在校大学生对超重肥胖的认知情况及减肥行为调查

目的了解在校大学生对超重肥胖的认知情况及减肥行为现状,为今后健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,在全国10个省市15所大学中随机选取2599名在校大学生作为调查对象,采用问卷调查的方法收集大学生对超重肥胖的认知及减肥行为等信息。结果男生的超重肥胖率（12.8%）明显高于女生（2.9%）;女生中体重过低的占34.6%,明显高于男生（12.1%）。33.2%的大学生采取过减肥措施,女生（43.5%）明显高于男生（23.6%）。51.5%减过肥的大学生采取的是＂适量运动＋控制饮食＂的减肥方式,但仍有29.1%主要靠＂节食＂来减肥,尤其是女生（33.0%）。有54.1%＂超重肥胖＂的大学生未采取过任何减肥措施,男生比例（57.5%）明显高于女生（37.1%）。有27.1%＂体重过低＂的大学生曾经减过肥,女生（31.4%）高于男生（15.9%）。在曾经减过肥的大学生中,只有11.2%的大学生处于超重肥胖,18.6%的大学生处于体重过低的情况,女生中这种情况更加严重。结论在校大学生对自身的超重肥胖有不正确认识,因关注程度不足而未采取任何减肥措施的现象在＂超重肥胖＂男生中非常突出;因过分追求体型消瘦而盲目减肥的现象在＂体重过轻＂女生中尤为突出。建议引导在校大学生进行科学健康的减肥,养成健康的生活方式。     

健身走和慢跑对超重肥胖男大学生减肥效果评价

分析健身走和慢跑对超重及肥胖大学生减肥效果,为超重和肥胖大学生日常体重控制提供实践参考.方法 将从安徽机电职业技术学院随机抽取的40名超重及肥胖男性大学生分成健身走组和慢跑组进行8周运动,5次/周,40 min/次,实验前后测量体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(PBF)及心肺功能(FC)等指标.结果 肥胖组在静息、运动状态下的各项指标均高于超重组(P值均<0.05).在运动状态下,慢跑组的心率、摄氧量、能量消耗均高于健身走组(P值均<0.05).健身走和慢跑对超重和肥胖组有显著影响,体重、PBF、BMI下降,FC上升(P值均<0.05).慢跑效果比健身走更加显著,超重组和肥胖组体重、PBF下降和FC增加均比健身走明显.结论 健身走和慢跑对超重和肥胖大学生均有减肥效果,但慢跑干预优于健身走.部分不太适合或不希望慢跑的人群可选择在健身走的基础上适当增加运动时间.     

健身肚皮舞处方对肥胖女大学生减肥效果评价

探讨健身肚皮舞运动处方对肥胖女大学生减肥效果,为科学开展肥胖女性运动减肥提供科学依据.方法 在广西民族大学校园以海报的形式招募符合我国肥胖判定标准(BMI≥28 kg/m2)的88名肥胖女大学生,随机分成对照组和实验组,每组44名.实验组进行4个月的健身肚皮舞运动,对照组按原来的方式生活、学习和工作.比较实验前后两组研究对象身体形态、身体功能、血液生化等指标的变化情况.结果 实验后,实验组身体形态指标、身体功能指标、血液生化指标与对照组相比(除身高外)差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).实验后,实验组44名肥胖女大学生有18名(40.9%)体重恢复到正常状态,有26名(59.1%)处于超重状态.结论 健身肚皮舞运动处方对肥胖女大学生身体形态、身体功能和血液生化指标具有明显改善作用.     

上海市民办高职院校学生体型自我认知及相关行为

了解上海市民办高职院校学生体型自我认知及不健康减肥行为现况,并分析两者的关系,为进一步制定健康教育计划提供依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样方法,抽取上海市3所民办高职院校学生1275名,采用卫生部中国疾病预防控制中心编制的“中国青少年健康危险行为监测问卷——大学生”进行现场调查.结果 高职学生对体型的自我认知与实际体型情况一致性差(Kappa=0.079);高职学生对体型的自我认知同不健康减肥行为呈负相关(r=-0.87);14.8%的男生和11.1%的女生有不健康减肥行为;不健康减肥行为的发生与性别、体型的自我认知、抑郁、孤独感和家庭结构有统计学关联(P值均<0.05).结论 青少年学生对自己体型的错误认知,是导致不健康减肥行为的主要因素.     

大学生人格特征与自尊及应对方式关系

目的探讨广东省广州市大学生人格特征与自尊及应对方式的关系。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,对广州市7所高校3662名在校大学生进行问卷调查,采用因子分析和典型相关分析方法进行分析。结果广州市大学生大五人格维度得分较高为社交性(55.92±9.31)分,开放性(52.24±8.62)分,最低为适应性(50.25±8.94)分;积极应对方式得分为(1.95±0.46)分,高于全国常模的(1.78±0.52)分(t=9.45;P=0.000);消极应对方式得分为(1.27±0.52)分,低于全国常模的(1.59±0.66)分(t=15.28;P=0.000);自尊得分为(21.08±3.90)分,低于全国常模的(28.75±4.86)分(t=52.12;P=0.000);人格特征与自尊、应对方式因子得分的相关系数为0.54(P=0.000);积极应对方式与人格中的道德感、社交性、利他性呈正相关,与适应性和开放性呈负相关;消极极应对方式、自尊与人格中的适应性和开放性呈正相关,与道德感、社交性、利他性呈负相关。结论大学生人格特征与自尊、应对方式关系密切;积极的应对方式和自我能力及价值的肯定,对培养大学生良好的个性特征、促进大学生心理健康有重要意义。     

高校肥胖大学生抑郁与社会支持调查与分析

目的了解高校肥胖大学生的抑郁状况,探讨抑郁与社会支持的关系。方法选取171名肥胖大学生作为研究对象,并选取正常体重学生为对照组。采用抑郁量表(CES-D)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对调查对象进行测试。结果肥胖组与非肥胖组大学生抑郁指数存在差异(P0.01),男性与女性肥胖大学生抑郁指数存在差异(P0.01),女性高于男性;高抑郁和低抑郁肥胖大学生社会支持存在统计学差异(P0.01),肥胖大学生抑郁与社会支持各维度的相关系数存在负相关(P0.01)。结论肥胖大学生的抑郁状况不容乐观,高校应该给予更多的社会支持,特别是肥胖女大学生。     

大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持关系

目的探讨大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的关系。方法用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对1 100名大学生进行分层整群抽样调查,并分析大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的相关性。结果新乡市大学生总的抑郁情绪检出率为81.04%;家庭内支持、朋友支持、其他支持及领悟社会支持和抑郁呈负相关(r=-0.163、-0.202、-0.214、-0.219,P=0.000);EPQ中的神经质、精神质对抑郁具有正预测作用(r=0.398、0.247),内外向、掩饰性对抑郁具有负预测作用(r=-0.172、-0.120);PSSS各个维度与人格特质中的内外向(E)、掩饰性(L)呈正相关,与神经质(N)、精神质(P)呈负相关。结论大学生抑郁情绪与社会支持、人格特征密切相关,社会支持状况与人格特征有关。     

Physical activity, food choice, and weight management goals and practices among US college students

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity and a healthy diet have been recommended to help reverse the increasing prevalence of overweight among adolescents and adults in the United States. METHODS: Data is from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey. A representative sample of US undergraduate college students (n = 4609) were analyzed to examine associations of physical activity and food choice with weight management goals and practices. RESULTS: Based on self-reported height and weight, 35% of students were overweight or obese (body mass index > or = 25.0). Nearly half (46%) of all students reported they were trying to lose weight. Female students were less likely than male students to be overweight, but more likely to be trying to lose weight. Among female and male students, using logistic regression to control for demographics, trying to lose weight was associated with participation in vigorous physical activity and strengthening exercises, and consumption of < or = 2 servings/ day of high-fat foods. Female and male students who reported using exercise to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight were more likely than those who did not to participate in vigorous, strengthening, and moderate physical activity, and were more likely to eat > or = 5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables and < or = 2 servings/day of high-fat foods. Among students who were trying to lose weight, only 54% of females and 41% of males used both exercise and diet for weight control. CONCLUSION: Colleges should implement programs to increase student awareness of healthy weight management methods and the importance of physical activity combined with a healthy diet.     

健康管理方案对超重/肥胖人群的减肥效果分析

目的 探索健康管理方案对超重/肥胖人群的减肥效果,为制订安全有效的减肥方案提供依据。方法 通过志愿招募的方式于2013年9月1日至10月15日招募在北京居住满1年、年龄在22~55岁之间、BMI≥24 kg/m²且无器质性病变的志愿者738人,将其随机分为一般管理组和健康管理组,进行为期6个月的减肥干预;在基线和干预6个月时测量身高、体重、腰围和体成分指标,通过比较干预前、后各指标的差异评价健康管理方案的减肥效果。结果 共有618名研究对象完成了随访,其中健康管理组297人,一般管理组321人。与干预前相比,干预后健康管理组和一般管理组的体重和体脂率均有所下降,干预前后差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),健康管理组的体重下降量(2.19 kg)和体脂率下降量(2.19%)均高于一般管理组的0.97 kg和1.28%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。健康管理组的减重有效率(24.2%)和减脂肪有效率(52.5%)高于一般管理组的11.8%和34.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 健康管理方案能够有效降低超重/肥胖者的体重和体脂率。     

在校大学生早餐摄入相关知识、态度及行为状况调查

目的 了解高校在校大学生早餐摄入相关知识、态度以及行为状况,为指导大学生合理膳食提供依据。方法 于2014年3-5月采用二阶段抽样方法,第一阶段在吉林省吉林市吉林医药学院分层随机抽取不同院系、年级的学生329人进行早餐摄入相关知识和态度调查;第二阶段在第一阶段基础上,随机抽取118名学生进行早餐摄入情况调查。结果 大学生早餐知识和态度调查显示,大多数学生能够认识到早餐对健康的重要性,女生比男生更重视早餐（87.9% vs 75.0%）,女生了解早餐相关知识比男生多（45.2% vs 43.8%）,也更关注早餐的营养状况（48.8% vs 37.5%）;女生经常吃早餐的频率（每周早餐频率≥ 5次）明显高于男生（79.3% vs 60.4%）,且男生早餐就餐情况受上课影响也比女生大（56.9% vs 41.7%）;早餐实际摄入状况调查显示,男生早餐摄入能量平均值为（2 498.9±637.9）kJ,女生为（1 941.4±588.1）kJ,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且男女生早餐摄入能量均值低于推荐值标准;摄入早餐能量不足者中,女生体重过轻者比例明显高于男生（19.5% vs 5.3%）。结论 大学生对早餐相关知识的了解、重要性的认识、早餐习惯以及能量摄入等方面还有待加强。为保证大学生良好的身体素质,有必要对在校大学生制定合理的早餐膳食规划。     

Associations between snacking and weight loss and nutrient intake among postmenopausal overweight to obese women in a dietary weight-loss intervention

Snacking may play a role in weight control. The associations of timing and frequency of snacking with observed weight change and nutrient intake were assessed in an ancillary study to a 12-month randomized controlled trial in Seattle, WA. Overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women (n=123) enrolled in the two dietary weight-loss arms from 2007 to 2008 with complete data at 12 months were included in these analyses. Generalized linear models were used to test the associations between snacking and weight loss (percent) and nutrient intake at the 12-month time point. Participants were, on average, 58 years old and mainly non-Hispanic white (84%). Ninety-seven percent reported one or more snacks per day. Weight loss (percent) was significantly lower among mid-morning (10:30 am to 11:29 am) snackers (7.0%, 95% confidence interval: 4.3 to 9.7) compared to non–mid-morning snackers (11.4%, 95% confidence interval: 10.2 to 12.6; P=0.005). A higher proportion of mid-morning snackers reported more than one snack per day (95.7%), compared to afternoon (82.8%) and evening (80.6%) snackers, although differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Women who reported two or more snacks per day vs one or no snacks per day had higher fiber intake (P=0.027). Afternoon snackers had higher fruit and vegetable intake compared to non–afternoon-snackers (P=0.035). These results suggest that snack meals can be a source for additional fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods; however, snacking patterns might also reflect unhealthy eating habits and impede weight-loss progress. Future dietary weight-loss interventions should evaluate the effects of timing, frequency, and quality of snacks on weight loss.     

Disparities in overweight and obesity among US college students

OBJECTIVES: To examine social disparities and behavioral correlates of overweight and obesity over time among college students. METHODS: Multilevel analyses of BMI, physical activity, and television viewing from 2 representative surveys of US college students (n=24,613). RESULTS: Overweight and obesity increased over time and were higher among males, African Americans, and students of lower socioeconomic position and lower among Asians. Television viewing and in activity were associated with obesity, and disparities in these behaviors partially accounted for excess weight among African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Social disparities in overweight and obesity exist among college students. Promoting physical activity and reducing television viewing may counteract increasing trends.     

天津青少年营养状况、体重认知及不健康减肥行为调查

目的 了解天津市青少年营养状况、自我体重认知情况以及不健康减肥行为现状,为制定科学有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法 2013年采用集体自填匿名问卷调查方法,对分层整群随机抽取的36所中学、6所大学的8 194名学生进行调查。结果 天津市青少年偏瘦、超重及肥胖发生率分别为11.53%、11.62%和6.52%,男生超重及肥胖发生率（15.59%、9.16%）明显高于女生（8.19%、4.23%）;12岁年龄组学生肥胖率为13.88%,达各年龄组最高;大学阶段学生超重、肥胖率最低,分别为8.72%、2.78%;经济地区好的学生肥胖率（7.71%）最高,核心家庭学生肥胖率（6.38%）最低。多因素logistic 回归分析显示,性别、是否寄宿、喝饮料、吃甜点、吃快餐、经济水平、玩电子游戏是儿童超重肥胖发生的影响因素（均P<0.05）。51.76%的青少年存在体重认知偏移,消瘦青少年中有8.04% 认为体重偏重或很重,正常青少年中有37.64%认为体重偏重或很重,但超重和肥胖学生中分别有16.91%、26.77%没有正确认知自己的体重状况,差异有统计学意义（χ²=3 061.461,P=0.01）。在过去30 d,有22.80%的青少年为减肥或控制体重而锻炼,同时有21.19%采取不健康减肥行为,且随着体重增加发生不健康减肥行为的情况越严重（χ²_趋势=41.086,P=0.000）。结论 天津市青少年消瘦、与超重肥胖情况并存,处于较高水平,部分青少年对自身体重没有正确认知,且存在不健康减肥行为。     

Smoking, weight loss intention and obesity-promoting behaviors in college students

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether college smoking was associated with trying to lose weight and other weight-related behaviors. METHODS: We surveyed 300 students at the University of Kansas about smoking (ever, current, and amount), weight loss intention (y/n), weight-related attitudes, and eating and exercise behavior. Weight, height, and body fat were measured. RESULTS: About half the students (49%) self-identified as having ever smoked while 53 (17.6%) self-identified as current smokers. After controlling for sex, age, and ethnicity, ever smoking was not related to weight loss intention but was associated with greater pressure to maintain a healthy weight (p = 0.05), and having engaged in mild exercise on more days in the previous year (p = 0.05). Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers ate more at restaurants serving high calorie foods (p < 0.05) and ate more frequently in front of the TV (p < 0.01). Amount smoked was related to diminished use of exercise facilities (p = 0.03) and more frequent eating at restaurants serving high calorie foods (p < 0.05) and in front of the TV (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking among college students was related to weight loss intention. Despite wanting to lose weight, current smoking was concomitant with obesity-promoting behaviors such as eating higher calorie foods and eating in front of the TV. College-based interventions to prevent smoking initiation or promote smoking cessation should include a focus on healthy eating, exercise and healthful ways to lose or maintain weight.     

高强度间歇训练对超重肥胖女大学生减脂效果的Meta分析

  目的  系统评价高强度间歇训练(high-intensity interval training,HIIT)对超重肥胖女大学生体重、身体成分的干预效果,以期为超重肥胖大学生选择HIIT方法提供理论依据。  方法  计算机检索PubMed、the Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Embase、CNKI、CBM、VIP、WanFang Data数据库中有关HIIT对超重肥胖女大学生体重、身体成分的随机对照试验,检索期年限从各数据库收录起始年限至2020年12月14日,根据纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选,并对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价、Meta分析及发表偏倚检验。  结果  共纳入20个随机对照试验,中等质量研究14篇。Meta分析结果显示,HIIT能显著减轻超重肥胖女大学生体重(MD=-4.22,95%CI=-7.20~-1.25,P＜0.01);改善体脂率(MD=-5.31,95%CI=-6.88~-3.73,P＜0.01)、体质量指数(BMI)(MD=-2.11,95%CI=-2.65~-1.56,P＜0.01)、全身脂肪量(MD=-3.66,95%CI=-4.89~-2.43,P＜0.01)、腹部脂肪量(MD=-0.31,95%CI=-0.47~-0.15,P＜0.01)、躯干脂肪量(MD=-2.15,95%CI=-2.86~-1.44,P＜0.01),对瘦体重(MD=0.42,95%CI=-0.94~1.78,P=0.55)影响无统计学意义。  结论  HIIT能显著减轻超重和肥胖女大学生的体重,改善其身体成分,可为超重和肥胖女大学生进行长期的HIIT提供可靠依据。     

淮南大学生视屏时间体力活动与超重/肥胖的关联

探讨大学生视屏时间、体力活动现状与其超重/肥胖之间的关系,为预防控制超重肥胖提供参考.方法 采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,2015年9月-2016年1月对淮南市4所大学抽取1 928名大学生进行问卷调查,并对纳入分析的大学生测量身高和体重.结果 不同性别和父亲体型大学生体型分布差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为34.839,37.723,P值均<0.05).调整年龄、性别、吸烟、被动吸烟、和室友关系、母亲文化程度、家庭经济状况、饮食等混杂因素后,视屏时间≤2 h/d可以降低超重的危险性(OR=0.77,95%CI=0.31~0.91),同时肥胖的危险性也降低(OR=0.76,95%CI=0.35~0.94).大强度体力活动与超重/肥胖之间的关联无统计学意义.调整年龄、性别、吸烟、被动吸烟、和室友关系、母亲文化程度、家庭经济状况、饮食等混杂因素后,视屏时间≤2 h/d和中等体力活动≥5次/周交互作用可以更大程度降低超重发生的风险(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.10~ 0.82),同时也降低肥胖的危险性(OR=0.47,95%CI=0.26~ 0.96).结论 视屏时间较长和缺乏充足的体力活动与大学生超重和肥胖的发生密切相关.     

分阶段减重模式对超重肥胖女性减重效果的研究

目的 探讨分阶段减重模式对超重肥胖女性减重效果,为临床减重方案提供依据。方法 选取2021年1—6月在青岛市妇女儿童医院营养门诊减重的无器质疾病的超重肥胖女性46例作为研究对象,采用一阶段极低碳水化合物饮食2周,二阶段限能量平衡饮食4周,期间配合有氧、抗阻力运动。监测干预前后减重者体重、形态学指标、体成分指标的变化。数据采用重复测量方差分析进行统计学分析。结果 46例减重者经过两阶段的饮食及运动干预,体重（F = 343.033,P＜0.001）、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）（F = 331.302,P＜0.001）、腰围（F = 124.360,P＜0.001）、臀围（F = 80.558,P＜0.001）、腰臀比（F = 8.325,P = 0.002）、体脂肪（F = 255.959,P＜0.001）、内脏脂肪面积（F = 123.372,P＜0.001）、体脂率（F = 134.714,P＜0.001）均下降,差异具有统计学意义。结论 分阶段减重模式可以明显降低超重肥胖女性的体重,改善体成分,为临床减重提供思路。     

Hepatitis B knowledge,attitudes and practices among Moroccan college students

BackgroundViral Hepatitis B (HBV) prevalence in Morocco is estimated at 1.81%. University students are an exposed population due to their risky behaviors. Their knowledge about HBV is still unknown. The aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of college students in Casablanca about HBV.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in January 2015 among the students of the eight schools of Hassan II University in Casablanca using a self-administered questionnaire. A knowledge score was calculated to compare the groups with sufficient and insufficient knowledge. A logistic regression adjusted on gender was performed to explore the factors associated with a sufficient knowledge about HBV (P < 0.05).ResultsThe response rate was 90.2% (n = 652). The median age was 21 years old. From our sample, 97.5% knew the existence of “hepatitis”. The main means of information were media and relatives. The most known way of infection was blood transmission (50.3%) while 11.5% believed in the effectiveness of the traditional methods of treatment. Eating with an HBV infected person was thought to be a risky behavior for 38% of the students. A knowledge level that was deemed to be sufficient was scored by 31.1% of the students. The sufficient knowledge was correlated to being a health care student, being vaccinated and being married.ConclusionCasablanca's student knowledge about HBV remains limited. We believe that improvements in awareness and access to immunization are needed. These measures would likely help decreasing HBV incidence in students and ensure a better social integration of patients.