Screening of crude drugs for influence on amylase activity and postprandial blood glucose in mouse plasma

Screening of crude drugs for inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase in mouse plasma was performed. Hot water extracts and ethanolic extracts of Arecae Semen, Ephedrae Herba, Malloti Cortex, Rhei Rhizoma and ethanolic extract of Moutan Cortex inhibited enzyme activity in isolated mouse plasma strongly and dose-dependently. However, the effects of these 9 extracts were not observed in the plasma when they were administered intraperitoneally or orally. Ethanolic extract of Arecae Semen also showed a depressive effect on elevation of postprandial blood glucose.     

Antifatigue and increasing exercise performance of Actinidia arguta crude alkaloids in mice

Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex. Miq. is one of the most recently domesticated fruit species with increasing commercial production worldwide. It is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and is used to reduce blood glucose and treat atopic dermatitis. In addition, it possesses antioxidant, anticancer, and antiallergic properties. In this study, we investigated the physical antifatigue and exercise performance effects of A. arguta crude alkaloids (AACA) extracted with 70% ethanol. Four groups of male Kunming mice (n = 16) were orally administered AACA at doses of 0 mg/kg/d (vehicle), 50 mg/kg/d (AACA-50), 100 mg/kg/d (AACA-100), or 200 mg/kg/d (AACA-200) for 28 days. The effect of AACA treatment on exercise performance was studied using the forelimb grip strength experiment and by the measurement of the weight-loaded swimming time. The antifatigue effect is evaluated based on fatigue-associated biochemical parameters, hepatic and muscular glycogen levels, and changes in the morphology of transverse and longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle. The results showed that AACA could elevate the endurance and grip strength in mice. The exhaustive swimming time of the AACA-50, AACA-100, and AACA-200 groups was significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared with the vehicle. The swimming time of the AACA-100 group was the longest among all groups studied. Mice in the AACA-treated groups had decreased levels of lactate, ammonia, and creatine kinase after a physical challenge compared with the vehicle group. The tissue glycogen, an important energy source during exercise, significantly increased with AACA. The morphology of transverse and longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle did not change in the vehicle group. Overall, these findings suggest that AACA possesses antifatigue effects and increases exercise performance in mice. Therefore, A. arguta may be developed as an antifatigue dietary supplement in the category of functional foods.     

乌头属化学成分和药理作用研究进展

目的介绍乌头属植物的研究概况和研究进展。方法以近年来发表的国内外文献为依据．从化学成分和药理作用等方面对乌头属植物研究进展进行综述。结果与结论乌头属植物的研究开发具有重要意义。     

Physicochemical quality evaluation of natural compounds isolated from crude drugs

Aconite root has high toxicity caused by diester alkaloids, thus it was necessary to define the limiting value of diester alkaloids used in medicine formulation. To give the quality of “Processed Aconite Root” and “Powdered Processed Aconite Root” in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (14th edn, supplement II), we established the official specification and evaluation methods of standard substances. High qualitative grade diester alkaloids, aconitine, hypaconitine, jesaconitine and mesaconitine, which were useful to evaluate the purity of processed aconite root and powdered processed aconite root, were prepared and evaluated for their stability. We studied the physicochemical specification and evaluation methods of these alkaloids. In addition, an “Aconitum diester alkaloids standard solution for purity”, which was used for the purity test, was prepared, and we also studied its physicochemical specification and evaluation methods. In addition, to evaluate the quality of processed aconite root and powdered processed aconite root, a TLC identification test was established. A monoester alkaloid of benzoylmesaconine hydrochloride was used as the reference standard in the latter test, and we also investigated its physicochemical specification and evaluation methods.     

Pharmacological studies of nutritive and tonic crude drugs on fatigue in mice]

The aim of the present study was to clarify acute anti-fatiguing effects of three crude liquid drug preparations (S1-S3), containing almost the same amounts of Ginseng Radix, Epimedii Herba and Agkistrodon Japonicae, with each differentially containing an additional 11, 13 or 15 crude drugs. After preloading forced swimming or tetrabenazine (TBZ: 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), each of the S1-S3 preparations applied orally (0.1 ml/10 g) significantly increased the duration times of swimming together with decreased total duration times of immobility during swimming. These effects peaked 60 min postinjection with the following decreasing order of effectiveness: S3 > S2 > S1. The same order of efficacy was also found for increased locomotor activity and decreased durations of swimming immobility after TBZ. After pretreatment with 200 mg/kg TBZ preparations S1-S3 also increased the numbers of jumping on a hot plate with greatly reduced latency. Without preloading the forced swimming, S1-S3 did not have any effect on jumping and its latency, but both S2 and S3 significantly, but more weakly, as compared to those after its preloading, decreased the immobility times. These results indicate that these crude preparations may cause tonic effects and so far tested, these effects seem to be more effective on subjects fatigued with physical and/or mental works than an normal subjects.     

Effect of nutritive and tonic crude drugs on physical fatigue-induced stress models in mice.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the acute anti-fatigue effect of a liquid nutritive and tonic crude drugs (NTDs) on stress induced in mice. After forced walking for 3 or 6h, the NTDs (applied orally, 10 ml/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity, while the administration of NTDs after rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation stress and after immobilization stress did not show a specific effect, having a similar effect as the vehicle with added vitamins, taurine and caffeine. The administration of NTDs after freezing due to electric shock stress showed a specific effect which was not seen in other control groups, water, vehicle (ethanol) and vehicle including vitamins, taurine and caffeine and so resemble the specific effect of NTDs in the stress of forced walking. The present results indicate that the NTDs produced an anti-fatigue effect on the decreased locomotor activity after forced walking and immobility induced by electric stimulation. However, the crude drugs were not effective in improving immobility after sleep deprivation or immobilization stress.     

7种药物有效血药浓度参考范围的探讨

目的:探讨7种药物的有效血药浓度参考范围。方法:通过咨询已经开展治疗药物监测(TDM)医院的工作人员,查询药品说明书,出版的书籍及检索相关文献,分析能够达到药物治疗目的的最低有效浓度和出现中毒反应的最小中毒浓度,作为临床TDM值的参考范围。结果:初步确定了万古霉素、卡马西平、丙戊酸钠、地高辛、环孢素、他克莫司和吗替麦考酚酯TDM监测指标及其参考范围。结论:药物TDM监测指标参考值可以为临床药师提供参考,给临床医师个体化用药提供了药物调整剂量的依据,确保药物疗效。     

On the distribution of drugs in saliva and blood plasma.

The equilibration of drug concentrations between blood plasma (unbound part) and saliva was studied for selected drugs with different physicochemical properties: Quinidine, sulfamerazine, paracetamol, diazepam and ethanol. From these and other experimental results it is suggested: 1. The concentration ratio between saliva and blood plasma (unbound) can only equal one for basic drugs with a pK a lower than 5.5 and acid drugs with a pK a higher than 8.5 and for pH indifferent drugs. 2. The drug must have a sufficient permeation ability through lipid membranes, valuable by the lipid water partition coefficient.     

Quantitative ESI-MS analysis of antiarrhythmic drugs in blood plasma without chromatographic separation

A highly sensitive method for the quantitative determination of a potential antiarrhythmic drug (OF-7976) in the blood plasma has been developed. The method is based on the electron spray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique without preliminary chromatographic separation and makes use of nibentan as the internal standard. A linear relationship between drug concentration and the peak intensity of ions of the analyzed substance (m/z = 398) and the internal standard (m/z = 382) is established. The detection limit is 3 ng/(0.5 ml plasma). The method is linear from 3 to 25 ng/(0.5 ml plasma) with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The coefficient of variation was less than 7 %. __________ Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 45–48, March, 2007.     

中药活性成分抗肝癌的研究进展

近年来,中药以其显著的临床疗效,在肝癌的治疗中发挥着不可替代的作用,中西医结合治疗肝癌己成为其临床治疗中的一种重要手段.通过综述近年来中药治疗肝癌方面的相关实验研究文献,中药抗肝癌的主要活性成分为多糖类(真菌多糖;植物多糖等)、黄酮类(黄酮和黄酮醇;黄烷酮醇;异黄酮;查耳酮等)、皂苷类(三萜皂苷;甾体皂苷)、萜类(倍半萜;二萜;三萜;多萜等)和挥发油、生物碱类(异喹啉生物碱;甾体生物碱等).     

唐松草属植物中生物碱类化学成分和药理作用的研究进展

毛茛科唐松草属植物由于具有较高的药用价值,在我国广泛应用。唐松草属植物的生物碱属于异喹啉类,包括生物碱单聚物如简单异喹啉类、苄基异喹啉类、阿朴菲类、原小檗碱类、吗啡烷类、异帕威类等;此外还存在大量的二聚生物碱,主要类型有双苄基异喹啉类、阿朴菲–苄基异喹啉类、原小檗碱–苄基异喹啉类、阿朴菲–原小檗碱类等;具有抗肿瘤、抗寄生虫、抗血小板聚集、抗矽肺、抗病毒等药理作用。主要对唐松草属植物中生物碱类化学成分和药理作用的研究进展进行综述,为该属植物资源的开发利用提供参考。     

C19型二萜生物碱药理活性和毒性研究进展

C19型二萜生物碱是一类来源广泛、结构复杂、生物活性多样的植物成分,一直以来为化学家和药理学家所重视.本文综述了近年来C19型二萜生物碱的药理活性和毒性研究进展,为其深度开发利用提供一定参考.     

Determination of opium alkaloids in crude opium using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis

A method for the quantitative determination of the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine in crude opium and in drug preparations based on non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis has been developed. The non-aqueous mode provides high separation selectivity and new possibilities for regulating the selectivity in capillary electrophoresis. The nature of the organic solvent, the acidity of the electrolytes as well as the temperature surrounding the capillary exhibit a major influence on the separation selectivity.     

抗癫痫药物血药浓度监测的作用及价值

目的：通过血药浓度监测了解常用抗癫痫药在儿科临床应用中血药浓度与药物疗效及不良反应的关系，以防止或减少药物不良反应的发生。方法：采用FPIA法则定228例癫痫患儿单一使用抗癫痫药物(AED)的血药浓度，并对药物剂量、疗效和药物不良反应的关系进行分析．所有患几经过一年以上随访。结果：228例中192例(84．2％)在有效血药浓度范围内，癫痫发作控制有效183例(80.3％)，发生不良反应55例(24．1％)。结论：剂量过大和特异体质是抗癫痫药发生不良反应的主要原因；不同类型的AED所导致的不良反应有明显差异：选择抗癫痫药物类型不当和药物剂量过低是造成治疗效果不满意的重要因素。     

钩藤生物碱对中枢神经系统的药理作用研究进展

钩藤是我国一种常用药材,对心血管系统、中枢神经系统和血液系统等均具有比较广泛的药理活性,临床上主要用于治疗高血压、焦虑等疾病。现代中药药理研究表明,钩藤对中枢神经系统的药理作用主要表现为镇静、抗癫痫、抗惊厥和对神经元的保护等,其中对神经元的保护作用与多种神经递质相关,具有多种作用机制,已被国内外越来越多的医药工作者所重视,综述钩藤生物碱对中枢神经系统的药理作用研究进展。     

金鸡菊有效部位对高血压小鼠的血压和肾素-血管紧张素系统的影响

目的观察金鸡菊提取物70%乙醇洗脱物对高血压小鼠血压、血浆血管紧张素Ⅰ（AngⅠ）、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）和组织中AngⅡ浓度的影响。方法采用高盐（80mg/mLNaCl溶液）冷激法,连续20d,形成小鼠高血压模型;将实验小鼠分为正常组、模型组、卡托普利组（40mg/kg）和金鸡菊提取物70%乙醇洗脱物低、中、高剂量（40、80、160mg/kg）组。连续ig给药28d后,采用颈动脉插管法测定小鼠血压并取血,放射免疫法测定血浆AngⅠ、AngⅡ、及肾组织中AngⅡ的含量。结果模型组血浆AngⅠ和组织中AngⅡ含量均明显高于正常组（P〈0.05）,其血压和血浆AngⅡ含量显著高于正常组（P〈0.01或P〈0.001）;与模型组相比,金鸡菊提取物70%乙醇洗脱物中、高剂量（80、160mg/kg）组血浆AngⅠ含量明显升高（P〈0.05）,血浆AngⅡ含量极显著降低（P〈0.001）,肾组织中的AngⅡ含量显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论金鸡菊提取物70%乙醇洗脱物可明显升高AngⅠ水平,减少AngⅡ生成,推测其降压机制主要是通过影响肾素–血管紧张素系统,发挥AngⅠ拮抗剂或血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂的作用。