Essential Oils of Annual Sideritis Species Growing in Turkey

Water distilled essential oils of five annual Sideritis species collected from different regions of Turkey were analysed by GC/MS. Results are tabulated and compared with main components of the essential oils of perennial Sideritis species from Turkey.     

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Nine Zingiberaceae Species

The rhizome oils of nine Zingiberaceae species [Zingiber officinale Rosc., Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet Smith, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., C. mangga Valeton and van Zyp, C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga Linn., Alpinia galanga Swartz and Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht] were investigated for their antifungal activities against five dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. nanum and Epidermophyton floccosum), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp.) and five strains of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Ca. tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata). The antifungal testing was carried out by using the broth microdilution and the disc gel diffusion methods. Amongst the essential oils studied, only the oil of B. pandurata was effective against all the fungi, exhibiting the lowest MIC values of 0.63µgµl -1 to Mucor sp., 1.25µgµl -1 to both A. niger and A. fumigatus, and 2.5µgµl -1 to both T. rubrum and E. floccosum, and the highest inhibition zone diameter of 20.6mm against S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of K. galanga showed selective toxicity against A. fumigatus with a MIC value of 0.63µgµl -1, while the essential oils of Z. officinale and Z. cassumunar exhibited high activity against the yeasts (11.7-15.7mm). The chemical composition of the active essential oils was investigated by GC and GC-MS.     

Effects of Essential Oils and Extracts from Certain Thymus. Species on Swimming Performance in Mice

Abstract

The effect of the methanol extracts and essential oils from the aerial parts of Thymus fallax. Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Lamiaceae), T. kotschyanus. Boiss. et Hohen., and T. pubescens. Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak on mouse swimming performance were studied using different doses. On the basis of our findings, the methanol extracts and oils shortened remarkably the immobility period during the forced swimming test in comparison with negative control and exhibited a dose-dependent antidepressant activity. The duration of immobility observed via the essential oils was less than that via the extracts in these experiments. The results of tests showed that the extracts and oils of T. fallax. had more antidepressant activity than T. kotschyanus. and T. pubescens..     

Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Eight Cinnamomum. Species

Abstract

Fourteen essential oils hydrodistilled from eight Cinnamomum. (Lauraceae) species (C. pubescens. Kochummen, C. impressicostatum. Kosterm, C. microphyllum. Ridl., C. scortechinii. Gamb., C. rhyncophyllum. Miq., C. cordatum. Kosterm, C. zeylanicum. Blume, and C. mollissimum. Hook f.) were examined for their antifungal activity against six dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum., and M. audouini)., one filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus.), and five strains of yeasts (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis., and Crytococcus neoformans.) by using the broth microdilution method. The antifungal activities of 13 standard compounds that are prevalent constituents in Cinnamomum. oils were also investigated in an effort to correlate the effectiveness of the oils with those of the components of the oils. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Most of the oils showed moderate to strong activity against the fungi. Among the oils, the leaf and bark oils of C. zeylanicum. showed the highest activity against all the fungi with MIC values of 0.04 to 0.63 μ g μ L^{? 1}. Other oils that gave a strong inhibition on fungal growth were the leaf oil of C. cordatum. and bark and twig oils of C. pubescens. and C. impressicostatum.. Cinnamaldehyde, which was the most abundant component of the bark oil of C. zeylanicum., showed the strongest activity against all the fungi studied. Based on the results of the assay on standard samples, it may be that the high levels of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, geraniol, benzyl benzoate, and methyl cinnamate in the oils and in combination with the minor components is responsible for the high antifungal activity of the oils.     

Constituents of Essential Oils from Mentha longifolia Growing Wild in Greece

The essential oils from 9 populations of MENTHA LONGIFOLIA (L.) L., ssp. LONGIFOLIA and ssp. PETIOLATA (Boiss.) Kokkini, growing wild in Greece, were investigated by means of GLC and GLC-MS. Piperitone oxide has been found as the main component in the essential oils of both subspecies while carvone only in some individuals of ssp. PETIOLATA (chemotype 2).     

Species Variation and Stereoselectivity in the Metabolism of Nicotine Enantiomers

1. High performance liquid radiochromatographic systems have been developed for the identification and quantification of 7 urinary metabolites of both S-(-)-[³H-N'-CH₃]nicotine and R-(+)-[³H-N'-CH₃] nicotine in guinea pig, hamster, rat and rabbit.

2. 3′-Hydroxycotinine was a major urinary metabolite of both S-(-)-nicotine and R-(+)-nicotine in guinea pig, hamster and rabbit. Cotinine was not generally a significant urinary metabolite of either nicotine enantiomer, except in rat, where it constituted 14·6 and 10·4%, respectively, of the total radiolabel in the urine after administration of [³H]-S-(-)-nicotine or [³H]-R-(+)-nicotine. Nicotine N'-oxide was an important urinary metabolite of both nicotine isomers in guinea pig and rat, but in both cases, was not observable in hamster and rabbit. No N-methylated urinary metabolite of S-(-)-nicotine could be detected in any of the species examined. In R-(+)-nicotine experiments, only guinea pig afforded N-methylated metabolites. Significant amounts of 2 unidentified polar, non-basic urinary metabolites of both S-(-)- and R-(+)-nicotine-treated animals were observed.

3. Analysis of the comparative metabolism of the nicotine enantiomers in the four animals species studied, showed that stereoselective differences in the formation of oxidative metabolites existed, particularly in the formation of 3′-hydroxycotinine and nicotine-N'-oxide. A clear stereospecificity was observed in the guinea pig, in that only the R-(+)-nicotine enantiomer was N-methylated in this species.

4. Sex differences appear to exist in the metabolism of nicotine enantiomers in the rat. Female rats excreted more of the unidentified polar metabolite B than male rats, whereas the converse was true for nicotine-N'-oxide. In experiments with R-(+)-nicotine, urinary levels of 3′-hydroxycotinine and R-(+)-nicotine in female rats were higher than in male rats. Conversely, higher amounts of nicotine-N'-oxide were observed in the urine of male rats compared to those in female rats.     

Constituents of Essential Oils from Mentha X rotundifolia Growing Wild in Greece

The essential oils of the hybrid MENTHA X ROTUNDIFOLIA (L.) Huds. growing wild in Greece were investigated by means of GLC and GLC-MS. Two chemotypes have been found, which are characterized by the main components piperitone oxide and menthyl acetate, respectively. The latter is a new chemotype of M. X ROTUNDIFOLIA.     

不同产地多伞阿魏挥发油成分GC-MS指纹图谱研究

目的建立多伞阿魏药材的GC-MS指纹图谱。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取8个产地44份多伞阿魏挥发油,通过GC-MS分析其成分。运用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度建立共有模式,以2种方法计算相似度评价图谱的相似性,同时利用聚类分析法和主成分分析法分析结果。结果建立了多伞阿魏挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱分析方法;对44份多伞阿魏挥发油样品进行了分析,确立了12个共有峰。GC-MS指纹图谱的相似度>0.90的有37个。44份多伞阿魏药材的挥发油可通过系统聚类归为2类,该结果与指纹图谱的相似度分析结果非常相似,不同产地多伞阿魏药材的挥发油相似度较高。主成分分析表明愈创木醇在多伞阿魏挥发油的质量控制中起着比较重要的作用。结论该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于多伞阿魏药材的质量综合评价。     

普萘洛尔对映异构体的血浆样品测定

建立以2,3,4,6-四乙酰基--βD-吡喃葡萄糖基异硫氰酸酯(GITC)为手性衍生化试剂测定血浆中普萘洛尔对映体浓度的反相高效液相色谱方法。血浆样品经甲醇除蛋白。采用C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,Bnentnach),流动相为甲醇-20 mmol/LKH2PO4的水溶液(75∶25);流速1 mL/min;检测波长220 nm。结果:S(-)-普萘洛尔和R(+)-普萘洛尔检测浓度在1.00~277.78μg/mL浓度范围内与色谱峰面积有良好的线性关系。日内、日间精密度均小于5%,回收率分别为98.95%和105.76%,RSD均小于7.13%。结论:本方法灵敏度高,重现性可用于血浆中普萘洛尔对映体的分离测定。     

Antimicrobial Activity of the Tar Obtained from the Roots and Stems of Pinus brutia

The antimicrobial activity of the crude and methanol, hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n -butanol extracts of tar obtained from the roots and stems of Pinus brutia Ten., used in the folk medicine of Turkey, were screened in vitro for antimicrobial activity against clinically isolated bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus (15 isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes (12 isolates), Escherichia coli (17 isolates) and the yeast fungus Candida albicans (3 isolates) by the paper disc diffusion method. Results revealed that a crude extract of the tar is highly effective against all tested microorganisms by preventing their growth to a significant extent. All the organic extracts showed similar moderate antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms at a concentration of 80 µg/mL. The results demonstrate that the crude tar extract has a very broad spectrum of activity, and suggests that it may be useful in the treatment of various microbial infections. The results suggest that traditional folk medicine could be used a guide in our continuing search for new natural products with potential medicinal properties.     

广东产中药桂枝挥发油成分分析

目的：分析广东产中药桂枝挥发油中的化学成分。方法：采用分辨毛细管气相色谱－质谱（HRCGC－MS）联用技术分析广东产桂枝挥发没成分。结果：鉴定出49个成分，含量在1％以上有12个，以桂皮醛（83％）含量最高。已鉴定的成分占挥发油总量的985，结论：为广东建立中药材桂枝的GAP生产基地提供了科学依据。     

Chemical Varieties of Essential Oils from Elsholtzia polystachya from Two Different Locations in India1

Capillary GC, GC-MS, IR, GC-IR, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR studies of the essential oil from the leaves and cones of ELSHOLTZIA POLYSTACHYA collected from two different locations in India revealed that one oil contained 1,8-cineol (37.3%), the other one perillene (61.2%) as the main constituent.     

Simultaneous HPLC Determination of 22 Components of Essential Oils; Method Robustness with Experimental Design

The aim of the present study was the development and validation of a simple, precise and specific reversed phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of 22 components present in different essential oils namely cinnamon bark oil, caraway oil and cardamom fruit oil. The chromatographic separation of all the components was achieved on Wakosil–II C₁₈ column with mixture of 30 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.7), methanol and acetonitrile in different ratio as mobile phase in a ternary linear gradient mode. The calibration graphs plotted with five different concentrations of each component were linear with a regression coefficient R² >0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were estimated for all the components. Effect on analytical responses by small and deliberate variation of critical factors was examined by robustness testing with Design of Experiment employing Central Composite Design and established that this method was robust. The method was then validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and demonstrated to be applicable to the determination of the ingredients in commercial sample of essential oil.     

HPLC测定他达拉非中的对映异构体和非对映异构体

目的 建立他达拉非原料药中对映异构体和非对映异构体的定量分析方法。方法 采用CHIRALPAK-IC（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水（40：60）,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为222 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量20 μL。加校正因子的自身稀释对照法计算异构体含量,其中异构体A、异构体B和异构体C的校正因子分别为1.22,1.07和1.25。结果 他达拉非及异构体A、异构体B和异构体C峰分离良好,分离度>1.5,异构体A、异构体B和异构体C分别在25.3~379.5,50.6~379.5,50.4~378.0 ng·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r为0.997 3~0.998 7）,加样回收率分别为107.5%,96.9%,98.5%（n=9）,进样精密度RSD≤2%,重复性RSD分别为1.44%,1.64%和4.89%。检测限分别为12.7,25.3,25.2 ng·mL^-1。3批样品中异构体A最高含量为0.018%,异构体B及异构体C均未超过检测限（<0.010%）。结论 该方法简单,准确,重复性好,可用于他达拉非原料药中对映异构体和非对映异构体的测定。     

HPLC测定甲磺酸加雷沙星异构体

目的 建立甲磺酸加雷沙星异构体的HPLC检测方法。方法 Chiralpak AD-H色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温：35 ℃,检测波长：278 nm,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,流动相：正己烷-异丙醇-甲醇-甲磺酸(70∶29∶1∶0.1)。结果 甲雷沙星及其异构体在0.005~0.151 μg·mL^-1内具有良好的线性(r>0.999),定量限浓度为5 ng·mL^-1(相当于0.03%),最低检测限为2.5 ng·mL^-1(相当于0.015%)。结论 该方法简便、准确,具有良好的重现性和专属性。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氯胺酮对映体的浓度

目的:建立以高效液相色谱手性固定相法测定血浆中氯胺酮对映体浓度的方法。方法:色谱柱为Chirobiotic V手性柱,流动相为甲醇-冰醋酸-三乙胺(100∶0.02∶0.02),检测波长为269nm,流速为1mL·min-1,内标为非那西丁。结果:S-氯胺酮、R-氯胺酮分别在19.5～2600(r=0.9992)、26～2600ng·mL-1(r=0.9989)范围内线性关系良好,最低检测浓度分别为13.0、19.5ng·mL-1;相对回收率分别为99.48%～103.40%、98.53%～103.20%,绝对回收率分别为63.2%～73.1%、64.5%～72.3%;日内RSD分别为3.3%～6.4%、3.5%～5.7%,日间RSD分别为7.1%～9.7%、6.3%～9.9%。结论:本方法简便、准确、灵敏、快速、专属,可用于血浆中R-氯胺酮和S-氯胺酮的测定及药动学研究。     

Chemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Platycladus orientalis Essential Oils

The essential oils of fresh fruits and terminal branchlets with adherent leaves (leaves) of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, growing wild in Iran, were analyzed by GC-MS, and screened for bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities (MIC determination). Eighteen components were identified in the essential oils. The major constituents of both cases were a-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, limonene and cedrol. The essential oil of leaves has no antimicrobial activity, while the essential oil from fruit showed a modest and slightly antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The defatted ethanol extract of leaves and fruits were rich in flavonoids and tannins.     

Constituents of Essential Oils from Majorana syriaca, Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra*

The essential oils of MAJORANA SYRIACA, CORIDOTHYMUS CAPITATUS and SATUREJA THYMBRA plants growing wild in Israel were investigated by means of GLC and GLC-MS. 18 components were identified, the main ones being thymol, carvacrol, gamma-terpinene and p-cymene.     

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Palmarosa, Evening Primrose, Lavender and Tuberose

Essential oils extracted from flower petals of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), evening primrose (Primula rosea), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and tuberose (Polianthus tuberosa) were tested for their antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Different concentrations of each essential oil ranging from 10-100% were tested. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were found susceptible to the studied flower essential oils. With increase in concentration of essential oil, increase in zone of inhibition was observed thus dose-dependent response was clear for each essential oil. Essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon martini showed the highest activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria among the tested essential oils.