复方积雪草防治局灶节段性肾小球硬化模型大鼠足细胞损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨复方积雪草对局灶节段性肾小球硬化(focal segmental glomerulo sclerosis,FSGS)模型大鼠足细胞裂孔膜蛋白nephrin、podocin表达的影响,阐述其延缓肾小球硬化的部分分子生物学机制。方法:采用左肾摘除+阿霉素重复静脉注射方法建立FSGS模型。复方组分别予高中低剂量复方积雪草膏剂灌胃;对照组予苯那普利混悬液;于第8周末留取24h尿蛋白定量,检测血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和血浆蛋白(Alb);留取右肾标本,光镜标本行HE染色;用免疫组化法观察裂孔膜蛋白nephrin和podocin表达;RT-PCR法检测肾组织nephrin和podocinmRNA表达。结果:各复方组24h尿蛋白定量及血Scr、BUN、TC、TG较模型组有显著改善,且与西药组疗效相似。RT-PCR及免疫组化结果显示模型组足细胞裂孔膜蛋白表达较正常组明显降低(P<0.05)。而各治疗组表达较模型组均有明显增加(P<0.05),且与正常组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:复方积雪草能通过上调模型大鼠肾小球内nephrin和podocin分子表达,减轻足细胞损伤,延缓肾小球硬化。     

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in a Patient with Large Bilateral Asymptomatic Adrenal Myelolipomas

Adrenal myelolipomas are rare benign tumors, usually discovered by chance in patients with hypertension, obesity or various endocrine disorders. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can occur as a primary disease or in a variety of secondary settings. So far, no association between the two conditions has been described. We report a case of a woman admitted for nephrotic syndrome, in which a coexistence of FSGS and bilateral large adrenal myelolipomas was revealed.     

槌果藤对局灶节段肾小球硬化鼠模型的治疗作用及作用机制的初步探讨

目的：探讨槌果藤对局灶节段肾小球硬化大鼠模型的治疗作用及作用机制。方法：通过左肾切除并阿霉素尾静脉注射的方法建立FSGS模型。按不同灌胃给药浓度将动物分为75g/L组（A组）、150g/L组（B组）、300g/L组（C组）、600g/L组（D组）,另两组分别为安慰剂对照组（E组）和假手术组（F组）。造模后4周给药,疗程4周。各组动物于治疗前后均分别测定24h尿蛋白定量、血常规、肾功能、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（Alb）、胆固醇（TC）水平。治疗后取D、E、F组肾组织抽提总RNA,杂交高密度cDNA芯片并分析结果。结果：各槌果藤煎剂组治疗后24h尿蛋白水平均较治疗前显著下降,其中又以D组下降程度最为显著（P〈0.05）。同时各治疗组治疗后血浆白蛋白均较治疗前有显著上升,血胆固醇、肌酐、尿素氮水平均较治疗前有显著降低,而各治疗组治疗前后血红蛋白、白细胞总数、血小板数和谷丙转氨酶水平均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。基因芯片检测结果显示与E组比较,D组有包括转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）受体、足细胞相关蛋白（Podocin）、纤维连接蛋白等与FSGS发生发展密切相关的基因表达具有统计学差异。结论：本实验中不同浓度的槌果藤煎剂对FSGS大鼠模型均有减少尿蛋白的作用,其中以600g/L组为最强。观察期内各组均未发现骨髓抑制、肝损害等副反应。槌果藤可能通过下调TNF-α受体、EGF受体、TGF-β1、PDGF、纤维连接蛋白、肾特异性膜蛋白、足细胞相关蛋白Podocin以及ILK的基因表达,上调锌指蛋白216以及硒蛋白的表达等起到免疫调节、抗氧化、抗纤维化作用,其确切作用机制需要进一步研究。     

Combination Treatment With Plasmapheresis and Rituximab for Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis After Renal Transplantation

Therapy for recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in the renal allograft is largely based on case reports. The use of plasmapheresis alone (based on its effectiveness in children) appears less effective in adults, reaching a response rate of <40%. Recently, rituximab, an anti‐CD20 monoclonal chimeric antibody, showed promising results as rescue therapy in plasmapheresis‐resistant recurrent FSGS. However, following rituximab administration, response is variable, often slow and consequently overlooked. We report a series of four cases of recurrent FSGS following renal transplantation successfully treated with a combination of plasmapheresis and rituximab. Complete remission of proteinuria occurred in two and partial remission in the other two patients whereas renal function improved or remained stable. During treatment and the follow‐up period (18–60 months) no severe infectious complications were observed. Our data suggest that the combination of plasmapheresis and rituximab is an acceptable treatment in patients with post‐transplantation recurrent FSGS.     

Rituximab Failed to Improve Nephrotic Syndrome in Renal Transplant Patients With Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) recurs in 30% of patients with FSGS receiving a first renal transplant and in over 80% of patients receiving a second transplant after a recurrence. Recurrence often leads to graft failure. The pathogenesis remains unknown and may involve a circulating permeability factor that initiates injury to the glomerular capillary. There are anecdotal reports of pediatric patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and recurrent FSGS who have had remission of proteinuria after treatment with rituximab. These observations have prompted speculation that B cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent FSGS. We report four consecutive adult patients with early recurrent FSGS refractory or dependent on plasmapheresis who received rituximab (total dose 2000–4200 mg). None of the patients treated with rituximab achieved remission in proteinuria, and one patient experienced early graft loss. In these four adult renal transplant patients with recurrent FSGS, rituximab failed to diminish proteinuria.     

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Kidney Resected for Renal Cell Carcinoma

A diagnosis of renal dysfunction is usually made on the basis of clinical, biochemical, radiologic, and renal tissue analysis. Accurate diagnosis often requires a renal biopsy, but that procedure is contraindicated in certain clinical circumstances, particularly in patients who have only one kidney. We describe a patient who previously had undergone left nephrectomy for a renal clear cell carcinoma, in whom the diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was made on retrospective analysis of remnant renal tissue from the patient’s nephrectomy specimen.     

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Associated with Idiopathic Myelofibrosis

A patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis with nephrotic syndrome is reported. Seven months after the initial diagnosis of myelofibrosis, the patient was presented with dyspnea, generalized edema, heavy proteinuria, massive pleural effusion, and ascites. Renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. After starting immunosuppressive therapy consisting of cyclosporine and steroids, his renal function and proteinuria improved and transfusion requirements decreased.     

98例特发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化的临床病理分析

目的：探讨温州地区特发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）的临床病理及流行病学特点。方法：对1993年2月～2007年9月间经我院肾内科病理室诊断的98例特发性FSGS进行回顾性总结,分析其临床表现、肾活检组织形态学及流行病学特点,进行临床与病理联系分析。结果：（1）98例特发性FSGS以20岁～45岁为发病高峰年龄（占59.1%）,占同期原发性肾小球疾病的3.6%及原发性肾病综合征的4.3%。（2）临床表现以肾病综合征（NS）最常见,占43例（43.9%）,发病时常并发高血压（49.0%）和慢性肾衰竭（35.7%）。肾衰竭组的肾病范围蛋白尿发生率、高血压的发生率及血尿酸水平明显高于肾功能正常组（P〈0.05）。（3）主要病理特征：76.5%患者伴有不同程度的肾小球球性硬化,其中球性硬化比例≥25%者占36.7%;82.7%患者伴不同程度的慢性肾小管间质病变,其中Ⅱ～Ⅲ级占15.3%。肾衰竭者Ⅱ～Ⅲ级肾小管间质病变比例较肾功能正常者高（28.6%vs10.0%,P〈0.05）。（4）肾小球球性硬化的比例与血清肌酐值、病程及年龄呈正相关（P〈0.05）,肾小管间质病变程度与Ccr呈负相关（P〈0.05）。球性硬化比例与肾小管间质病变程度呈正相关（P〈0.01）。结论：特发性FSGS在占本地区同期肾活检原发性肾小球疾病的3.6%,该病常并发高血压和慢性肾衰竭,病理上常见明显的肾小球球性硬化及慢性肾小管间质损害,慢性肾小管间质病变是影响患者预后的重要因素。     

New Insights into the Pathogenesis and the Therapy of Recurrent Focal Glomerulosclerosis

Recurrent focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in renal allografts has remained a frustrating and enigmatic disease. Recent studies on gene mutations encoding podocin and other components of the slit-diaphragm in patients with native kidney nephrotic syndrome have underscored the heterogenecity of the idiopathic form of FSGS. While familial FSGS rarely recurs following transplantation, the sporadic variety of FSGS is associated with a 30% recurrence rate. The patients with the sporadic variety of FSGS who have homozygous or complex heterozygous podocin mutations have a low recurrence rate. In the other patients with sporadic FSGS, a more complex and likely multifactorial etiology accounts for the recurrence of FSGS. The role of CD80 expression on podocytes is intriguing but requires confirmation in kidney biopsies of patients with recurrent FSGS. Recent findings on podocin genomics, the permeability factor and CD80 expression may ultimately lead to a better understanding of recurrent FSGS as well as a more effective approach to its prevention and treatment.     

Strumpell's Disease in a Family with Hereditary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Strumpell's familial spastic paraplegia is a rare hereditary disease, clinically characterized by progressive disturbance of gait. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a frequent glomerulopathy, with an extremely rare familial subtype. The cases of two brothers with Strumpell's disease are reported, who also developed glomerular renal disease, most probably familial FSGS. The genetics of the two disorders, Strumpell's paraplegia and familial FSGS, are discussed, together with the possibility of a parallel transmission.     

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Over the last 2 decades, we have learnt that focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a ubiquitous phenomenon underlying the progressive deterioration of many different types of renal diseases in both pediatric and adult populations. FSGS may also be the primary renal lesion, whether in new disease entities such as glycogen storage disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection, or in idiopathic FSGS. Although the mechanism which triggers the development of primary FSGS still remains unknown, laboratory and clinical studies have identified several key pathophysiological events leading to end-stage renal disease. While therapeutic modalities have not changed remarkably, a recent study, although uncontrolled, demonstrated an impressive efficacy of intravenous steroid pulse therapy in inducing remission. Nevertheless, it remains largely unknown whether such a forced remission decreases the overall risk of developing chronic renal failure. Studies have revealed an important pathophysiological role of angiotensin and the therapeutic efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in progressive loss of renal function in diseases where glomerulosclerosis is secondary; however, it remains to be verified whether these results hold true in primary FSGS. As a result of the improvement in allograft survival rate, the benefit of renal transplant outweighs the risk of recurrence of FSGS, hence transplantation continues to be a vital therapy for FSGS patients who have reached renal failure. Thus, FSGS is not one disease, but rather a range of lesions seen in many settings. The type of lesions and the patient's unique genetic factors contribute to prognosis, and also may dictate choice of optimum therapy.     

原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化的中西医结合个体化治疗的疗效观察

目的 :研究中西医结合个体化治疗原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (pFSGS)的疗效。方法 :对 30例经肾活检术确诊为 pFSGS的患者根据不同个体采用中西医结合个体化治疗方案 ,供选择药物有 :强的松 (Pred)、雷公藤多甙片 (T1)、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)、环磷酰胺 (CTX)、非甾体类消炎药 (NsAID)、益肾通络方 (黄芪、首乌、金樱子、积雪草、桃仁、制军 )等。以 15例未按上述正规治疗的患者作对照。结果 :治疗观察 (33.5 8± 2 0 .6 7)月 ,治疗组完全缓解 16例 (5 3.33% ) ,显效 8例 (2 6 .6 7% ) ,有效 5例 (16 .6 7% ) ,无效 1例 (3.33% ) ,其中 10例肾衰竭的患者 ,治后 8例恢复正常。对照组未见临床缓解或显效 ,仅 7例有效 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :中西医结合个体化治疗pFSGS的疗效明显优于对照组