraoperative complications occurred in any group.ConclusionUse of three horseshoe-shaped incisions in en bloc HoLEP prevented urethral sphincter damage with a low rate of postoperative TUI. Further long-term, multicenter comparative assessment is required.Research Registry number: 6848     

Tissue and wound healing effects of short duration postoperative oxygen therapy

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 28% oxygen given in the first 36 hours after surgery on tissue oxygen, collagen deposition, and clinical healing outcomes. Twenty-four subjects having cervical spine surgical procedures participated in a randomized, repeated-measures pilot study of tissue and healing effects of postoperative supplemental oxygen. The treatment group (n = 13) received 28% oxygen for the first 36 postoperative hours, whereas the control group (n = 11) was maintained on room air. Subcutaneous tissue oxygen and temperature were measured at intervals up to 36 hours postsurgery. Wound healing was evaluated by hydroxyproline content in a subcutaneous polytetrafluoroethylene tube removed on the 7th postoperative day. Clinical outcomes were evaluated for the 30 days post-hospital discharge. Subjects in the treatment group had significantly higher tissue oxygen tension overall, and at postoperative hours 1, 2, 18, and 36, with mean values 10 to 20 mm Hg higher than control subjects. Significant differences were not found in hydroxyproline levels or clinical wound outcome measures. Low level, short duration, supplemental oxygen increased and sustained wound tissue oxygen and was well tolerated by subjects. Larger studies of populations at risk for wound complications are needed to investigate variables of dose and duration of oxygen therapy in relation to clinical and cellular wound healing outcomes.     

槲皮素壳聚糖溶液的抗炎镇痛作用

背景：前期实验发现槲皮素壳聚糖膜对口腔溃疡有明显治疗作用。目的：验证槲皮素壳聚糖溶液的抗炎镇痛作用。方法：设计3组实验,均将SD大鼠或昆明小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组、壳聚糖对照组与实验组。①角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀实验：将各组大鼠双足分别浸泡在生理盐水、冰硼散溶液、壳聚糖溶液、槲皮素壳聚糖溶液中,再进行角叉菜胶足部注射。②巴豆油致小鼠耳郭肿胀实验：在各组大鼠耳部分别涂抹上述药物,再进行巴豆油耳部涂抹。③热板法致疼痛实验：在各组大鼠足底分别涂抹上述药物,涂抹前后行热板刺激实验。结果与结论：与模型组比较,实验组可明显抑制大鼠足部、耳部肿胀及足部疼痛（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,提高痛阈值和镇痛百分率（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,且效果优于阳性对照组与壳聚糖对照组。证明槲皮素壳聚糖溶液具有明显的抗炎镇痛作用。     

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of laser therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The clinical and laboratory findings were examined of 10 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with a first applied technique of intravenous irradiation of the circulating blood with helium-neon laser combined with external irradiation of the inflamed joints. A distinct antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant effect was attained in all the RA patients. In 80% of the test subjects, the rheumatoid blood factor reduced to 1:20 titres. The treatment method did not cause any side effects or complications and shortened the time of the patients' stay at hospital.     

He—Ne激光和弱CO2激光照射加速骨折愈合的比较

背景：弱激光的生物刺激作用已被许多实验研究及临床应用证实，其作用表现在促进组织修复、镇痛、抗炎等方面。 目的：观察He-Ne激光和小剂量CO2激光照射对骨折愈合的作用。 设计：随机对照动物实验。 单位：承德医学院激光医学研究室。 材料：选择健康雄性新西兰白兔48只，体质量2．0～2．5k。 方法：实验于1998／2003在承德医学院激光医学研究室完成。①将48只新西兰白兔左桡骨造成实验性骨折，将之分为3组，每组16只，其中一组为对照组，另外两组分别接受28mW／cm^2的He-Ne激光照射（He-Ne组）及150mW／cm^2的CO2激光照射（CO2组），1次／d，10min／次，直接照射骨折部位。②骨折后15d和30d拍摄X射线片后分批处死动物。取出实验骨，对15d的实验骨，测定骨痂中的钙与胶原含量。对35d的实验骨，测定生物力学抗扭性能。 主要观察指标：①各组X射线片观察结果。②各组骨痂中胶原与钙的含量。③各组生物力学抗扭强度测试结果。 结果：45只进入结果分析。①骨折后15d，CO2组及He-Ne组的X射线片、骨痂中的胶原及钙含量均优于对照组，且CO2组骨痂中的胶原及钙含量高于He-Ne组[（341.9&;#177;30．1）比（302．1&;#177;28．7）mg／g，（197．1&;#177;19．7）比（156．5&;#177;17.6）mg／g，P〈0．05]。②骨折后35d，CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射组的生物力学抗扭性能均优于对照组，两个照射组之间的差异无显著性。③两个时间得到的X射线片的结果显示CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射组均优于对照组，两个照射组之间的差异无显著性。 结论：CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射均促进了骨折愈合，且在骨折后15d时，CO2激光照射的作用效果显著优于He-Ne激光照射，而在骨折后35d时，从临床意义上讲，其差异无显著性。     

He-Ne激光和弱CO2激光照射加速骨折愈合的比较

背景:弱激光的生物刺激作用已被许多实验研究及临床应用证实,其作用表现在促进组织修复、镇痛、抗炎等方面。目的:观察He-Ne激光和小剂量CO2激光照射对骨折愈合的作用。设计:随机对照动物实验。单位:承德医学院激光医学研究室。材料:选择健康雄性新西兰白兔48只,体质量2.0～2.5kg。方法:实验于1998/2003在承德医学院激光医学研究室完成。①将48只新西兰白兔左桡骨造成实验性骨折,将之分为3组,每组16只,其中一组为对照组,另外两组分别接受28mW/cm2的He-Ne激光照射(He-Ne组)及150mW/cm2的CO2激光照射(CO2组),1次/d,10min/次,直接照射骨折部位。②骨折后15d和30d拍摄X射线片后分批处死动物。取出实验骨,对15d的实验骨,测定骨痂中的钙与胶原含量。对35d的实验骨,测定生物力学抗扭性能。主要观察指标:①各组X射线片观察结果。②各组骨痂中胶原与钙的含量。③各组生物力学抗扭强度测试结果。结果:45只进入结果分析。①骨折后15d,CO2组及He-Ne组的X射线片、骨痂中的胶原及钙含量均优于对照组,且CO2组骨痂中的胶原及钙含量高于He-Ne组犤(341.9±30.1)比(302.1±28.7)mg/g,(197.1±19.7)比(156.5±17.6)mg/g,P<0.05犦。②骨折后35d,CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射组的生物力学抗扭性能均优于对照组,两个照射组之间的差异无显著性。③两个时间得到的X射线片的结果显示CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射组均优于对照组,两个照射组之间的差异无显著性。结论:CO2激光及He-Ne激光照射均促进了骨折愈合,且在骨折后15d时,CO2激光照射的作用效果显著优于He-Ne激光照射,而在骨折后35d时,从临床意义上讲,其差异无显著性。     

The effects of very early mirror therapy on functional improvement of the upper extremity in acute stroke patients

[Purpose] The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a very early mirror therapy program on functional improvement of the upper extremity in acute stroke patients. [Subjects] Eight stroke patients who were treated in an acute neurology unit were included in the study. [Methods] The patients were assigned alternatively to either the mirror therapy group receiving mirror therapy and neurodevelopmental treatment or the neurodevelopmental treatment only group. The primary outcome measures were the upper extremity motor subscale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Motricity Index upper extremity score, and the Stroke Upper Limb Capacity Scale. Somatosensory assessment with the Ayres Southern California Sensory Integration Test, and the Barthel Index were used as secondary outcome measures. [Results] No statistically significant improvements were found for any measures in either group after the treatment. In terms of minimally clinically important differences, there were improvements in Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Barthel Index in both mirror therapy and neurodevelopmental treatment groups. [Conclusion] The results of this pilot study revealed that very early mirror therapy has no additional effect on functional improvement of upper extremity function in acute stroke patients. Multicenter trials are needed to determine the results of early application of mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation.Key words: Acute stroke, Mirror therapy, Upper extremity     

Effect of low-level laser therapy (808 nm) on skeletal muscle after endurance exercise training in rats

BACKGROUND:

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to be effective in optimizing skeletal muscle performance in animal experiments and in clinical trials. However, little is known about the effects of LLLT on muscle recovery after endurance training.

OBJECTIVE:

This study evaluates the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) applied after an endurance training protocol on biochemical markers and morphology of skeletal muscle in rats.

METHOD:

Wistar rats were divided into control group (CG), trained group (TG), and trained and laser irradiated group (TLG). The endurance training was performed on a treadmill, 1 h/day, 5 days/wk, for 8 wk at 60% of the maximal speed reached during the maximal effort test (Tmax) and laser irradiation was applied after training.

RESULTS:

Both trained groups showed significant increase in speed compared to the CG. The TLG demonstrated a significantly reduced lactate level, increased tibialis anterior (TA) fiber cross-section area, and decreased TA fiber density. Myogenin expression was higher in soleus and TA muscles in both trained groups. In addition, LLLT produced myogenin downregulation in the TA muscle of trained animals.

CONCLUSION:

These results suggest that LLLT could be an effective therapeutic approach for stimulating recovery during an endurance exercise protocol.     

The short-term effects of low-level laser therapy in the management of breast-cancer-related lymphedema

Background  

Breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic disease, and currently there is no definitive treatment for it. There are some therapeutic interventions targeted to decrease the limb swelling and the associated problems. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in the treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema since 2007 in the US. The aim of this study is to review our short-term experience with LLLT in the treatment of BCRL.     

Low power laser therapy and analgesic action

OBJECTIVE: The semiconductor or laser diode (GaAs, 904 nm) is the most appropriate choice in pain reduction therapy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Low-power density laser acts on the prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, increasing the change of PGG2 and PGH2 into PG12 (also called prostacyclin, or epoprostenol). The last is the main product of the arachidonic acid into the endothelial cells and into the smooth muscular cells of vessel walls, that have a vasodilating and anti-inflammatory action. METHODS: Treatment was performed on 372 patients (206 women and 166 men) during the period between May 1987 and January 1997. The patients, whose ages ranged from 25 to 70 years, with a mean age of 45 years, suffered from rheumatic, degenerative, and traumatic pathologies as well as cutaneous ulcers. The majority of patients had been seen by orthopedists and rheumatologists and had undergone x-ray examination. All patients had received drug-based treatment and/or physiotherapy with poor results; 5 patients had also been irradiated with He:Ne and CO2 lasers. Two-thirds were experiencing acute symptomatic pain, while the others suffered long-term pathology with recurrent crises. We used a pulsed diode laser, GaAs 904 nm wavelength once per day for 5 consecutive days, followed by a 2-day interval. The average number of applications was 12. We irradiated the trigger points, access points to the joint, and striated muscles adjacent to relevant nerve roots. RESULTS: We achieved very good results, especially in cases of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the cervical vertebrae, sport-related injuries, epicondylitis, and cutaneous ulcers, and with cases of osteoarthritis of the coxa. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with 904-nm diode laser has substantially reduced the symptoms as well as improved the quality of life of these patient, ultimately postponing the need for surgery.     

The effects of virtual reality game exercise on balance and gait of the elderly

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ball exercise as a general exercise on the balance abilities of elderly individuals by comparing ball exercise with virtual reality exercise. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty elderly individuals residing in communities were randomly divided into a virtual reality game group and a ball exercise group and conducted exercise for 30 min 3 times a week for 8 weeks. [Results] Step length increased significantly, and the average sway speed and Timed Up and Go time significantly decreased in both groups. A comparison of sway length after the intervention between the two groups revealed that the virtual reality game exercise resulted in a reduction than the ball exercise. [Conclusion] The results of this study indicated that the virtual reality game exercise may improve balance and gait of elderly individuals in communities.Key words: Elderly, Balance, Virtual reality exercise     

The effects of horse-riding simulator exercise and Kendall exercise on the forward head posture

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the effects of horse-riding simulator exercise and Kendall exercise on forward head posture. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty elderly college students with a forward head posture were randomly divided into two groups for 15 persons each, a horse-riding simulator group and Kendall exercise group, and performed exercise for eight weeks. [Results] The horse-riding simulator group and Kendall exercise group showed significant differences after the intervention in New York state posture rating, craniovertebral angle, and cranial rotation angle. The horse-riding simulator group showed a significantly smaller value than the Kendall exercise group for New York state posture rating evaluation after the intervention. [Conclusion] The results of this study indicate that horse-riding simulator exercise is more effective on forward head posture than Kendall exercise. Therefore, horse-riding simulator exercise can be used as a new simple treatment method for the ever-growing forward head posture.Key words: Neck pain, Posture, Horse-riding simulator     

粉萆薢水提物的抗炎镇痛作用

目的：通过尿酸钠致小鼠、大鼠足肿胀实验和小鼠温浴热致痛实验,观察粉萆薢水提物的抗炎镇痛作用.方法：实验于2002-10/2003-05在西安太明医药研究所完成.足肿胀实验采用40只小鼠和40只大鼠,各随机分成4组,分别灌服等体积的生理盐水,吲哚美辛混悬液0.13g/kg,粉萆薢水提物10 g/kg,20 g/kg的生药,小鼠和大鼠右后足垫部注射尿酸钠混悬液致炎,并于0.5,1,2,3,4,6 h测致炎肢距小腿关节（踝关节）处直径;镇痛作用40只小鼠随机分组,分组及给药情况同足肿胀实验,于末次给药后1,2 h将小鼠尾巴浸在45℃恒温水浴中,以放入恒温水浴中至甩尾所用时间为痛觉阈指标.结果：①粉萆薢水提物对尿酸钠所致小鼠、大鼠足肿的抑制作用：粉萆薜水提物10g/kg,20g/kg的生药浓度,在小鼠致炎后三四个小时,能明显的降低小鼠足肿胀程度,其作用强度同吲哚美辛[3 h生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆薢水提物10g/kg和20 g/kg组分别为（0.602&;#177;0.138）,（0.373&;#177;0.099）,（0.421&;#177;0.187）,（0.409&;#177;0.177）mm;4 h分别为（0.530&;#177;0.135）,（0.325&;#177;0.125）,（0.349&;#177;0.124）,（0.317&;#177;0.110）mm,P＜0.05或0.01];在大鼠致炎后3 h,能明显的降低大鼠足肿胀程度[生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆薢水提物10g/kg和20 g/kg组分别为（1.148&;#177;0.214）,（0.660&;#177;0.368）,（0.760&;#177;0.494）,（0.745&;#177;0.404）mm,P＜0.05或P＜0.01].②粉萆薜水提物对小鼠温浴法致痛的影响：粉萆薢水提物20g/kg的生药浓度在给药后1h,能显著延长温浴法所致小鼠尾部回缩反应的时间,提高痛阈值,其镇痛作用与吲哚美辛组相当[生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆薢水提物20g/kg组痛阈值分别为（8.19&;#177;2.83）,（14.68&;#177;4.58）,（12.90&;#177;4.85）s,P＜0.05或P＜0.01].结论：粉萆薢水提物能明显的降低小鼠和大鼠足肿胀程度,提高小鼠痛阈值,对尿酸钠所致的痛风性关节炎有一定的作用.     

粉萆薢水提物的抗炎镇痛作用

目的:通过尿酸钠致小鼠、大鼠足肿胀实验和小鼠温浴热致痛实验,观察粉萆水提物的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:实验于2002-10/2003-05在西安太明医药研究所完成。足肿胀实验采用40只小鼠和40只大鼠,各随机分成4组,分别灌服等体积的生理盐水,吲哚美辛混悬液0.13g/kg,粉萆水提物10g/kg,20g/kg的生药,小鼠和大鼠右后足垫部注射尿酸钠混悬液致炎,并于0.5,1,2,3,4,6h测致炎肢距小腿关节(踝关节)处直径;镇痛作用40只小鼠随机分组,分组及给药情况同足肿胀实验,于末次给药后1,2h将小鼠尾巴浸在45℃恒温水浴中,以放入恒温水浴中至甩尾所用时间为痛觉阈指标。结果:①粉萆水提物对尿酸钠所致小鼠、大鼠足肿的抑制作用:粉萆水提物10g/kg,20g/kg的生药浓度,在小鼠致炎后三四个小时,能明显的降低小鼠足肿胀程度,其作用强度同吲哚美辛[3h生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆水提物10g/kg和20g/kg组分别为(0.602±0.138),(0.373±0.099),(0.421±0.187),(0.409±0.177)mm;4h分别为(0.530±0.135),(0.325±0.125),(0.349±0.124),(0.317±0.110)mm,P<0.05或0.01];在大鼠致炎后3h,能明显的降低大鼠足肿胀程度[生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆水提物10g/kg和20g/kg组分别为(1.148±0.214),(0.660±0.368),(0.760±0.494),(0.745±0.404)mm,P<0.05或P<0.01]。②粉萆水提物对小鼠温浴法致痛的影响:粉萆水提物20g/kg的生药浓度在给药后1h,能显著延长温浴法所致小鼠尾部回缩反应的时间,提高痛阈值,其镇痛作用与吲哚美辛组相当[生理盐水组、吲哚美辛组、粉萆水提物20g/kg组痛阈值分别为(8.19±2.83),(14.68±4.58),(12.90±4.85)s,P<0.05或P<0.01]。结论:粉萆水提物能明显的降低小鼠和大鼠足肿胀程度,提高小鼠痛阈值,对尿酸钠所致的痛风性关节炎有一定的作用。     

Prevalence of low back pain and associated factors among farmers during the rice transplanting process

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain and associated factors in Thai rice farmers during the rice transplanting process. [Subjects and Methods] Three hundred and forty-four farmers, aged 20–59 years old, were asked to answer a questionnaire modified from the Standard Nordic Questionnaire (Thai version). The questionnaire sought demographic, back-related, and psychosocial data. [Results] The results showed that the prevalence of low back pain was 83.1%. Farmers younger than 45 years old who worked in the field fewer than six days were more likely to experience low back pain than those who worked for at least six days. Farmers with high stress levels were more likely to have low back pain. [Conclusion] In the rice transplanting process, the low back pain experienced by the farmers was associated with the weekly work duration and stress.Key words: Low back pain, Rice farmers, Rice transplanting process