脑微出血的研究进展

<正>脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)在90年代由Scharf等首次报道,属于脑小血管疾病的影像学表现之一,但健康老年人的磁共振影像上也常常可以发现CMBs。CMBs常常伴随脑白质病变、颅内出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)和缺血性卒中[1-4]。已有报道CMBs与其他脑小血管病,如脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)和高血压性血管病等存     

脑出血研究新进展

1 概述 脑出血（ICH）是一种源于脑实质内血管的急性、自发性出血。ICH分为原发性和继发性ICH。导致原发性脑出血的最主要的危险因素是高血压和淀粉样脑血管病。其中高血压是ICH最重要的独立预测因素，大约60％～70％的原发ICH患者有高血压。淀粉样脑血管病（CAA）常常引起脑叶型ICH，并且易于复发，约15％患者存在CAA。在欧美国家，脑出血患者占所有卒中患者的10％～15％，在亚洲地区，其占所有卒中患者的20％～30％。我国出血性脑卒中占全部卒中患者的21％～48％，发病后1个月内病死率高达30％～50％，存活者中超过30％遗留神经功能障碍。[第一段]     

脑小血管病和脑微循环研究进展

脑小血管病（cerebral s mall v essel d isease, C SVD）指由脑微循环（包括脑小血管或微血管） 的病理变化而引起的急性卒中、认知功能障碍等多种临床表现。脑微循环的动脉粥样硬化与栓塞、 内皮功能障碍与血脑屏障破坏、淀粉样蛋白沉积、血流低灌注及静脉胶原性疾病与其发病机制密切 相关,并为其治疗提供了新的策略。脑小血管病的明确诊断依赖组织活检,但此时常常是疾病的终末 期,且组织病理难以获得,故临床上主要依靠神经影像学来获得诊断。本文就脑小血管病的临床表 现、分类、微循环相关性病理生理机制及临床微循环检查方法进行阐述,以期寻找脑小血管病新的 诊断与治疗策略。     

临床诊疗思维：反复卒中发作的中年女性——“不安分”脑小血管病1例

脑小血管病是一种常见的年龄相关疾病,影像学表现包括近期皮质下小梗死、腔隙、白质高信号、扩大的血管周围间隙、脑微出血和脑萎缩等。其病因机制多样,包括高血压小动脉硬化、脑淀粉样血管病、遗传性脑小血管病等,这种病因和临床表现的异质性限制了临床研究及治疗的进展。目前为止,针对脑小血管病二级预防研究仅皮质下小卒中的二级预防(Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes,SPS3)一项大型研究对小动脉病变相关卒中的二级预防进行了探索,其他研究多是亚组分析。     

脑小血管病与卒中防治的“异”与“同”

脑小血管病是由各种病因影响脑内小血管而导致一系列复杂且异质性较强的脑血管综合征。脑小血管病的症状多不明显,诊断主要依靠磁共振成像,根据神经影像学表现可分为近期皮质下小梗死、假定血管源性腔隙、假定血管源性脑白质高信号、血管周围间隙、脑微出血、脑皮质表面铁沉积、脑萎缩。目前脑小血管病的致病机制尚不清楚,也缺乏特殊治疗方法,考虑其与脑卒中在危险因素和组织病理学特征等方面存在相似性,故临床可借鉴卒中的防治方法,如降低血压、抗血小板等来进行脑小血管病的治疗,但由于二者存在一定的差异,卒中的治疗对脑小血管病来说并不完全适用,并且还需根据患者个体的情况综合评估。文章对脑小血管病与卒中防治的异同进行了综述。     

卒中后认知障碍预警因子的研究进展

卒中后认知障碍（PSCI）是指卒中后6个月内出现达到认知障碍诊断标准的一系列综合征,是血管性认知障碍的一种亚型。目前的研究认为,血清微小RNA、氧化应激因子、血清代谢物等生物学标志物,脑小血管病以及心房颤动、高血压、糖尿病等危险因素均可作为PSCI的预警因子。本文阐述了PSCI警示因子的研究进展,探讨了对这些警示因子的早期发现和早期干预的意义,并有望为预防和延缓卒中后认知障碍的发生和发展开启新思路。     

类“进行性核上性麻痹”表现的脑淀粉样血管病1例报道

进行性核上性麻痹（PSP）是由Steele等于1964年首先发现的一种少见的神经系统变性病,临床上主要表现为步态不稳、跌倒、轴性肌张力障碍、垂直性核上性眼肌麻痹、假性球麻痹和痴呆等,但有报道称血管性疾病也可呈现类PSP表现.脑淀粉样血管病（CAA）是淀粉样物质沉积在脑内血管导致症状性脑血管功能障碍的一种疾病,表现为自发性颅内出血、梗死、痴呆、癫苘等,但出现类PSP表现的病例极为少见,本研究报道1例临床诊断为类PSP表现的脑淀粉样血管病.     

脑淀粉样血管病1例尸检报道

目的 探讨脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血的临床表现和病理特点。方法 回顾性分析1例脑淀粉样血管病患者的临床表现，通过尸检观察病理改变。结果 脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血临床上呈复发性和多灶性，刚果红染色可见淀粉样物质沉积于血管壁。结论 对于临床上出现的复发性和多灶性的脑出血，尤其是脑叶出血，要警惕脑血管淀粉样变性的可能，脑活检刚果红染色可以协助诊断。     

脑淀粉样血管病变与脑微出血

脑淀粉样血管病（CAA）是造成血压正常的老年人自发性皮质．皮质下脑内出血的重要原因。由于很多病例无症状,对共诊断及预防受到很大限制。研究显示,脑微出血（CMB）和CAA的发生与预后密切相关,本研究仅对CAA与CMB的相关性做一综述。     

脑淀粉样血管病神经影像相关标志物研究进展

<正>脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是老年人自发性脑出血和认知功能障碍发生的主要原因[1]。通过血管淀粉样蛋白病理标本的检测或者神经影像学检查,再根据波士顿诊断标准进行判断,脑淀粉样血管病的诊断率逐渐提高[2]。如何提高人体活体诊断,其神经影像学标记物具有重要的临床意义,可以反映疾病进程及治疗     

Mental illness in England,in Scotland and in Scots living in England

Summary Beginning from the observation that Scots living in England have much higher rates of mental hospital admission than do the English, several hypotheses are proposed to account for this. Much of the excess in rates of mental illness is accounted for by those diagnosed as having alcohol-related disorders and behaviour and personality problems. The results of an examination of offical statistics in the two countries enabled some explanations to be offered. It was found that rates of admissions to mental hospitals are higher in Scotland than in England but not as high as those found among Scots migrants who have a much higher rate of readmission to hospitals than either of the other groups. In fact, if first admissions only are considered the rates of admission in Scotland are not only higher than rates for English natives but also higher than for Scottish migrants. It seems that Scots living in England are somewhat less likely to become mental patients than Scots in Scotland but that once they do achieve this status they are very much more likely to be readmitted on subsequent occasions. It was concluded that there might be two fairly distinct groups of migrants from Scotland to England who have different backgrounds, different reasons for migrating and different psychological characteristics. On the one hand there are stable, economically motivated migrants who move south for definite employment related reasons and who show few psychological symptoms. While on the other hand there is a group of migrants who perhaps have psychological problems and who move more in hope than expectation without definite prospects and who account for the high rates of mental hospital admission found in Scottish migrants.     

Prostacyclin release in the coronary circulation during sustained stimulation in in vitro and in in vivo experimental systems

Prostacyclin release from rat isolated perfused hearts and from dog coronary circulation was studied by measuring immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1a) in heart perfusate and in plasma obtained from the great cardiac vein respectively. Continuous infusion of arachidonic acid at constant concentration in isolated perfused hearts induced an increased prostacyclin release. This release showed a rapid peak within 10 min and a subsequent decrease. Low-flow ischemia induced an increased perfusate concentration of 6-keto-PGF1a but, considering the decreased flow, prostacyclin release was actually reduced. During the whole period of ischemia (60 min) prostacyclin release was constant. In open-chest anesthetized dogs 6-keto-PGF1a concentration in the great cardiac vein was increased after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. A prolonged period of coronary occlusion (4.5 hours) resulted in a progressive rise of prostacyclin release. 6-keto-PGF1a determinations in the femoral vein and in the aorta did not show relevant variations during the observation period.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

神经介入：回眸2022

<正>2022年,国际上公布了多项大型神经介入领域的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）结果,在血管内治疗（endovascular treatment,EVT）急性大血管闭塞（large vessel occlusion,LVO）适应证的扩展、药物治疗、管理,症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS）治疗,无症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗,     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.