桃仁正品来源品种脂肪油和氨基酸分析与比较

目的：探讨桃仁正品来源品种中脂肪油和氨基酸的差别。方法：采用GC—MS分析桃仁和山桃仁的脂肪油中脂肪酸和脂溶性成分的组成，采用全自动氨基酸测定仪比较桃仁与山桃仁中氨基酸的差别。结果：从山桃仁和桃仁中鉴定出22个和18个化合物。主要为油酸和亚油酸。结论：山桃仁和桃仁中脂肪油和氨基酸含量有差异。     

Investigation of the antimutagenic effects of selected South African medicinal plant extracts.

Dichloromethane extracts from different parts of Rhamnus prinoides, Ornithogalum longibracteatum, Gardenia volkensii, Spirostachys africana, Diospyros whyteana, Syzigium cordatum and Prunus africana were investigated for mutagenic and antimutagenic effects in Salmonella/microsome and micronucleus tests. None of the extracts tested in the Ames test were found to induce mutations or to modify the effect of the mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-oxide (4NQO). In the micronucleus test, extracts from twigs/bark of R. prinoides, twigs of D. whyteana, P. africana and S. cordatum significantly lowered the effect of the mutagen mitomycin C (MMC). Extracts from twigs/bark of G. volkensii and S. africana were genotoxic in the micronucleus test, while extracts of O. longibracteatum leaves potentiated the genotoxicity of MMC. This preliminary investigation shows that plant extracts used in traditional medicine may have particular effects with regard to mutagenicity and antimutagenicity indicating careful use in some instances and the need to isolate their active principles for further research.     

Elicitation,a new window into plant chemodiversity and phytochemical drug discovery

Plant extracts collected from the wild are important sources for drug discovery. However, these extracts suffer from a lack of reproducible bioactivity and chemical composition caused by the highly inducible, variable, and transitory nature of plant secondary metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that exposing roots of hydroponically grown plants to chemical elicitors selectively and reproducibly induced the production of bioactive compounds, dramatically increased the hit rate, and more than doubled the number of plant species showing in vitro activity against bacteria, fungi, or cancer. Elicitation performed under controlled conditions dramatically improves reliability and efficiency of plant extracts in drug discovery while preserving wild species and their habitats.     

Antioxidant activity of leaves of Salvia species in enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent systems of lipid peroxidation and their phenolic constituents.

The protective effects of eleven Salvia species native to Europe against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The 50% aqueous methanolic extracts of the leaves of all tested plants were found to be more effective than the positive control alpha-tocopherol acid succinate. The extracts of S. candelabrum, S. ringens, S. tomentosa, S. nemorosa, and S. glutinosa displayed considerable concentration-dependent antioxidative effects that were comparable to those of the medicinal and aromatic plant S. officinalis. The concentrations of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and total phenolic compounds in each extract were quantified with the aim of clarifying the connection between activity and chemical composition.     

鸡蛋参化学成分的研究

目的：研究鸡蛋参的化学成分,方法：溶剂提取,硅胶柱色谱分离,根据化合物理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结果。结果：分离得到5个化合物,为蒲公英萜酮（taraxerone)(1),蒲公英萜醇（taraxerol)(2),莽草酸（shikimic acid)(3),丁香脂素（syringaresinol)(4),豆甾醇（Stigmasterol)(5),结论：化合物均为首次从该植植物 中分得。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis croatica Horvat

Antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts of roots, twigs and leaves of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) and Croatian barberry (Berberis croatica Horvat) were studied. All the extracts were found to possess some radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities, as determined by scavenging effect on the DPPH free radical, reducing power and β-carotene–linoleic acid model system. With the exception of the β-carotene–linoleic acid test, antioxidant activity correlated well with the content of main plant antioxidants, phenols and flavonols, which suggests an important role of these compounds in overall antioxidant activity of investigated plant organs. The antioxidant activity varied mostly in relation to the organ, while no significant statistically differences were found between B. vulgaris and B. croatica.     

Antinociceptive effect of Phlomis olivieri Benth., Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. and Phlomis persica Boiss. total extracts.

In this study total extracts of three species of Phlomis (Lamiaceae), Phlomis olivieri, Phlomis anisodonta and Phlomis persica were tested for their antinociceptive effects using the visceral writhing test model in mice. Doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg kg(-1) of total extracts from three species of Phlomis were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before acetic acid 0.7% injection. The total extracts of P. olivieri, P. anisodonta and P. persica, respectively at doses of 150, 150 and 100 mg kg(-1), showed significant antinociceptive effects as indicated by 60.5, 54.3 and 56.7% (P<0.001) reduction of writhes, respectively in comparison to control. Results also showed that antinociceptive properties of P. olivieri, P. anisodonta and P. persica with ED(50) values of 88.21, 123.62 and 59.24 mg kg(-1), respectively, are comparable to that of indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1)). Preliminary phytochemical analysis by thin layer chromatography using specific reagents indicated the presence of iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds such as flavonoid and phenylpropanoid glycosides in examined total extracts. The antinociceptive properties of examined total extracts could possibly be related to presence of iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds.     

Antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities of pyrrolizidine alkaloid‐producing plants of Ethiopia

Objectives The objective was to determine the in‐vitro effect of extracts from 19 Ethiopian plant species and four pure pyrrolizidine alkaloids on bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and human leukaemia HL‐60 cells. Methods Crude plant extracts were prepared using methanol and dichloromethane. The alkaloidal extracts from Solanecio angulatus flowers were prepared with and without zinc reduction using the acid‐base extraction method. Cell proliferation inhibitory activity of the extracts and compounds was assessed using Alamarblue. Key findings The most active extract was the dichloromethane extract of Solanecio angulatus flowers, with an IC50 value of 12.17 μg/ml. The best selectivity index (SI > 41.08) was obtained for the same extract determined with HL‐60 cells. The reduced alkaloidal extract prepared from S. angulatus flowers and after acid‐base extraction showed more antitrypanosomal activity than unreduced alkaloidal extract with an IC50 value of 14.35 μg/ml and with a selectivity index of 12.23. The second most active extract was the dichloromethane extract of Crotalaria phillipsiae twigs with an IC50 value of 12.67 μg/ml and a selectivity index of 34.35. Most of the other extracts tested showed moderate antitrypanosomal activities to variable extents. Among the four pure pyrrolizidine alkaloids tested, senecionine showed moderate antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 41.78 μg/ml. Conclusions Solanecio angulatus (flowers) and Crotalaria phillipsiae (twigs) could serve as sources of novel trypanocidal compounds for the treatment of trypanosomiasis.     

脚骨脆的化学成分研究

目的研究脚骨脆小枝和叶的化学成分。方法采用乙醇提取,提取物经萃取后以硅胶、凝胶和MCI等柱色谱法及高效液相色谱法进行分离纯化,采用波谱法进行结构鉴定。结果从该植物共分离得到8个化合物,其结构鉴定为:(6R,7E,9R)-9-hydroxymegastigm-4,7-dien-3-one,(6S,7E)-6-hydroxy-4,7-megastig-madiene-3,9-dione,(3S,5R,6S,7E)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxymegastigm-7-en-9-one,(6E,9S)-9-hydroxymegastigm-4,6-dien-3-one,caseamembrin A,casearlucin B,β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。结论前6种化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Antiulcer Activity of Salvadora persica on Experimental ASA-Induced Ulcer in Rats: Ultrastructural Modifications

The lyophilized decoction of Salvadora persica L. roots possesses a significant protective effect on ulceration induced by ethanol, indomethacin and cold restraint stress in rats. In this work, we study the effect of chronic intragastric administration of S. persica decoction on experimental acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced ulcer in rats. The ulcer index significantly decreased (U.I. 0.9 ± 1.6; P &lt; 0.05) after treatment with a lyophilized decoction of S. persica (500 mg/kg, os), once daily for seven days, with respect to controls (U.I. 11.4 ± 2.3). The modification of gastric mucosa was observed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) confirming this result. In fact, in treated rats, the mucosa recovered to normal distribution. After S. persica treatment, some changes were detected in profiles of various cytoplasm organelles of parietal cells. Particularly, the intracellular canaliculi show an enlarged lumen with an increase in the number and length of microvilli. These morphological features of parietal cells after S. persica treatment suggest that the cells tend to recover a moderate secretory activity, even if the drug still discloses its inhibitory effect. Moreover, S. persica decoction possesses significant antiinflammatory activity.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of non-transformed and transformed pineapple: A comparative study

Pineapple has several beneficial properties including antioxidant activity. We investigated the antioxidant effect of different extracts of non-transformed (S) and transformed pineapple (with the magainin gene construct, [TS], for disease resistance). They were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and lipid peroxidation assays besides phenolic and flavonoid contents. HPLC analysis was carried out to identify the possible components responsible for the differences observed. The present study indicates that the ORAC values of extracts range from 9.5 to 26.4, similar to or higher than those for some fruits and vegetables. The HPLC analysis shows that the main compounds present are ascorbic acid, quercetin, flavone-3-ols, flavones, cinnamic acids. The TS core Et. extract exhibited slightly higher concentration of ascorbic acid and considerably higher concentration of flavon-3-ols. Our study, in general, indicates that the transformation event has caused only marginal difference in antioxidant activity. Moreover the TS samples showed more antioxidant activity in some aspects and also exhibit more flavonoid content. It appears that plant cell transformation has only caused minor and favourable changes in the overall chemical composition. Thus the TS pineapple variety may have potential applications in human health like its non-transformed counterpart.     

Chemical composition and cytotoxic properties of Clinacanthus nutans root extracts

Context: Clinacanthus nutans Lindau (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and antivenom activities. In Malaysia, it has been widely claimed to be effective in various cancer treatments but scientific evidence is lacking.

Objective: This study investigates the chemical constituents, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic properties of C. nutans root extracts.

Materials and methods: The roots were subjected to solvent extraction using methanol and ethyl acetate. The anti-proliferative effects of root extracts were tested at the concentrations of 10 to 50?μg/mL on MCF-7 and HeLa by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 72?h. Morphological changes were observed under light microscope. Pro-apoptotic effects of root extracts were examined using flow cytometric analysis and RT-PCR. The chemical compositions of root extracts were detected using GC-MS.

Results: The proliferation of MCF-7 cells was inhibited with the IC₅₀ values of 35 and 30?μg/mL, respectively, for methanol and ethyl acetate root extracts. The average inhibition of HeLa cells was ～25%. Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 was supported by chromatin condensation, down-regulation of BCL2 and unaltered expression of BAX. However, only ethyl acetate extract caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. GC-MS analysis revealed the roots extracts were rich with terpenoids and phytosterols.

Discussion and conclusions: The results demonstrated that root extracts promote apoptosis by suppressing BCL2 via mitochondria-dependent or independent manner. The identified compounds might work solely or cooperatively in regulating apoptosis. However, further studies are required to address this.     

New constituents of Artemisia monosperma Del

Phytochemical investigation of air-dried powdered roots of Artemisia monosperma growing in Egypt afforded two new compounds; 6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxycoumarin (I) and 5-acetyl-2-[1'-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan (IV), in addition to the known compounds; 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (fraxinol) (II), 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (tomentin) (III) and methyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside (V), obtained for the first time from the plant. Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were assigned based on different physical, chemical and spectroscopic techniques including UV, IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of different extracts of roots was carried out.     

A Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Principle from Hairy Roots and Seeds of Luffa cylindrica (L) Roem and its Cytotoxicity on Melanotic and Amelanotic Melanoma Cell Lines

Single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (sc-RIP) are plant proteins that deadenylate ribosomal RNA at a specific site corresponding to A4324 of 28S r-RNA; they are therefore highly specific RNA N-glycosidases. RIPs have been studied as potential tumor cytotoxic agents, both in their native form and after conjugation with monoclonal antibodies. This study tested the sc-RIP extracts from the seeds and hairy root tissue cultures of Luffa cylindrica (established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 1855) for inhibitory effects on the growth of in vitro melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cell lines. Crude extracts from hairy roots and seeds inhibited protein synthesis in a reaction mixture containing an in vitro translation system based on rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Inhibitory activity increased during the hairy root culture period, reaching a maximum value in the stationary phase. Growth was inhibited in melanotic and amelanotic melanoma cells exposed to crude extracts from hairy roots and seeds of Luffa cylindrica for 24, 48 and 72 h.     

Modern screening techniques for plant extracts

In order to discover new bioactive compounds from plant sources which could become new leads or new drugs, extracts should be simultaneously evaluated by chemical screening and by various biological or pharmacological targets. Chemical screening using hyphenated techniques such as LC/UV and LC/MS, and more recently LC/NMR, quickly provides ample structural information, leading in many cases to the identification of compounds. This allows researchers to distinguish between known compounds (dereplication) and new molecules directly from crude plant extracts. Thus, the tedious isolation of known compounds can be avoided, and a targeted isolation of constituents presenting novel or unusual spectroscopic features can be undertaken. In parallel, extracts are also subjected to various bioassays that should be simple, reproducible, and rapid. This approach will be illustrated by the search for new molluscicidal, antioxidant, and antifungal compounds from tropical plants.     

Study on the antibacterial potential of physalis minima linn

Physalis minima is an important medicinal plant of Indian System of Medicine. This plant is reported for its diuretic, laxative and antiinflammatory activities. However, the plant is not well scrutinized for its antimicrobial potential. The major chemical constituents reported from the plant are phenolics and alkaloids, which suggest that the plant may turn out to be a potent antiinfective agent. The aim of the study was to find out the antibacterial potential of mature berries of P. minima using streak plate, well diffusion, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and bioautographic methods against a battery of Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Results of the study showed that methanol and chloroform extracts of P. minima exhibited potent inhibitory activity against all the bacterial strains tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration found out was 100 μg in both the extracts. Bioautography assay showed polar compounds present in the crude extract are responsible for the antimicrobial action.     

昆虫提取物的抗菌活性研究

相对于植物化学和海洋生物化学,昆虫次生代谢物的多样性可能是新药研究中一个更为珍稀的可替代资源。为寻找新的抗菌类化合物及开展昆虫天然产物化学的研究,本文对8种昆虫提取物进行了抗菌活性的筛选和评价。研究采用了圆形纸片扩散法,以相应抗生素作为阳性对照,对昆虫70%甲醇提取物进行抗菌活性测定。结果显示,除土鳖虫外,其余7中昆虫提取物均具有较强的抗革兰阳性菌或(和)革兰阴性菌的活性。并且文中使用的溶剂两段提取方法,为以后的昆虫次生代谢物的研究奠定了技术基础。该研究将为抗生素新药先导化合物的发现和拓展昆虫化学研究方向提供新的思路。     

A-seco-oleane-type triterpene acids from Ligularia intermedia

From the roots of Ligularia intermedia, two new naturally occurring 3,4-seco-oleanolic triterpene acids were isolated. Their structures were elucidated as A-homo-3a-oxa-olean-12-en-3-one-28-oic acid and 3,4-seco-olean-12-en-4-ol-3,28-dioic acid by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. In addition, six known compounds were also obtained from this plant.     

Photocatalysts synthesized via plant mediated extracts for degradation of organic compounds: A review of formation mechanisms and application in wastewater treatment

Photocatalysis is a promising technology to remove several persistent and recalcitrant pollutants in water and wastewater. Most of the conventional chemical and physical synthesis routes of photocatalysts result in the release of toxic pollutants to the environment and hence green synthesis is a better alternative. Green synthesis of photocatalyst using plants, fungi, bacteria, yeast, and other biological sources is widely explored in recent years. The presence of various biomolecules used in green synthesis replaces conventional reducing and stabilizing agents such as hydrazine, sodium borohydride, ascorbic acids, and other polymer substitutes. This review focuses on the synthesis of photocatalysts using plant extracts through different synthesis routes and explores the efficacy of photocatalyst synthesized via plant extract mediated synthesis routes in the photodegradation of organic compounds present in water. The pathway as well as the factors affecting the formation of photocatalysts, the role of plant extract in the photocatalytic properties are explored in detail. The action of plant-mediated photocatalyst on the pollutant and the underlying predominant degradation mechanism are also discussed. Besides, this study gives an insight into the recyclability of the photocatalyst synthesized via plant extract mediated synthesis routes and addresses future perspectives and the challenges of green photocatalysts.