宫内发育迟缓与胰岛素样生长因子及其结合蛋白的关系

目的 检测宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)儿脐血胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)水平,分析这些指标的变化程度与胎儿期生长的关系。方法 将86例脐血标本分为IUGR(即小于胎龄儿)组和适于胎龄儿(AGA)组。采用竞争性放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定IGF-1水平,非竞争性免疫放射分析法测定IGFBP-3水平。两组间比较用t检验,两变量之间的关系采用相关回归分析。结果 与AGA组相比,IUGR组脐血IGF-1和IGFBP-3水平显著降低(P均<0.01);IGF-1、IGFBP-3均随胎龄及出生体重增加而增加(P均<0.01);IGFBP-3与IGF-1呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论 脐血IGF-1和IGFBP-3的含量可作为判断新生儿生长发育程度的一项客观生化指标。     

胰岛素样生长因子1及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3与胎儿宫内生长发育的关系

目的　通过测定新生儿脐血中胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF 1)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 3(IGF BP 3)水平 ,研究其与出生体质量、身长及胎盘质量等生长参数间的关系 ,探讨影响胎儿宫内生长发育的内分泌因素。方法　将新生儿根据出生体质量与胎龄的关系分为适于胎龄儿 (AGA)组与小于胎龄儿 (SGA)组 ,分别测定两组出生时身长、体质量和胎盘质量 ,同时取新生儿脐血用免疫放射法测定IGF 1和IGFBP 3含量。结果　1) 10 5例新生儿中 79例AGA和 2 6例SGA ,其出生时身长、体质量和胎盘质量 3个参数比较均存在显著差异(P <0 .0 0 1) ,AGA组显著高于SGA组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;2 )两组脐血IGF 1和IGFBP 3比较 ,AGA组IGF 1和IGF BP 3水平均高于SGA组 (P <0 .0 1和P <0 .0 0 1) ;3)出生时身长、体质量和胎盘重质 3个生长参数均与IGF 1和IGFBP 3呈显著正相关 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。结论　 1.出生时身长、体质量和胎盘质量可用来评价AGA和SGA的生长发育。 2 .AGA脐血中IGF 1和IGFBP 3明显高于SGA。 3.胎儿自身分泌IGF 1和IGFBP 3与上述生长参数密切相关 ,其对胎儿的生长发育起重要调节作用。IGF 1和IGFBP 3可作为胎儿宫内生长发育的指标     

脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育的关系研究

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF—1）及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2（IGFBP-3）与胎儿宫内生长发育的关系。方法将新生儿根据出生体重与胎龄的关系分为大于胎龄儿（IAG）、适于胎龄儿（AGA）、小于胎龄儿（SGA）三组,分别测定三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量,同时取脐血采用EUSA法测定IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平。结果①三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量3个指标比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。②脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平在SGA、AGA、LGA三组间比较,LGA组〉AGA组〉SGA组,各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。③胎儿发育的重要指标出生体重、身长及胎盘重量与IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平均呈正相关。结论IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育密切相关,对胎儿的生长发育起重要的调节作用。     

骨钙素、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽、胰岛素样生长因子-1及其相关激素与胎儿骨发育的关系

目的 探讨骨钙素(OC)、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽(PICP) 及胰岛素样生长因子.1(IGF.1)等激素水平与胎儿骨生长发育的关系.方法 选择本院2008年10月-2009年10月收治的新生儿80例.男41例,女39例;胎龄28～42周.根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄(SGA)儿组22例,适于胎龄(AGA)儿组36例及大于胎龄(LGA)儿组(22例).胎儿娩出后,胎盘娩出前抽取其脐静脉血6 mL,采用放射免疫分析法测定其血清OC、IGF.1及甲状旁腺激素水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测其脐血PICP水平;同时检测其血钙、磷、ALP水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI).结果 1.脐血OC水平在SGA儿组、AGA儿组、LGA儿组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),LGA儿组显著高于AGA儿及SAG儿组(P＜0.01,0.001);脐血OC水平与出生体质量、头围、BMI呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),与身长无明显相关性(P＞0.05).2.LGA儿组脐血IGF.1水平显著高于AGA儿及SAG儿组,3组间比较有统计学差异(P=0.002);脐血IGF.1水平与出生体质量、头围、BMI水平均呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),与身长无明显相关性(P＞0.05).3.AGA儿组、LGA儿组脐血PICP水平明显高于SGA儿组,但3组间无统计学差异(P=0.070).脐血PICP、PTH水平与生长参数各指标水平均无直线相关关系(Pa＞0.05),偏相关分析脐血PICP与出生体质量、头围、BMI均呈正相关(r=0.239、0.250、0.306,Pa<0.05).4.脐血OC水平与PICP、IGF.1水平均呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),OC、PICP与PTH、ALP水平之间均无明显相关(Pa＞0.05).5.3组脐血钙、血磷、ALP水平均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05).结论 SGA儿低血清OC、PICP水平与骨形成活动下降相关,脐血OC、PICP及IGF.1可作为评价胎儿骨骼生长发育的临床指标之一.     

母血及脐血IGF-1、C肽和IGFBP-1质量浓度与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨母体和脐血血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、C肽(CP)及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1(IGFBP-1)质量浓度对新生儿出生体重的影响.方法选择12例大于胎龄儿(LGA)、15例适于胎龄儿(AGA)和20例小于胎龄儿(SGA),分为3组,分别抽取脐血和其母外周静脉血,分离血清.采用ELISA法测定IGF-1、CP和IGFBP-1.结果 (1)LGA组脐血IGF-1、CP、IGFBP-1质量浓度(ng·mL-1)分别为59.76±14.50,1.36±0.58,53.78±19.67;AGA组为33.65±12.74,0.90±0.45,104.79±27.60;SGA组为17.05±8.10,0.52±0.22,169.21±55.30;3组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).(2)LGA组新生儿母亲血清IGF-1、CP、IGFBP-1质量浓度(ng·mL-1)分别为267.15±99.43,2.84±0.93,158.50±51.25;AGA组母亲分别为237.34±105.56,2.71±0.72,170.78±63.69;SGA组分别为229.53±94.17,2.59±0.83,188.90±74.04;3组间比较差异均无显著性.但同组患儿母血IGF-1、CP及IGFBP-1均显著高于脐血水平(除SGA组母血与脐血IGFBP-1差异无显著性外).(3)新生儿出生体重与脐血IGF-1、CP呈正相关(r分别为0.814、0.654,P<0.01);与IGFBP-1呈负相关(r=-0.759,P<0.01);而与母血IGF-1、CP及IGFBP-1无明显相关性.结论脐血IGF-1、CP及IGFBP-1与胎儿生长关系密切.营养物质-胰岛素-胰岛素样生长因子轴是调节胎儿宫内生长发育的重要因素.     

宫内生长迟缓儿胰岛素样生长因子及其结合蛋白水平的变化

宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)主要由母亲、胎儿、胎盘因素引起。有文献报道IUGR儿脐血胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)-1及其结合蛋白(IUBP)-3的水平是低的,而IGFBP-1的水平是高的。尽管大部分IUGR儿童有追赶生长,但仍有20%的IUGR儿童保持永久的矮小。持续性低IGF-1和高IGFBP-1可能是决定IUGR儿出生后追赶生长速度的主要原因。     

胰岛素样生长因子1、视黄醇结合蛋白和前白蛋白作为新生儿营养指标的探讨

目的 探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF－1）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）和前白蛋白（PA）的水平变化对新生儿营养状况的评价。方法 采用放射免疫分析法检测80名新生儿脐血IGF－1水平；采用酶联免疫法检测其RBP和PA水平，并按小于胎龄儿（SGA）和适于胎龄儿（AGA）进行分组比较。结果 AGA组IGF－1和RBP明显高于SGA组（P＜0．05），AGA组PA显著高于SGA组（P＜0．01）。结论 新生儿脐血IGA－1、RBP和PA可成为反映因围生因素造成胎儿宫内营养不良的良好生化指标。     

IGF-1、IGFBP-3与极低出生体质量儿生后早期生长发育的关系

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(IGFBP-3)与早产极低出生体质量儿(VLBW)生后早期生长的关系。方法根据胎龄和出生体质量,将32例VLBW新生儿分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组和适于胎龄儿(AGA)组,给予相同的营养摄入量,监测两组出生时和生后第7、14、28天时的体质量、身长、头围和体质指数(BMI),并用放射免疫分析法检测相应日龄的血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平,计算IGF-1/IGFBP-3摩尔比率。结果两组VLBW新生儿在出生时及生后第7、14天的体质量、身长、头围、BMI差异均无统计学意义;至生后第28天时,SGA组的体质量、BMI均低于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SGA组IGF-1、IGFBP-3、IGF-1/IGFBP-3以及AGA组IGF-1/IGFBP-3出生后随日龄变化的差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);但AGA组的IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平随日龄增长而升高,IGF-1于生后第14、28天时高于出生时水平,而IGFBP-3于生后第28天时高于出生时水平,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。生后第28天,SGA组IGF-1、IGFBP-3均低于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SGA新生儿的IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平低于AGA,低水平的IGF-1、IGFBP-3可能会导致生长迟缓。     

脂联素、瘦素及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ在胎儿生长发育中的作用

目的探讨脂联素、瘦素及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)在胎儿生长发育中的作用。方法选择2006年10月-2007年10月在本院产科出生的新生儿86例。胎龄31~42周;男57例,女29例。根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组(16例),适于胎龄儿(AGA)组(41例)及大于胎龄儿(LGA)组(29例)。胎儿娩出后立即断脐留脐血20 mL,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、瘦素及IGF-Ⅰ水平,同时检测其血脂水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI)。结果1.新生儿脐血瘦素、脂联素及IGF-Ⅰ水平无显著性别差异。2.脐血瘦素水平在SGA、AGA、LGA3组间有显著差异(P<0.001),LGA组显著高于AGA及SAG组(P<0.01,0.001);脐血瘦素水平与体质量、胎龄、头围、身长、足长及胎盘质量均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01)。3.脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、头围、足长、BMI水平均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.05)。脐血脂联素水平在SGA、AGA、LGA3组间有显著差异(P<0.001),LGA组高于AGA及SAG组(Pa<0.01)。4.LGA组脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平显著高于AGA及SAG组,3组间有明显差异(P<0.001);脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平与体质量、头围、身长、足长及胎盘质量均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01)。5.脐血瘦素与脂联素、IGF-Ⅰ水平呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01),脐血脂联素与IGF-Ⅰ水平无明显相关关系(P>0.05)。6.SGA、AGA、LGA3组血脂水平比较无显著差异(Pa>0.05)。脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平与三酰甘油水平呈明显负相关(P<0.05),脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与血脂各指标间均无明显相关性(Pa>0.05)。结论瘦素与脂联素、IGF-Ⅰ在胎儿宫内生长和发育过程中起重要的调节作用,可作为评价胎儿生长发育及营养状态的临床指标之一。     

小儿免疫及原发性免疫缺陷病

030635胰岛素样生长因子1、视黄醇结合蛋白和前白蛋白作为新生儿营养指标的探讨/林满华…//实用儿科临床杂志一2002,17(4)一346一347 采用放射免疫分析法检测80名新生比脐血(IGF一l)水平。采用酶联免疫法检测其视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和前白蛋白(PA)水平.并按小于胎龄儿(SGA)和适于胎龄儿(AGA)进行分组比较。结果:AGA组IGF一1和RBP明显高于SGA组(P<0.05),AGA组PA显著高于SGA组(P<0.01)。提示:新生儿脐血IGF一1、RBP和PA可成为反映因围生因素造成胎儿宫内营养不良的良好生化指标。表1参8(张忠) 030636脐血T淋巴细胞及其亚群低…     

1型糖尿病儿童血胰岛素样生长因子的变化

目的 探讨中国1型糖尿病病儿血胰岛素样生长因子－1（IGF－1）和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白－3（IGFBP－3）的变化。方法 糖尿病组46例,测定胰岛素治疗前、后血IGF－1、IGFBP－3等指标。对照组为正常儿童78例,测定空腹血IGF－1,IGFBP－3。结果 1．糖尿病组胰岛素治疗前血IGF－1和IGFBP－3均低于正常对照组,P＜0．01。经过胰岛素治疗,血IGF－1和IGFBP－3的水平随血糖水平的下降和C－肽水平的升高明显上升,仍低于对照组,P＜0．05。2．糖尿病组使用胰岛素治疗前血IGF－1和IGFBP－3分别与治疗前血糖浓度呈高度负相关关系,P＜0．05。胰岛素治疗前、后血IGF－1与血C－肽水平呈高度正相关关系,P＜0．05。结论 1型糖尿病病儿血IGF－1和TGFBP－3明显下降,青春期前血胰岛素和C－肽可能对IGF－1和IGFBP－3起主要调节作用。     

性早熟女性患儿血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3质量浓度检测及临床价值

目的　探讨女性特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP)及乳房早发育患儿血清胰岛素样生长因子 1 (IGF- 1 )和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 3 (IGFBP -3 )的关系及临床意义。方法　以放射免疫法测定于2 0 0 0年5月至2 0 0 4年1月在暨南大学医学院第二附属医院就诊的2 2例ICPP及2 8例乳房早发育女孩血清IGF- 1和IGFBP -3的水平,并以2 5名正常青春发育期女孩及3 0名未发育女孩作为对照,以IGF- 1、IGFBP- 3为诊断指标,对ICPP进行诊断试验评价。结果　ICPP女性患儿血清IGF -1、IGFBP- 3水平均明显高于乳房早发育及未发育女孩(P <0 .0 1 ) ,而与正常青春发育女孩差别无显著性意义(P >0 .0 5)。IGF- 1 >2 69 .1 4mg/L对诊断ICPP的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、准确度分别为95% ,96% ,95% ,96% ;IGFBP -3 >3 53 6 42mg/L对诊断ICPP的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、准确度分别为72 % ,96% ,94% ,86%。结论　ICPP女性患儿血清IGF 1、IGFBP- 3水平明显增高,IGF -1、IGFBP -3对鉴别ICPP与乳房早发育具有临床意义。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童的血清胰岛素样生长因子-1和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3水平研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)儿童的血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3,IGFBP-3)水平及与孤独症核心症状之间的关系。方法前瞻性选取重庆市妇幼保健院门诊招募的150名2~7岁ASD儿童和165名年龄、性别相匹配的正常健康儿童为研究对象,采用孤独症行为量表和孤独症评定量表评估ASD儿童核心症状,采用化学发光法检测两组儿童血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3水平。结果ASD组儿童血清IGF-1水平低于对照组儿童(P<0.05)。重度ASD儿童血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3水平低于轻-中度ASD儿童(P<0.001),2~3岁ASD儿童血清IGF-1水平低于对照组儿童(P<0.05)。两组男童IGF-1水平均低于女童(P<0.05)。血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平与儿童孤独症评定量表总分呈负相关(分别r=-0.32、-0.40,均P<0.001)。结论儿童早期血清IGF-1降低可能与ASD疾病发展相关,血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3水平与ASD儿童核心症状具有一定关联。     

Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-2) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has specific effects on axonal growth and myelination, low CSF IGF-1 levels being found in some severe neurologic diseases. We studied the levels of CSF IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in children with ALL to find out whether these levels correlated with any of the neurological deficits observed. METHODS: IGF-1 and IGFBP-2 levels were prospectively measured by radioimmunoassay in the CSF of 14 children with ALL throughout the ALL chemotherapy. These were compared with the levels of 16 control subjects and of patient groups with severe neurological diseases. RESULTS: During induction, the children with ALL had subnormal CSF IGF-1 levels which improved after 2 months. In seven individuals, two with severe vincristine polyneuropathy, the subnormal levels persisted throughout the chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest impairment of the IGF-1 trophic system during induction by a mechanism so far unknown. Correlation with disturbed neuronal function could not be statistically proven.     

左向右分流型先天性心脏病合并心力衰竭患儿血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3的变化及意义

目的：探讨左向右分流型先天性心脏病（先心病）合并心力衰竭（心衰）患儿血清胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)的变化及意义。方法：20例健康儿童（对照组）,20例无心脏基础疾病的心衰患儿（心衰组）,20例无心衰的左向右分流型先心病患儿（先心组）,30例伴心衰的左向右分流型先心病患儿（先心+心衰组）作为研究对象。对不同组别的血清IGF-1及IGFBP-3进行比较;并对先心+心衰组患儿按心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级分为3个亚组,对其血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3及cTnI水平进行比较及相关性分析。结果：先心组血清IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平下降,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。先心+心衰组血清IGF-1水平明显下降,与对照组及先心组比较差异有统计学意义(分别P<0.01,P<0.05)。心衰组血清IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平明显增高,与其他各组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。先心+心衰组患儿按心功能分级比较的各亚组间随心功能下降血清IGF-1水平依次降低(P<0.01),且该组患儿血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平与血清cTnI水平呈负相关（分别r=-0.692、-0.530,P<0.05）。结论：血清IGF-1水平可作为左向右分流型先心病病情评估的客观指标及合并心衰的危险因素,这也为该类患儿使用外源性IGF-1治疗心衰提供了临床依据。     

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3在宫内生长受限儿中的甲基化研究

目的：探讨胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3（IGFBP3）启动子区甲基化状态在胎儿宫内生长受限（IUGR）中的作用。方法：选取IUGR新生儿50例及正常新生儿30例,应用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）及高分辨率溶解（HRM）技术检测外周血中IGFBP3基因的甲基化状态。结果：IUGR组中IGFBP3启动子区完全甲基化比例为4%（2/50）,部分甲基化比例为40%（20/50）,未甲基化比例为56%（28/50）;对照组中部分甲基化比例为13%（4/30）,未甲基化比例为87%（26/30）,两组甲基化率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。结论：IGFBP3基因启动子区的甲基化程度与IUGR的发生有关。     

Relationship of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, insulin, growth hormone in cord blood and maternal factors with birth height and birthweight

BACKGROUND: To determine whether the following factors are related to birthweight or birth height, we measured insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, insulin and growth hormone (GH) levels in cord blood and also observed the relationship between birthweight, birth height and maternal factors. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-four cord bloods were collected, 106 from males and 88 from females. Three newborns were small for gestational age (SGA), 168 were appropriate (AGA) and 23 were large (LGA); 21 newborns were preterm and 172 were term. RESULTS: Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were significantly lower in preterm babies (35.3 +/- 15.1 and 1025.6 +/- 562.8 ng/mL, respectively) than in term babies (61.6 +/- 39.5 and 1252.6 +/- 403.2 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.01), but neither insulin nor GH levels, measured by radioimmunoassay, showed any significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Among term babies, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were significantly higher in the LGA group (96.1 +/- 34.1 and 1544.7 +/- 418.1 ng/mL, respectively) than in the AGA group (56.4 +/- 37.6 and 1212.8 +/- 383.4 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.01). Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 showed significant correlation with birthweight and length, respectively (P < 0.01), although GH and insulin levels did not (P > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels (P < 0.01, r = 0.64), but IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels showed no relationship with GH or insulin levels. Birthweight correlated significantly with prepartum maternal weight, maternal weight gain and maternal height (P < 0.05), but birth length correlated significantly only with maternal height (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that fetal growth depends on fetal levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and maternal factors, not on insulin or GH. Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may not be regulated by insulin alone, but by the complex interactions between several factors, such as insulin, GH and maternal factors.     

An influenza Epidemic among Institutionalized Children at the Time of Replacement from A(H3N2)to A(H1N1): Observation of 32 Cases Including 3 Cases of Probable Simultaneous Infection with A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)

An influenza epidemic occurred in Fukuoka, southern part of Japan in January, 1978 in which both influenza virus A(H1N1) and A (H3N2) were isolated. Thirty-two institutionalized children with influenza were studied at the time of this shift from A (H3N2) to A (H1N1). Fourteen virus strains were isolated. Thirteen strains belonged to influenza virus A (H1N1) (A/USSR/92/77-like strain) and one a mixed strain of A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) (A/Texas/77-like strain). The hemagglutination inhibition (H1)tests of paired sera indicated that of the 32 Children, 27 Showed a significant increasein HI antibody titers for influenza virus A (H1N1). 2 for A (H3N2) and the remaining 3, including the case from which the mixed virus strain was isolated, for both A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). These offers 3 cases were thought to be probably infected simulataneously with both influenza virus A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). Clinical manifestations due to influenza virus A (H1N1) were moderate and the 3 cases of probable simultaneous infection with both influenza virus A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) did not show two clinical episodes but rather a single episode with clinical manifestations similar to the cases with single virus infection.