白内障手术医师培训模式初探

目的:探索一条适合在我国开展的行之有效的白内障手术医生培训模式。方法:对尚未掌握白内障手术的本院眼科医生、进修生、实习生以及乡镇医院的五官科医生共106名,针对不同的基础制定计划、有序地进行培训。结果:全部受训人员能正确地完成白内障辅助检查;掌握白内障术前的筛查方法及人工晶状体正确计算;白内障手术基本操作比较准确和熟练,显微手术操作合格,掌握环形撕囊技术101名;掌握白内障囊外摘除+人工晶状体植入术69名;能独立操作"削梨法"超声乳化白内障+人工晶状体植入术37名,个别医生手术量已超1000台。结论:培训应针对不同的基础制定计划、逐步进行,并将理论与实践相结合,才能更快更好地培训出合格的白内障手术医师。     

眼科显微手术技能培训模式探讨

目的：探索一种眼科专科医师显微手术技能培训模式,使年轻的眼科医生了解并掌握眼科显微手术的基本特征、基本知识和基本技能, 以适应眼科临床工作的需要。 方法：对尚未熟练掌握眼科显微手术的本院眼科医生、进修医生和实习研究生进行眼科显微手术基础理论和操作技能培训,并建立起严格的培训制度。 结果：培训者46名基本显微手术操作比较准确和熟练,能在带教老师指导下应用手术显微镜完成翼状胬肉切除、白内障囊外摘出+人工晶状体植入术、青光眼小梁切除等手术操作。 结论：利用眼科显微手术培训平台进行显微手术技能培训,并将理论与实践相结合的这种培训模式,能达到掌握眼科显微手术操作的目的。     

基层医院白内障超声乳化手术转型分析

目的探讨基层医院白内障手术从现代囊外摘除术(ECCE)到超声乳化术(phacoemulsification)的过渡。方法对有ECCE手术经验的医生,通过130眼动物实验后,进行100例老年性白内障Phaco带教培训。结果术后1天视力≥0.3者94%,≥0.5者83%;术后3月视力≥0.3者96%,≥0.5者90%,人工晶体植入率100%,无角膜失代偿、核坠落、视网膜脱落等严重并发症,实现了从ECCE到Phaco的安全过渡。结论基层医生只要以严谨、积极的科学态度进行学习,有扎实的显微手术基础,严格选择病例,配以良好的设备,强调规范化操作,同样能成功地完成转化过程,开展较高质量的白内障超声乳化手术。     

白内障超声乳化培训中的问题与对策

白内障手术是最为常见的眼科手术,随着我国白内障复明手术逐渐向基层推广,白内障超声乳化手术量也逐年递增。为保证白内障手术开展的质量,需要对各级手术医生通过电子模拟模型等多种方式进行规范培训,以解决目前存在的由上级医生直接带教,学习周期长,技术不稳定等状态。（眼科, 2017, 26： 73-75）     

手术模拟器培训眼科青年医师显微手术技能的观察研究

目的：：利用眼科显微手术模拟器提高眼科青年医师白内障显微手术能力的量化观察。方法：眼科青年医师进行经过理论授课、模拟器训练及动物眼球操作,模拟器对学员完成白内障手术操作各项步骤行综合打分,并对学员培训前后完成白内障手术模拟器综合得分结果进行分析。结果：学员通过理论授课阶段后在模拟器完成白内障手术操作测试评分平均75.91±6.53分,再经过模拟器反复训练阶段后模拟器给予的测试评分平均85.57±4.64分,这两阶段学习后学员在模拟器上完成白内障手术操作的综合测试评分对比具有显著统计学差异(P<0.01),第三阶段学员经过动物眼球实际操作后,在模拟器上完成白内障手术的测试评分平均89.77±7.61分,与动物眼球操作前仅进行模拟器操作训练测试评分相比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：利用眼科显微手术模拟器进行短期培训可显著提高眼科医师白内障手术能力,但长期效果及实际临床手术能力有待进一步观察。     

从白内障手术质量的提高,探讨防盲手术培训的重要性

目的通过安徽省某县09年度与11年度分别开展的贫困白内障复明手术各300例(300眼),手术结果的比较,探讨防盲手术培训的重要性。方法手术均由通过培训与再培训并获得资格认证的两位医生完成。术前视力<0.1,排除其他眼病及严重全身疾病。手术方式统一为小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术,植入的人工晶状体均为Alcon晶状体,粘弹剂为玻璃酸钠(其胜,上海产)。术前、术后处理按照安徽省防盲手术要求执行。结果比较两年度病人的早期术后视力,术中及术后早期并发症,09年度与11年度比较,术后第一天裸眼视力≥0.3比率由49.5%上升至60.4%;术中玻璃体脱出由7%降至4%;角膜水肿发生率由16%降至11%;其他并发症同样明显减少。而每例白内障手术时间也由40分钟减少至22分钟。结论 11年度手术质量明显好于09年。并且09年手术是在省防盲中心派一名教师现场指导下完成,而11年度则是完全是独立完成。这些结果均提示通过有效的防盲手术培训,能以明显的提高白内障手术质量;同时也充分证实了防盲手术培训是非常重要的。     

中国山西334例“百万贫困白内障患者复明工程”手术效果分析

目的：了解中国山西省贫困白内障患者术后视力、视功能和生存质量的变化,分析贫困白内障患者手术成本／效果。方法：采用回顾性方法,对334例334眼接受贫困白内障复明手术的患者进行基本情况、术前及术后1 wk视力、术中并发症、术后并发症的病历采集及现场调查,对其中83例进行视功能和生存质量调查,225例贫困白内障患者和120例非贫困白内障患者进行手术成本／效果的对比分析,使用多重线性回归模型及 Logistic回归模型进行术后视力影响因素分析。结果：患者术后1 wk视力明显高于术前视力（ P＜0．05）,其中术后1 wk视力≥0．5的为235例（70．4％）、视力＜0．05的为16例（4．8％）。多重线性回归分析显示,眼部其他疾病、白内障分类是术后视力的影响因素。 logistic回归分析显示,术前视力低、眼部有其他疾病是术后低视力的危险因素,其OR值及其95％CI依次为6．5（2．8－14．8）和1．3（1．0－1．6）。术后视功能以及生存质量均高于术前。贫困白内障患者手术成本／效果低于非贫困白内障。结论：贫困白内障患者术后视力、视功能明显提高,且手术成本低,显著改善了生活质量。     

基层医院白内障超声乳化手术转型分析

目的:探讨基层医院白内障从现代囊外摘除术(ECCE)到超声乳化术(phacoemulsification)的过渡.方法:对有ECCE手术经验的医生,通过130眼动物实验后,进行100例老年性白内障Phaco带教培训.结果:术后1d视力≥0.3者94%,≥0.5者83%;术后3mo视力≥0.3者96%,≥0.5者90%,人工晶状体植入率100%,无角膜失代偿、核坠落、视网膜脱落等严重并发症,实现了从ECCE到Phaco的安全过渡.结论:基层医生只要以严谨、积极的科学态度进行学习,有扎实的显微手术基础,严格选择病例,配以良好的设备,强调规范化操作,同样能成功地完成转化过程,开展较高质量的白内障超声乳化手术.     

角巩膜缘切口在超声乳化白内障手术转型中的应用

目的:探讨角巩膜缘切口在小切口向超声乳化白内障手术转型中的应用.方法:选取我院在2012-02/2013-02接受手术的200例200眼白内障患者,行角巩膜缘切口超声乳化手术,术中如遇不安全因素即改为SICS+IOL术,手术均顺利完成.结果:顺利实施超声乳化白内障手术者共172眼(86％),28眼(14％)改为角巩膜缘切口SICS+IOL术,术后视力≥0.5者176眼(88％),0.1～0.4者22眼(11％),0.1以下者2眼(1％).术后均无严重并发症.结论:在小切口转型超声乳化白内障手术初期时,运用角巩膜缘切口能提高手术的可操作性和安全性,是具有小切口白内障手术经验眼科医生很好的选择方式.     

民生工程白内障复明项目中诊治流程与治疗策略

目的探讨白内障复明手术流程图在定点医院应用。方法按计划组织病员，制定手术方案，分期、分批实施手术。结果本院在25天内完成120例白内障小切口手法碎核＋10L植入手术，术后1个月视力≥0．3者116例（占96．67％）；人工晶体植入116只眼（占96．67％）。术中、术后无严重并发症发生。结论大规模的白内障复明手术，有计划按白内障手术诊步骤地进行作业，实施白内障手术治疗策略，保证了手术的安全性，有效性。     

Screening of prior refractive surgery by a wavelet-based neural network

PURPOSE: To demonstrate an objective method of screening for previous refractive surgery using corneal topography. SETTING: Corneal topography research laboratories, LSU Eye Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. METHODS: Videokeratography (TMS-1, Tomey) examinations from the LSU Eye Center were randomly divided into training and test sets that each included 32 normal corneas and 106 corneas with previous radial keratotomy or photorefractive keratectomy from 1 month up to 10 years after surgery. A set of 1024 axial curvature values were extracted from mires 1 to 25 from each cornea to form a 1-dimensional waveform. Multiresolution wavelet decomposition was performed on this waveform using the s8 Symmlet wavelet. A portion of the resulting wavelet coefficients was input into a backpropagation neural network that was trained to 5% error. After training, the independent test set was passed though the neural net and scored. RESULTS: The trained network correctly recognized 32 of 32 normal corneas and 105 of 106 refractive surgery corneas for a 99.3% accuracy, 99.1% sensitivity, and 100% specificity for previous myopic refractive surgery detection. CONCLUSIONS: The 1-dimensional wavelet-based neural network approach was an effective and accurate method of distinguishing eyes that had had myopic refractive surgery from normal eyes. The single error was a result of having too few examples of grossly decentered procedures in the training set.     

同视机脱抑制治疗的初步临床疗效观察

目的 探讨应用同视机闪烁刺激法进行脱抑制治疗的疗效.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象共同性斜视患者80例,其中共同性内斜视25例,共同性外斜视55例.方法 患者术前应用同视机闪烁刺激法进行脱抑制治疗,分析疗效.主要指标脱抑制成功率,脱抑制时间.结果 25例共同性内斜视经脱抑制训练,15分钟获得脱抑制成功者15例,30分钟获得脱抑制成功者4例,30分钟后抑制仍存在者6例.55例共同性外斜视经脱抑制训练,15分钟获得脱抑制成功者31例,30分钟获得脱抑制成功者9例,30分钟训练后抑制仍存在者15例.术前脱抑制成功者59例（73.75%）,其中15分钟脱抑制者46例（77.97%）,30分钟脱抑制者13例（22.03%）.未脱抑制者21例（26.25%）.结论 应用同视机闪烁刺激法进行脱抑制治疗有效.     

Results of community-based eyelid surgery for trichiasis due to trachoma.

In many parts of Africa patients with upper-lid trichiasis due to trachoma have very limited access to ophthalmologists or hospital facilities. In order to reach these patients it is necessary for trained paramedical eye workers to operate on patients close to where they live. The results of trichiasis surgery performed by an ophthalmic nurse in Tanzania were evaluated. A total of 156 operations were performed on 94 patients over a 2 year period by an eye nurse in central Tanzania. One hundred and forty four eyes in 86 patients were followed for a minimum of 9 months (range 9-36; mean 25.5 months). One eye developed a wound infection and nine eyes developed minimal central notching of the upper eyelid, but without corneal exposure. Survival time analysis showed a probability of survival without recurrent trichiasis of 81% at 24 months (95% CI 74% to 88%) and 79% at 36 months (95% CI 71% to 87%). It is concluded that trichiasis surgery may be safely and effectively performed in the community by a trained ophthalmic nurse.     

手法小切口白内障手术在老年性白内障中的应用

目的：探讨手法小切口白内障手术( manual small incision cataract surgery,MSICS)的实用性。
　　方法：选取经MSICS治疗的306眼老年性白内障患者和经超声乳化( Phaco组)治疗的306眼老年性白内障患者,对两组患者的术后视力、屈光状态、角膜内皮细胞损失率进行比较。
　　结果：MSICS 组术后7 d 裸眼视力在1.0以上者33眼(10.78%);术后3mo 裸眼视力在1.0以上者76眼(24.84%),角膜内皮细胞损失率为8.7%,角膜散光较术前平均逆规化0 .75 D。 Phaco组术后7 d裸眼视力在1.0以上者63眼(20.59%);术后3mo裸眼视力在1.0以上者92眼(30 .07%),角膜内皮细胞损失率为21.67%。MSICS组平均角膜散光为-0.5DC,Phaco组平均角膜散光为-0.45DC,3mo 时两组角膜散光无统计学差异( P>0.05)。
　　结论：Phaco组因要使用超乳机,成本高,且超乳头的机械刺激、损伤、超声能量及灌注液对角膜内皮的影响,术后早期视力恢复慢。 MSICS不使用超声乳化仪、手工作、成本低、术后早期视力恢复快。     

Characteristics of trichiasis patients presenting for surgery in rural Ethiopia

AIMS: To determine the characteristics of trichiasis patients presenting for surgery in Wolayta Zone of Ethiopia. METHODS: Patients referred for trichiasis surgery by community health agents were evaluated by trained integrated eye care workers (IECWs) for the presence of trichiasis, locations of inturned lashes, severity of trichiasis, corneal opacity, and visual acuity. RESULTS: 1635 individuals with trichiasis presented for surgery. 82% had bilateral trichiasis; 91% of patients reported trichiasis duration of >2 years. Epilation was practised by over three fourths of the study subjects. A high proportion of patients tested positive for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis at presentation. 17% had monocular blindness and 8% were binocularly blind. Corneal opacity was highly associated with the trichiasis duration and severity and visual loss was associated with corneal opacity. CONCLUSION: Severe trichiasis reflects the magnitude of the trachoma problem in Ethiopia. Visual impairment due to trichiasis is highly associated with disease severity and duration. Early intervention to correct trichiasis before it become severe is recommended to prevent visual impairment.     

Use of autologous platelet concentrate in blepharoplasty surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate postoperative edema and ecchymosis after blepharoplasty surgery with or without autologous platelet gel. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, controlled trial, patients received autologous platelet concentrate in the eyelid incisions of one side during bilateral blepharoplasty surgery. The opposing eye was not treated and was used as a control.Autologous platelet concentrate was prepared by the Harvest system (Harvest Technologies, Plymouth, MA, U.S.A.). The blood was centrifuged and platelet-rich plasma isolated. Platelet-rich plasma was mixed with thrombin and instilled in the wound on a randomly selected side before wound closure. Patients were examined and completed a questionnaire at postoperative days 1, 3, 7, and 30. Photographs were taken at each visit and were graded by masked, trained observers for edema and ecchymosis. RESULTS: Significantly less edema (p<0.05) was noted by the photograders at day 1 and by the patients at day 30. There were non-statistically significant trends toward decreased ecchymosis and edema in the treated group. Questionnaire data showed no significant difference in postoperative pain between the treated and untreated sides. Photographic and questionnaire data showed no clinically meaningful difference between the treated and control sides. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were statistically significant differences in edema using autologous platelet gel in blepharoplasty surgery, trends toward improvement in postoperative edema and ecchymosis did not achieve clinical significance.     

The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: reproducibility of cup/disk ratio measurements over time at an optic disc reading center.

PURPOSE: To determine the reproducibility over time of visual estimates of the horizontal cup/disk ratio by trained technicians from optic disk stereophotographs. METHODS: Baseline optic disk stereophotographs are graded at entry and regraded annually in a masked fashion. The 1,636 participants in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) undergo stereoscopic optic disk photography at study entry and annually thereafter. Stereophotographs are graded independently by two technicians at the Optic Disc Reading Center. If the readers' estimates of horizontal cup/disk ratio differ by more than 0.2 disk diameters (DD), they attempt to reach a consensus; if they cannot, the horizontal cup/disk ratio is adjudicated by a glaucoma specialist. RESULTS: The percent of regradings differing by 0.2 DD or more from the estimate of horizontal cup/disk ratio made at entry was 4%, 6%, and 7%, respectively at years 1, 2, and 3. The percent differing by more than 0.2 DD was 1% or less at all years. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.93, 0.92, and 0.92, respectively. Estimates of horizontal cup/disk ratio from sequential full-frame photographs and simultaneous split-frame photographs appeared comparable and equally reproducible. Gradings by technicians were comparable to gradings by glaucoma specialists. CONCLUSIONS: High reproducibility between repeated gradings of baseline horizontal cup/disk ratio was achieved by trained technicians adhering to a rigorous protocol. Horizontal cup/disk ratio measurements in OHTS are sufficiently reproducible to provide information about the relationship of cup/disk ratio to the prognosis of individuals with ocular hypertension.     

Outcome of cataract surgery in patients with pigmentary retinal degeneration

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of cataract surgery in patients with RP because retinitis pigmentosa is one of the disease entities that belongs to tapeto-retinal degenerations. The occurrence of RP appearance is 1:4000 to 1:3000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients with RP (7 women and 13 men, 33 eyes), who underwent cataract surgery were examined retrospectively. Average age in our group was 46.6 years. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slip lamp examination, fundus examination, cataract morphology, visual field were taken before surgery and on discharge, on the basis of medical documentation. Control examination was taken, on average, eighty one months after cataract surgery. Nine eyes were operated by phacoemulsification, 24 eyes by means of extracapsular cataract extraction. In the same way control group of 18 patients who underwent cataract surgery without RP (33 eyes) was examined. RESULTS: In RP group in 63.6% patients on discharge from the hospital and in 60.6% patients during the control examination, improvement of visual acuity was revealed. Deterioration was noted in 18.2% of patients on discharge from hospital and in 24.2% of patients during the control examination. In the control group improvement of visual acuity was revealed in 90.9% of patients on discharge and in 97% patients during the control examination, whereas deterioration of visual acuity occurred in 6.1% patients on discharge and in 3% patients during the check examination. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with retinitis pigmentosa cataract occurs earlier then in the control group. Cataract surgery for relatively minor opacities is beneficial in patients with RP, and causes improvement of visual acuity in most of eyes undergoing surgery.     

Severe anaphylactic reaction after intracameral antibiotic administration during cataract surgery

We report a severe anaphylactic reaction that occurred about 5 minutes after 1.0 mg of cefuroxime was injected into the anterior chamber after routine phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. The patient was known to be allergic to penicillin. Immediate action was taken, and the patient recovered well. The presence of staff trained in resuscitation was essential in this case and raises questions about the trend to perform routine topical anesthesia cataract surgery without an anesthesiologist in the operating room.     

Feed back of the parents and / or relatives witnessing a squint surgery of their ward in the operation theater

The aim of the study was to know the response of the relatives attending the squint surgery of their ward. A trained secretary administered an eight item questionnaire by live / telephonic interview. Of the 44 attendees, two left the Operation Theater before completion of the surgery. Mean age of the patients was 7.2 years ± 7.8 and that of the attendees was 36.1 years ± 8.5. Forty patients had a surgery under general anesthesia and four under local anesthesia. Eleven (25%) attendees experienced an increase in anxiety. Thirty-six (82%) attendees reported increased transparency, 38 (86%) reported increased confidence, and 43 (98%) reported increased awareness. None found any disadvantage. Twenty-seven (61%) recommended this practice for all and 16 (36%) recommended the practice selectively. The internal validity of the questionnaire was fair (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.6). It was concluded that the presence of relatives in the Operation Theater during the surgery could bring in more transparency, accountability, confidence, awareness, and trust.