医用消毒剂聚已缩胍杀菌效果及毒性试验研究

目的 了解以聚已缩胍(PHMB)为主要成分的医用消毒剂杀菌效果和毒性.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌、能量、动物毒性实验对其杀菌效果和毒性进行实验观察.结果 以含180 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对悬液内大肠埃希菌作用5 min,平均杀灭率为99.95%;240 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用5 min,平均杀灭率为99.91%;320 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用10 min,平均杀灭率为99.94%;以1250 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液作用5 min,完全破坏悬液内HBsAg的抗原性;菌悬液内体积分数>25.00%小牛血清对其杀灭大肠埃希菌效果有轻度影响;将消毒剂于37℃存放90 d,聚已缩胍的下降率为8.20%,小鼠急性经口LD50值>5000 mg/kg,以520 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对家兔皮肤刺激试验指数为0.32,属于轻度刺激性.结论 医用聚已缩胍消毒液性能稳定,对细菌繁殖体和细菌芽胞具有良好的杀菌效果,属无毒、低刺激性消毒剂.     

高氯消毒片杀灭微生物效果及稳定性研究

目的为观察高氯消毒片的杀菌效果和稳定性能。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法和化学法进行实验观察。结果含有效氯25mg/L的稀释液作用10min对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的杀灭率分别为99.9%、99.93%;以含有效氯1000mg/L的稀释液对枯草杆菌黑色变种作用20、40min(ATCC9372)芽胞其杀灭率分别达99.96%、100.00%。含氯量为1000mg/L的稀释液在25%的小牛血清条件下对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞其杀灭结果无影响;在50%的小牛血清条件下对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果有轻度影响;经30次物体表面的现场消毒试验以含氯量为1000mg/L的稀释液作用10min对物体表面上自然菌的杀灭平均值为92.13%(90.27%～100.00%)且物体表面上残留的菌体总数符合国家卫生标准。结论高氯消毒片杀菌效果,稳定性能较好。     

新型复方中草药消毒剂的杀菌效果研究

目的 观察新型复方中草药消毒剂的杀菌效果.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法,选取中草药穿心莲、金银花、板蓝根及天然水溶性壳聚糖配制成1～5号不同浓度的中草药消毒剂,进行新型复方中草药消毒剂杀菌效果及其稳定性试验,并观察了有机物、pH对杀菌效果的影响.结果 5号消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌作用5 min、2号消毒剂对副溶血性弧菌作用5 min.杀灭对数值均达到5;分别按体积1∶1和1∶3比例加入小牛血清,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌杀灭对数值明显下降;分别调节pH到3.0和7.0时,金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭对数值明显下降;新型复方中草药消毒剂置于54℃恒温箱存放14 d,杀灭对数值不受影响;1～5号消毒剂对贝类自然菌作用10 min,杀灭率＞90.00％.结论 该新型复方中草药消毒剂可杀灭悬液中金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌;对贝类中自然菌有较好的杀灭作用.     

康仁牌手足皮肤消毒液杀菌效果评定

康仁牌手足皮肤消毒液是纯中药制剂 ,其成分有紫草、补骨脂、乙醇等 ,黑色液体。该剂原药液pH值为 2 95。经检测 ,在 2 0— 2 1℃条件下 ,40 %稀释液作用 5min对白色念珠菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 % ;2 0 %和 40 %稀释液分别作用 10min和 5min ,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 % ;2 0 %和 3 0 %稀释液分别作用 10min和 5min ,对大肠杆菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 %。菌悬液中含有小牛血清 ,3 0 %稀释液对杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌作用有一定影响。该剂在 5 4℃条件下存放 14d ,杀灭率无明显变化 ,比较稳定。1　材料与方法1 1　康仁牌子足皮肤消…     

氧化电位水杀微生物效果及影响因素的实验研究

目的 为研究氧化电位水对微生物的杀灭效果及其影响因素。方法 用悬液法检测氧化电位水原液对细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞及HBsAg的杀灭效果,试验观察了温度、容器、紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯影响。结果 氧化电位水的氧化还原电位为1152－1165mv,PH为2．21－2．27,有效氯为50．27－58．23mg/l。在19－21℃水溶条件下,悬液定量杀灭试验表明：氧化电位水原液作用30min、60min对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率分别为99．93％、100．00％;对大肠杆菌8099作用0.25min、对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538作用0.5min的杀灭率均达99.99%。作用0.5min可将含5％小牛血清的HBsAg抗原性破坏。温度、容器和紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯有不同程度的影响。结论 使用方法适当氧化电位水原液对微生物有良好的杀灭效果,在消毒领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

强化戊二醛部分性能的试验研究

为了解强化戊二醛杀菌效果与腐蚀性等性能,将强化戊二醛进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验、稳定性试验及腐蚀性试验.在(20±1)℃水浴温度条件下,强化戊二醛在332 mg/L作用20 min对大肠杆菌和作用40 min对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率均为99.99%,原液调节pH值到8.5左右,作用2～3 h对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率分别为99.99%和100.00%.强化戊二醛在9 950 mg/L作用7.5 min、4 975 mg/L作用30 min可将HBsAg破坏.在当菌悬液含25%、50%小牛血清时,强化戊二醛原液对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭效果分别有轻度和中度影响.强化戊二醛原液浸泡金属片72 h后,对不锈钢、铜、碳钢和铝均无腐蚀.表明强化戊二醛不仅对微生物有良好的杀灭效果,且贮存稳定,对金属基本无腐蚀,是值得推广应用的化学灭菌剂.     

沿面放电等离子体臭氧对表面微生物的杀灭作用及影响因素研究

目的研究沿面放电等离子体臭氧对表面上污染微生物的杀灭作用及影响因素。方法采用定量载体消毒试验法。将金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞株悬液制成试验载体，采用等离子体臭氧消毒器，消毒后进行活菌计数，计算杀灭率；以含不同浓度小牛血清的金葡菌悬液制备载体，研究有机物的影响。结果等离子体臭氧杀灭９９．９％的金葡菌和大肠埃希氏菌分别需要２０和３０分钟；对芽胞作用两小时杀灭率为７０％。有机物对表面消毒有影响，随有机物浓度的增高，对金葡菌的杀灭率逐渐下降。结论沿面放电等体臭氧可有效地杀灭表面上的细菌繁殖体，但对芽胞的杀灭效果较差。有机物对表面消毒效果有影响     

微波对染菌甲基丙烯酸树脂消毒效果的观察

目的 研究微波照射染菌甲基丙烯酸树脂的消毒效果.方法 采用定量杀菌试验方法,分别对甲基丙烯酸树脂试件进行金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞菌悬液染菌,试验组经功率119、462、700 W微波分别照射2、3、4、5 min,对照组染菌后不消毒处理,分别取样细菌培养,以杀灭对数值(KL)对消毒效果进行评价.结果 经462 W微波照射3 min,对甲基丙烯酸树脂表面的大肠埃希菌的杀灭对数值＞3.0,462 W微波照射4 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值＞3.0,700 W微波照射枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞5 min的杀灭对数值＞5.0.结论 微波照射甲基丙烯酸树脂,可以达到消毒灭菌的要求,操作简便、省时高效,可用于甲基丙烯酸树脂义齿的消毒.     

氯己定复方消毒液的杀菌作用

目的确定氯己定复方消毒液的杀菌作用。方法应用大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌悬液进行定量杀菌试验。结果浓度为1：30以及1：40（药：水）的氯己定复方消毒液分别对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用10min，杀灭率均可达到100％；有50％小牛血清的保护，浓度为1：80（药：水）的消毒液，作用10min，对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率也可达到99．98％。结论复方氯己定消毒液对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的杀灭作用，有机物对消毒液的杀菌作用无明显影响。     

高氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果观察

目的用悬液定量杀菌试验 ,观察氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验,用枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种第5～7代培养物,配制菌悬液。用氧化电位水原液与之作用一定时间。计数活菌数。计算杀灭细菌芽胞的杀灭率。结果氧化还原电位为1183、PH2.37～2.57、的氧化电位水在18～22℃条件下,1.5min杀灭细菌芽胞枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种可达99.9 %。结论氧化电位水原液杀灭细菌芽胞效果迅速、杀菌力强。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.